1
|
Lü B, Chen Y, Ma X, Shi Z, Zhang S, Jia Y, Li Y, Cheng Y, Jiang K, Li W, Zhang W, Yue Y, Li S, Sun X, Li D. Wafer-Scale Growth and Transfer of High-Quality MoS 2 Array by Interface Design for High-Stability Flexible Photosensitive Device. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405050. [PMID: 38973148 PMCID: PMC11425836 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal disulfide compounds (TMDCs) emerges as the promising candidate for new-generation flexible (opto-)electronic device fabrication. However, the harsh growth condition of TMDCs results in the necessity of using hard dielectric substrates, and thus the additional transfer process is essential but still challenging. Here, an efficient strategy for preparation and easy separation-transfer of high-uniform and quality-enhanced MoS2 via the precursor pre-annealing on the designed graphene inserting layer is demonstrated. Based on the novel strategy, it achieves the intact separation and transfer of a 2-inch MoS2 array onto the flexible resin. It reveals that the graphene inserting layer not only enhances MoS2 quality but also decreases interfacial adhesion for easy separation-transfer, which achieves a high yield of ≈99.83%. The theoretical calculations show that the chemical bonding formation at the growth interface has been eliminated by graphene. The separable graphene serves as a photocarrier transportation channel, making a largely enhanced responsivity up to 6.86 mA W-1, and the photodetector array also qualifies for imaging featured with high contrast. The flexible device exhibits high bending stability, which preserves almost 100% of initial performance after 5000 cycles. The proposed novel TMDCs growth and separation-transfer strategy lightens their significance for advances in curved and wearable (opto-)electronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Lü
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Shi
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Jia
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials MOE, and School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, and International Center of Future Science, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials MOE, and School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Electron Microscopy Center, and International Center of Future Science, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Yue
- School of Management Science and Information Engineering, Jilin University of Finance and Economics, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Shaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dabing Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hayler HJ, Groves TS, Guerrini A, Southam A, Zheng W, Perkin S. The surface force balance: direct measurement of interactions in fluids and soft matter. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:046601. [PMID: 38382100 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad2b9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Over the last half-century, direct measurements of surface forces have been instrumental in the exploration of a multitude of phenomena in liquid, soft, and biological matter. Measurements of van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, structural forces, depletion forces, and many other effects have checked and challenged theoretical predictions and motivated new models and understanding. The gold-standard instrument for these measurements is thesurface force balance(SFB), orsurface forces apparatus, where interferometry is used to detect the interaction force and distance between two atomically smooth planes, with 0.1 nm resolution, over separations from about 1 µm down to contact. The measured interaction forcevs.distance gives access to the free energy of interaction across the fluid film; a fundamental quantity whose general form and subtle features reveal the underlying molecular and surface interactions and their variation. Motivated by new challenges in emerging fields of research, such as energy storage, biomaterials, non-equilibrium and driven systems, innovations to the apparatus are now clearing the way for new discoveries. It is now possible to measure interaction forces (and free energies) with control of electric field, surface potential, surface chemistry; to measure time-dependent effects; and to determine structurein situ. Here, we provide an overview the operating principles and capabilities of the SFB with particular focus on the recent developments and future possibilities of this remarkable technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Hayler
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S Groves
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aurora Guerrini
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Southam
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Weichao Zheng
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Perkin
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ishida K, Kondo T. Evaluation of Surface Free Energy Inducing Interfacial Adhesion of Amphiphilic Cellulose Nanofibrils. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3786-3793. [PMID: 37450709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been studied extensively over the past decade. Their applications, e.g., as fillers for nanocomposites, stabilizers for Pickering emulsions, and scaffolds for cell culture, are mostly dictated by interfacial adhesion. In general, the individual surface free energy values of the constituents of a material correlate with its adsorption and desorption behaviors. In the present study, we estimated the surface free energy values of thin films composed of CNFs using traditional contact angle methods based on the Wenzel equation and van Oss-Chaudhury-Good theory. The accuracy and utility of the estimated surface free energy values were verified by close matching between the obtained adhesion energy values and the actual interfacial adsorption behaviors of the CNFs. Therefore, the evaluated surface energy values are expected to be a feasible tool for designing of interfacial interactions between CNF surfaces and other materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ishida
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bala M, Singh V. Facile fabrication of robust self-cleaning fluorine-free reduced graphene oxide based superhydrophobic surfaces. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02710-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
|
5
|
Ng KL, Maciejewska BM, Qin L, Johnston C, Barrio J, Titirici MM, Tzanakis I, Eskin DG, Porfyrakis K, Mi J, Grobert N. Direct Evidence of the Exfoliation Efficiency and Graphene Dispersibility of Green Solvents toward Sustainable Graphene Production. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:58-66. [PMID: 36643002 PMCID: PMC9832534 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a sustainable production of pristine high-quality graphene and other layered materials at a low cost is one of the bottlenecks that needs to be overcome for reaching 2D material applications at a large scale. Liquid phase exfoliation in conjunction with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is recognized as the most efficient method for both the exfoliation and dispersion of graphene. Unfortunately, NMP is neither sustainable nor suitable for up-scaling production due to its adverse impact on the environment. Here, we show the real potential of green solvents by revealing the independent contributions of their exfoliation efficiency and graphene dispersibility to the graphene yield. By experimentally separating these two factors, we demonstrate that the exfoliation efficiency of a given solvent is independent of its dispersibility. Our studies revealed that isopropanol can be used to exfoliate graphite as efficiently as NMP. Our finding is corroborated by the matching ratio between the polar and dispersive energies of graphite and that of the solvent surface tension. This direct evidence of exfoliation efficiency and dispersibility of solvents paves the way to developing a deeper understanding of the real potential of sustainable graphene manufacturing at a large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Ng
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3 PH, U.K.
| | | | - Ling Qin
- Department
of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, U.K.
| | - Colin Johnston
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3 PH, U.K.
| | - Jesus Barrio
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Iakovos Tzanakis
- School
of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, College Cl, Wheatley, OxfordOX33 1HX, U.K.
| | - Dmitry G Eskin
- Brunel
Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, UxbridgeUB8 3PH, U.K.
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Faculty of
Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, KentME4 4TB, U.K.
| | - Jiawei Mi
- Department
of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, U.K.
| | - Nicole Grobert
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3 PH, U.K.
- Williams
Advanced Engineering, Grove, OxfordshireOX12
0DQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cline C, Wang H, Kong J, Li T, Liu J, Wegst UGK. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Studied with Single-Layer Graphene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15121-15131. [PMID: 36448835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Control of heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) is critical for applications that range from iceophobic surfaces to ice-templated materials. HIN on 2D materials is a particular interesting topic that still lacks extensive experimental investigations. Here, we focus on the HIN on single-layer graphene (SLG) transferred onto different substrates, including silicon, silica, and thermal oxide on silicon. Complemented by other samples without SLG, we obtain a large range of wetting contact angles (WCAs) from 2° to 95°. All pristine SLG samples exhibit a large contact angle of ∼95°, which is close to the theoretical value of 96° for free-standing SLG, irrespective of the substrate and even in the presence of nanoscale wrinkles on SLG, which are due to the transfer process, indicating that the topographical features have little impact on the wetting behavior. Interestingly, SLG displays changes in hydrophobicity upon repeated water droplet freezing-melting-drying cycles due to a shift in Fermi level and/or enhanced water-substrate polar molecular interactions, likely induced by residual adsorption of H2O molecules. We found that a 0.04 eV decrease in SLG Fermi level reduces the SLG/water interface energy by ∼6 mJ/m2, thereby making SLG less hydrophobic. Counterintuitively, the reduction in SLG/water interface energy and the enhanced hydrophilicity after repeated freezing-melting-evaporation cycles actually decreases the freezing temperature by ∼3-4 °C, thereby slightly retarding rather than enhancing HIN. We also found that the water droplet freezing temperature differed by only ∼1 °C on different substrates with WCAs from 2° to 95°, an intriguing and yet reasonable result that confirms that wettability alone is not a good indicator of HIN capability. The HIN rate is rather determined by the difference between substrate/water and substrate/ice interface energies, which was found to stay almost constant for substrates weakly interacting with water/ice via van der Waals or hydrogen bonds, irrespective of hydrophilicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory Cline
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Haozhe Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tianshu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ulrike G K Wegst
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nammahachak N, Aup-Ngoen KK, Asanithi P, Horpratum M, Chuangchote S, Ratanaphan S, Surareungchai W. Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon quantum dots with size tunability via heterogeneous nucleation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31729-31733. [PMID: 36380919 PMCID: PMC9641675 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal synthesis has been extensively utilized for fabricating carbon quantum dots (CQDs). Generally, the average sizes of the CQDs are controlled by using specific precursor concentrations, processing temperatures, and reaction times. In our study, the average size of CQDs can simply be controlled by using a different filling volume of sucrose solution in the hydrothermal reactor while keeping the other experimental parameters constant. If homogeneous nucleation plays a major role in the hydrothermal synthesis, the CQDs synthesized by using different filling volumes should have relatively the same size. Nonetheless, we found that the average size of CQDs is inversely correlated with the filling volumes. Particularly, for the hydrothermal syntheses with the filling volumes of 20%, 50%, and 80%, the average size of the CQDs is 15, 13, and 4 nm, respectively. Therefore, the hydrothermal synthesis of CQDs with size-tunability can be achieved by the heterogeneous process associated with the total surface areas between the precursor and reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nant Nammahachak
- Department of Tool and Materials Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Prachauthit Road, Bangmod Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Khamphumee Aup-Ngoen
- Materials and Nondestructive Testing Laboratory, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT, Ratchaburi) 126 Pracha Uthit Rd, Thung Khru Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Piyapong Asanithi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Prachauthit Road, Bangmod Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Mati Horpratum
- Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronic and Computer Technology Center 112 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Rd, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Surawut Chuangchote
- Department of Tool and Materials Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Prachauthit Road, Bangmod Bangkok 10140 Thailand
- Research Center of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environmental Technology (MEET), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Prachauthit Road, Bangmod Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Sutatch Ratanaphan
- Department of Tool and Materials Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Prachauthit Road, Bangmod Bangkok 10140 Thailand
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Prachauthit Road, Bangmod Bangkok 10140 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science Center (TaCS-CoE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Pracha Uthit Rd, Thung Khru Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Prachauthit Road, Bangmod Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baker A, Vishnubhotla SB, Chen R, Martini A, Jacobs TDB. Origin of Pressure-Dependent Adhesion in Nanoscale Contacts. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5954-5960. [PMID: 35793499 PMCID: PMC9335865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion between nanoscale components has been shown to increase with applied load, contradicting well-established mechanics models. Here, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy and atomistic simulations to reveal the underlying mechanism for this increase as a change in the mode of separation. Analyzing 135 nanoscale adhesion tests on technologically relevant materials of anatase TiO2, silicon, and diamond, we demonstrate a transition from fracture-controlled to strength-controlled separation. When fracture models are incorrectly applied, they yield a 7-fold increase in apparent work of adhesion; however, we show that the true work of adhesion is unchanged with loading. Instead, the nanoscale adhesion is governed by the product of adhesive strength and contact area; the pressure dependence of adhesion arises because contact area increases with applied load. By revealing the mechanism of separation for loaded nanoscale contacts, these findings provide guidance for tailoring adhesion in applications from nanoprobe-based manufacturing to nanoparticle catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. Baker
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Sai Bharadwaj Vishnubhotla
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Rimei Chen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California-Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California-Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Tevis D. B. Jacobs
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Orselly M, Devémy J, Bouvet-Marchand A, Dequidt A, Loubat C, Malfreyt P. Molecular interactions at the metal-liquid interfaces. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:234705. [PMID: 35732516 DOI: 10.1063/5.0095872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported molecular simulations of the interactions among water, an epoxy prepolymer diglycidic ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and a hardener isophorone diamine (IPDA) on an aluminum surface. This work proposes a comprehensive thermodynamic characterization of the adhesion process from the calculation of different interfacial tensions. The cross-interactions between the atoms of the metal surface and different molecules are adjusted so as to reproduce the experimental work of adhesion. Water nanodroplets on the metal surface are then simulated to predict their contact angle. Liquid-vapor surface tensions of the epoxy prepolymer (DGEBA) and hardener (IPDA) and the solid-vapor surface tension of the aluminum surface are also calculated to provide the solid-liquid interfacial tension that remains very difficult to obtain from the mechanical definition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Orselly
- Specific Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Loubat
- Specific Polymers, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Al-Ruqeishi MS, Mohiuddin T, Al-Amri K, Rohman N. Graphene Surface Energy by Contact Angle Measurements. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-06990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Agrawal A, Gravelle S, Kamal C, Botto L. Viscous peeling of a nanosheet. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3967-3980. [PMID: 35551304 PMCID: PMC9131316 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01743h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combining molecular dynamics (MD) and continuum simulations, we study the dynamics of propagation of a peeling front in a system composed of multilayered graphene nanosheets completely immersed in water. Peeling is induced by lifting one of the nanosheet edges with an assigned pulling velocity normal to the flat substrate. Using MD, we compute the pulling force as a function of the pulling velocity, and quantify the viscous resistance to the advancement of the peeling front. We compare the MD results to a 1D continuum model of a sheet loaded with modelled hydrodynamic loads. Our results show that the viscous dependence of the force on the velocity is negligible below a threshold velocity. Above this threshold, the hydrodynamics is mainly controlled by the viscous resistance associated to the flow near the crack opening, while lubrication forces are negligible owing to the large hydrodynamic slip at the liquid-solid boundary. Two dissipative mechanisms are identified: a drag resistance to the upward motion of the edge, and a resistance to the gap opening associated to the curvature of the flow streamlines near the entrance. Surprisingly, the shape of the sheet was found to be approximately independent of the pulling velocity even for the largest velocities considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adyant Agrawal
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon Gravelle
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Kamal
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Botto
- Process and Energy Department, 3ME Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rasche B, Brunner J, Schramm T, Ghimire MP, Nitzsche U, Büchner B, Giraud R, Richter M, Dufouleur J. Determination of Cleavage Energy and Efficient Nanostructuring of Layered Materials by Atomic Force Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3550-3556. [PMID: 35427144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented to use atomic force microscopy to measure the cleavage energy of van der Waals materials and similar quasi-two-dimensional materials. The cleavage energy of graphite is measured to be 0.36 J/m2, in good agreement with literature data. The same method yields a cleavage energy of 0.6 J/m2 for MoS2 as a representative of the dichalcogenides. In the case of the weak topological insulator Bi14Rh3I9 no cleavage energy is obtained, although cleavage is successful with an adapted approach. The cleavage energies of these materials are evaluated by means of density-functional calculations and literature data. This further validates the presented method and sets an upper limit of about 0.7 J/m2 to the cleavage energy that can be measured by the present setup. In addition, this method can be used as a tool for manipulating exfoliated flakes, prior to or after contacting, which may open a new route for the fabrication of nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertold Rasche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julius Brunner
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Schramm
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Madhav Prasad Ghimire
- Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44613, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ulrike Nitzsche
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Büchner
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Romain Giraud
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble-INP, Spintec, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Richter
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph Dufouleur
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Transport and Devices, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Williams CD, Wei Z, Shaharudin MRB, Carbone P. A molecular simulation study into the stability of hydrated graphene nanochannels used in nanofluidics devices. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3467-3479. [PMID: 35170614 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanochannels are a popular choice in emerging nanofluidics applications because of their tunable and nanometer-scale channels. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed both to (i) assess the stability of dry and hydrated graphene nanochannels and (ii) elucidate the properties of water confined in these channels, using replica-scale models with 0.66-2.38 nm channel heights. The use of flexible nanochannel walls allows the nanochannel height to relax in response to the solvation forces arising from the confined fluid and the forces between the confining surfaces, without the need for application of arbitrarily high external pressures. Dry nanochannels were found to completely collapse if the initial nanochannel height was less than 2 nm, due to attractive van der Waals interactions between the confining graphene surfaces. However, the presence of water was found to prevent total nanochannel collapse, due to repulsive hydration forces opposing the attractive van der Waals force. For nanochannel heights less than ∼1.7 nm, the confining surfaces must be relaxed to obtain accurate hydration pressures and water diffusion coefficients, by ensuring commensurability between the number of confined water layers and the channel height. For very small (∼0.7 nm), hydrated channels a pressure of 231 MPa due to the van der Waals forces was obtained. In the same system, the confined water forms a mobile, liquid monolayer with a diffusion coefficient of 4.0 × 10-5 cm2 s-1, much higher than bulk liquid water. Although this finding conflicts with most classical MD simulations, which predict in-plane order and arrested dynamics, it is supported by experiments and recently published first-principles MD simulations. Classical simulations can therefore be used to predict the properties of water confined in sub-nanometre graphene channels, providing sufficiently realistic molecular models and accurate intermolecular potentials are employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Zixuan Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Mohd Rafie Bin Shaharudin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Graphene is a unique attractive material owing to its characteristic structure and excellent properties. To improve the preparation efficiency of graphene, reduce defects and costs, and meet the growing market demand, it is crucial to explore the improved and innovative production methods and process for graphene. This review summarizes recent advanced graphene synthesis methods including “bottom-up” and “top-down” processes, and their influence on the structure, cost, and preparation efficiency of graphene, as well as its peeling mechanism. The viability and practicality of preparing graphene using polymers peeling flake graphite or graphite filling polymer was discussed. Based on the comparative study, it is potential to mass produce graphene with large size and high quality using the viscoelasticity of polymers and their affinity to the graphite surface.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghoufi A, Malfreyt P. Interfacial tension of the graphene–water solid–liquid interface: how to handle the electrostatic interactions? Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1948121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ghoufi
- Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR) – UMR 6251, Université Rennes, CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The thermodynamic stability of water next to graphitic surfaces is of fundamental interest, as it underlies several natural phenomena and important industrial processes. It is commonly assumed that water wets graphite more than graphene due to increased, favorable van der Waals interactions between the interfacial water molecules with multiple carbon sheets. Here, we employed extensive computer simulations and analysis of the molecular correlation functions to show that the interfacial water thermodynamics is in fact dominated by surface entropy. We show that on graphite, destabilization of the interfacial hydrogen bond network leads to an overcompensating increase in population of low frequency translational and librational modes, which is ultimately responsible for the increased interfacial stability compared to graphene. The spectroscopic signature of this effect is an enhancement of the modes near 100 and 300 cm-1. This subtle interplay between entropy and surface binding may have important consideration for interpretations of various phenomena, including the hydrophobic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tod A Pascal
- ATLAS Materials Physics Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jankowski M, Saedi M, La Porta F, Manikas AC, Tsakonas C, Cingolani JS, Andersen M, de Voogd M, van Baarle GJC, Reuter K, Galiotis C, Renaud G, Konovalov OV, Groot IMN. Real-Time Multiscale Monitoring and Tailoring of Graphene Growth on Liquid Copper. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9638-9648. [PMID: 34060320 PMCID: PMC8291761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of large, defect-free two-dimensional materials (2DMs) such as graphene is a major challenge toward industrial applications. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on liquid metal catalysts (LMCats) is a recently developed process for the fast synthesis of high-quality single crystals of 2DMs. However, up to now, the lack of in situ techniques enabling direct feedback on the growth has limited our understanding of the process dynamics and primarily led to empirical growth recipes. Thus, an in situ multiscale monitoring of the 2DMs structure, coupled with a real-time control of the growth parameters, is necessary for efficient synthesis. Here we report real-time monitoring of graphene growth on liquid copper (at 1370 K under atmospheric pressure CVD conditions) via four complementary in situ methods: synchrotron X-ray diffraction and reflectivity, Raman spectroscopy, and radiation-mode optical microscopy. This has allowed us to control graphene growth parameters such as shape, dispersion, and the hexagonal supra-organization with very high accuracy. Furthermore, the switch from continuous polycrystalline film to the growth of millimeter-sized defect-free single crystals could also be accomplished. The presented results have far-reaching consequences for studying and tailoring 2D material formation processes on LMCats under CVD growth conditions. Finally, the experimental observations are supported by multiscale modeling that has thrown light into the underlying mechanisms of graphene growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jankowski
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG/MEM/NRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
- ESRF-The
European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Mehdi Saedi
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco La Porta
- ESRF-The
European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Anastasios C. Manikas
- FORTH/ICE-HT
and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Christos Tsakonas
- FORTH/ICE-HT
and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Juan S. Cingolani
- Chair
for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Mie Andersen
- Chair
for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Marc de Voogd
- Leiden Probe
Microscopy (LPM), Kenauweg
21, 2331 BA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair
for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Costas Galiotis
- FORTH/ICE-HT
and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Gilles Renaud
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG/MEM/NRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Oleg V. Konovalov
- ESRF-The
European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Irene M. N. Groot
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Goujon F, Ghoufi A, Malfreyt P. Associated molecular liquids at the graphene monolayer interface. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104504. [PMID: 33722040 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report molecular simulations of the interaction between a graphene sheet and different liquids such as water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. We describe the structural arrangements at the graphene interface in terms of density profiles, number of hydrogen bonds (HBs), and local structuration in neighboring layers close to the surface. We establish the formation of a two-dimensional HB network in the layer closest to the graphene. We also calculate the interfacial tension of liquids with a graphene monolayer and its profile along the direction normal to the graphene to rationalize and quantify the strengthening of the intermolecular interactions in the liquid due to the presence of the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Goujon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aziz Ghoufi
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang D, Hu Z, Peng G, Yin Y. Surface Energy of Curved Surface Based on Lennard-Jones Potential. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:686. [PMID: 33803453 PMCID: PMC7998149 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although various phenomena have confirmed that surface geometry has an impact on surface energy at micro/nano scales, determining the surface energy on micro/nano curved surfaces remains a challenge. In this paper, based on Lennard-Jones (L-J) pair potential, we study the geometrical effect on surface energy with the homogenization hypothesis. The surface energy is expressed as a function of local principle curvatures. The accuracy of curvature-based surface energy is confirmed by comparing surface energy on flat surface with experimental results. Furthermore, the surface energy for spherical geometry is investigated and verified by the numerical experiment with errors within 5%. The results show that (i) the surface energy will decrease on a convex surface and increase on a concave surface with the increasing of scales, and tend to the value on flat surface; (ii) the effect of curvatures will be obvious and exceed 5% when spherical radius becomes smaller than 5 nm; (iii) the surface energy varies with curvatures on sinusoidal surfaces, and the normalized surface energy relates with the ratio of wave height to wavelength. The curvature-based surface energy offers new insights into the geometrical and scales effect at micro/nano scales, which provides a theoretical direction for designing NEMS/MEMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Interdisciplinary Research Institute, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China;
| | - Zhili Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Interdisciplinary Research Institute, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China;
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (G.P.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yajun Yin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (G.P.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zou Y, Li CH, Tang Y, Hu L, Liu JA, Wu JM, Shi YS. Preform impregnation to optimize the properties and microstructure of RB-SiC prepared with laser sintering and reactive melt infiltration. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Li Z, Young RJ, Backes C, Zhao W, Zhang X, Zhukov AA, Tillotson E, Conlan AP, Ding F, Haigh SJ, Novoselov KS, Coleman JN. Mechanisms of Liquid-Phase Exfoliation for the Production of Graphene. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10976-10985. [PMID: 32598132 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid- phase exfoliation (LPE) is the principal method of producing two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene in large quantities with a good balance between quality and cost and is now widely adopted by both the academic and industrial sectors. The fragmentation and exfoliation mechanisms involved have usually been simply attributed to the force induced by ultrasound and the interaction with the solvent molecules. Nonetheless, little is known about how they actually occur, i.e., how thick and large graphite crystals can be exfoliated into thin and small graphene flakes. Here, we demonstrate that during ultrasonic LPE the transition from graphite flakes to graphene takes place in three distinct stages. First, sonication leads to the rupture of large flakes and the formation of kink band striations on the flake surfaces, primarily along zigzag directions. Second, cracks form along these striations, and together with intercalation of solvent, lead to the unzipping and peeling off of thin graphite strips that in the final stage are exfoliated into graphene. The findings will be of great value in the quest to optimize the lateral dimensions, thickness, and yield of graphene and other 2D materials in large-scale LPE for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheling Li
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Robert J Young
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Claudia Backes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wen Zhao
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS-CMCM)/School of Material Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Alexander A Zhukov
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Evan Tillotson
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Aidan P Conlan
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS-CMCM)/School of Material Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics and CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Costa MCF, Parra GG, G Larrudé DR, Fechine GJM. Screening effect of CVD graphene on the surface free energy of substrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:16672-16680. [PMID: 32658238 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01453b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The wettability of graphene has been a topic under constant discussion in the literature since 2012. In this work we measured the contact angle (CA) of six different types of substrates (glass, quartz, Si3N4, Si/SiO2, sapphire and Si) with varying dielectric constants and surface roughnesses in order to calculate the surface free energy of graphene films to evaluate how the wetting properties of graphene-coated substrates are changed according to the underlying substrate. We used a residual-free transfer process to remove the high-quality graphene (CVD-Gr) grown onto copper foil. Afterwards, we performed an inert thermal treatment (Ar, at 300 °C for 30 minutes) to remove airborne contaminants from the graphene surface and evaluate the roughness of substrates by atomic force microscopy, the advancing and receding contact angles of two liquids (water and ethylene glycol), hysteresis, and surface free energy (polar and dispersive components) calculations. The presence of high-quality monolayer graphene (free of any air contaminants, polymer residues, etc.) led to a common wettability behaviour for all coated surfaces, regardless of the nature of the underlying substrate. This result can be understood in terms of the screening of van der Waals and dipole interactions by the electrons in graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C F Costa
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies - MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 896, São Paulo - SP, 01302-907, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gravelle S, Kamal C, Botto L. Liquid exfoliation of multilayer graphene in sheared solvents: A molecular dynamics investigation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:104701. [PMID: 32171224 DOI: 10.1063/1.5141515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-phase exfoliation, the use of a sheared liquid to delaminate graphite into few-layer graphene, is a promising technique for the large-scale production of graphene. However, the microscale and nanoscale fluid-structure processes controlling the exfoliation are not fully understood. Here, we perform non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of a defect-free graphite nanoplatelet suspended in a shear flow and measure the critical shear rate γ̇c needed for the exfoliation to occur. We compare γ̇c for different solvents, including water and N-methyl-pyrrolidone, and nanoplatelets of different lengths. Using a theoretical model based on a balance between the work done by viscous shearing forces and the change in interfacial energies upon layer sliding, we are able to predict the critical shear rates γ̇c measured in simulations. We find that an accurate prediction of the exfoliation of short graphite nanoplatelets is possible only if both hydrodynamic slip and the fluid forces on the graphene edges are considered and if an accurate value of the solid-liquid surface energy is used. The commonly used "geometric-mean" approximation for the solid-liquid energy leads to grossly incorrect predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gravelle
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Kamal
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Botto
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liudi Mulyo A, Rajpalke MK, Vullum PE, Weman H, Kishino K, Fimland BO. The influence of AlN buffer layer on the growth of self-assembled GaN nanocolumns on graphene. Sci Rep 2020; 10:853. [PMID: 31964934 PMCID: PMC6972738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GaN nanocolumns were synthesized on single-layer graphene via radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, using a thin migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) AlN buffer layer as nucleation sites. Due to the weak nucleation on graphene, instead of an AlN thin-film we observe two distinguished AlN formations which affect the subsequent GaN nanocolumn growth: (i) AlN islands and (ii) AlN nanostructures grown along line defects (grain boundaries or wrinkles) of graphene. Structure (i) leads to the formation of vertical GaN nanocolumns regardless of the number of AlN MEE cycles, whereas (ii) can result in random orientation of the nanocolumns depending on the AlN morphology. Additionally, there is a limited amount of direct GaN nucleation on graphene, which induces non-vertical GaN nanocolumn growth. The GaN nanocolumn samples were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution X-ray diffraction, room temperature micro-photoluminescence, and micro-Raman measurements. Surprisingly, the graphene with AlN buffer layer formed using less MEE cycles, thus resulting in lower AlN coverage, has a lower level of nitrogen plasma damage. The AlN buffer layer with lowest AlN coverage also provides the best result with respect to high-quality and vertically-aligned GaN nanocolumns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Liudi Mulyo
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohana K Rajpalke
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helge Weman
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katsumi Kishino
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan. .,Sophia Nanotechnology Research Center, Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan. .,Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Bjørn-Ove Fimland
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Batista RJC, Dias RF, Barboza APM, de Oliveira AB, Manhabosco TM, Gomes-Silva TR, Matos MJS, Gadelha AC, Rabelo C, Cançado LGL, Jorio A, Chacham H, Neves BRA. Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding? BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1801-1808. [PMID: 33335824 PMCID: PMC7722626 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Folds naturally appear on nanometrically thin materials, also called "2D materials", after exfoliation, eventually creating folded edges across the resulting flakes. We investigate the adhesion and flexural properties of single-layered and multilayered 2D materials upon folding in the present work. This is accomplished by measuring and modeling mechanical properties of folded edges, which allows for the experimental determination of the bending stiffness (κ) of multilayered 2D materials as a function of the number of layers (n). In the case of talc, we obtain κ ∝ n 3 for n ≥ 5, indicating no interlayer sliding upon folding, at least in this thickness range. In contrast, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements on edges in folded graphene flakes, 14 layers thick, show no significant strain. This indicates that layers in graphene flakes, up to 5 nm thick, can still slip to relieve stress, showing the richness of the effect in 2D systems. The obtained interlayer adhesion energy for graphene (0.25 N/m) and talc (0.62 N/m) is in good agreement with recent experimental results and theoretical predictions. The obtained value for the adhesion energy of graphene on a silicon substrate is also in agreement with previous results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo J C Batista
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Dias
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Barboza
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Alan B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Taise M Manhabosco
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Gomes-Silva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus J S Matos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Andreij C Gadelha
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Rabelo
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz G L Cançado
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hélio Chacham
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bernardo R A Neves
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang X, Cai X, Jin K, Jiang Z, Yuan H, Jia Y, Wang Y, Cao L, Zhang X. Determining the Surface Tension of Two-Dimensional Nanosheets by a Low-Rate Advancing Contact Angle Measurement. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8308-8315. [PMID: 31091874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Because of their atomic thinness, two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets need be bound to a substrate or be dispersed in material in various applications. The surface tension (ST) of a 2D nanosheet is critical for analyzing the physicochemical interactions between 2D nanosheets and other materials. To date, the determination of the ST of 2D nanosheets has relied mainly on the contact angle (CA) method. However, because of the difficulty in measuring the thermodynamically significant Young?s CA, which is the only meaningful CA that can be used to determine the ST, significant differences exist in reported STs of 2D nanosheets. In this study, we obtained such unique Young?s CAs on graphene, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide nanosheets by a low-rate advancing contact angle measurement using a rigorously designed experimental setup. By interpreting the CA with Neumann?s equation of state, we determined the STs of these four nanosheets to be 29.7 ? 0.6, 30.9 ? 0.7, 27.8 ? 0.7, and 29.1 ? 0.8 mJ/m2, respectively. The surface energies of these 2D nanosheets were estimated to be in the range 95?120 mJ/m2 by considering the contribution of ST and surface entropy. The accuracy of these determined STs was validated by the exfoliation and dispersion of 2D nanosheets in liquids with a series of STs. The study may have important implications for understanding the physicochemical interactions between 2D nanosheets and other materials and the development of 2D nanosheet-based devices.
Collapse
|
27
|
Navarro MX, Zamiri M, Griswold ME, Santarius JF, Kulcinski GL, Lagally M, Tajima T. Outer Divertor Damage Characterization from Deuterium Plasma Bombardment in Graphene-Coated Tungsten in the C-2W Device. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2019.1610317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Max Lagally
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lodesani A, Picone A, Brambilla A, Giannotti D, Jagadeesh MS, Calloni A, Bussetti G, Berti G, Zani M, Finazzi M, Duò L, Ciccacci F. Graphene as an Ideal Buffer Layer for the Growth of High-Quality Ultrathin Cr 2O 3 Layers on Ni(111). ACS NANO 2019; 13:4361-4367. [PMID: 30943012 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal-oxide nanostructures play a fundamental role in a large number of technological applications, ranging from chemical sensors to data storage devices. As the size of the devices shrinks down to the nanoscale, it is mandatory to obtain sharp and good quality interfaces. Here, it is shown that a two-dimensional material, namely, graphene, can be exploited as an ideal buffer layer to tailor the properties of the interface between a metallic substrate and an ultrathin oxide. This is proven at the interface between an ultrathin film of the magnetoelectric antiferromagnetic oxide Cr2O3 and a Ni(111) single crystal substrate. The chemical composition of the samples has been studied by means of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, showing that the insertion of graphene, which remains buried at the interface, is able to prevent the oxidation of the substrate. This protective action leads to an ordered and layer-by-layer growth, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy data. The structural analysis performed by low-energy electron diffraction indicates that the oxide layer grown on graphene experiences a significant compressive strain, which strongly influences the surface electronic structure observed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Picone
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Alberto Brambilla
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Dario Giannotti
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Madan S Jagadeesh
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Alberto Calloni
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | | | - Giulia Berti
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Maurizio Zani
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Lamberto Duò
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Franco Ciccacci
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Milano 20133 , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dreher T, Lemarchand C, Pineau N, Bourasseau E, Ghoufi A, Malfreyt P. Calculation of the interfacial tension of the graphene-water interaction by molecular simulations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:014703. [PMID: 30621407 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the calculation of the solid-liquid interface tension of the graphene-water interaction by using molecular simulations. Local profiles of the interfacial tension are given through the mechanical and thermodynamic definitions. The dependence of the interfacial tension on the graphene area is investigated by applying both reaction field and Ewald summation techniques. The structure of the interfacial region close to the graphene sheet is analyzed through the profiles of the density and hydrogen bond number and the orientation of the water molecules. We complete this study by plotting the profiles of the components of the pressure tensor calculated by the Ewald summation and reaction field methods. We also investigate the case of a reaction field version consisting in applying a damped shifted force in the case of the calculation of the pressure components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aziz Ghoufi
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xia M, Liang C, Cheng Z, Hu R, Liu S. The adhesion energy measured by a stress accumulation-peeling mechanism in the exfoliation of graphite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1217-1223. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06608f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A stress accumulation-peeling mechanism can be applied to measure the adhesion energy of graphite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Xia
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanostructure and Physics Properties
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Optoelectronic Quantum Devices
| | - Chunping Liang
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofang Cheng
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
| | - Ruixue Hu
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shiru Liu
- Department of Photoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
van Engers CD, Balabajew M, Southam A, Perkin S. A 3-mirror surface force balance for the investigation of fluids confined to nanoscale films between two ultra-smooth polarizable electrodes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:123901. [PMID: 30599632 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a new technique, based on the Surface Force Balance (SFB), for the direct measurement of surface forces between two ultra-smooth and polarizable gold electrode surfaces across thin fluid films. Combining the direct interferometric measurement of surface separation and contact geometry with smooth electrode surfaces has proved challenging in the past, and for this reason, previous measurements with the SFB typically involved two insulating mica surfaces, or one mica surface and one electrode surface, or an alternative less direct measure of the surface separation. Here, we demonstrate that a 3-mirror interferometer can overcome these difficulties: the setup involves two ultra-smooth electrode/mirror surfaces between which the fluid is confined and a third mirror to allow for interferometric detection of the liquid thickness with nanometer resolution and at thicknesses much smaller than the diffraction limit of the light. We conclude with a proof-of-concept measurement across dry nitrogen gas. The technique should prove useful for studying the properties of fluids confined at the nanoscale inside a slit-pore of controlled electrical potential or subject to applied electric fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D van Engers
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - M Balabajew
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Southam
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Perkin
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zappone B, Zheng W, Perkin S. Multiple-beam optical interferometry of anisotropic soft materials nanoconfined with the surface force apparatus. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:085112. [PMID: 30184649 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soft anisotropic materials that change their macroscopic properties in response to external stimuli such as light, electric field, or pressure are central to several new directions of technology, including optics, micro-mechanics, and bioengineering. Responsiveness is fundamentally connected to the anisotropic ordering of the material's building blocks at the nanometer scale. Here we propose the surface force apparatus as a powerful tool for investigating optically anisotropic materials at the nanometer scale using multiple-beam optical interference, allowing for simultaneous determination of film thickness, alignment, and chiral rotation of the optical axis. We present a method based on 4 × 4 matrices for calculating the exact transmission and reflection coefficients for light incident normal to a planar optical multilayer comprising an arbitrary number of chiral anisotropic layers with the helical axis normal to the layer. The multilayer can also include uniform birefringent media, optical adsorbing (e.g., metals) and isotropic materials. We introduce a technique to analyze and interpret the complex multiple-beam interference patterns arising from such multilayers and demonstrate it for the case of a twisted nematic liquid crystal confined to nanoscale thickness with the surface force apparatus. The analysis opens the prospect of studying the effect of strong confinement on the structure and response of a wide class of anisotropic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Zappone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia (CNR-Nanotec), Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Weichao Zheng
- Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Susan Perkin
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ardham VR, Leroy F. Atomistic and Coarse-Grained Modeling of the Adsorption of Graphene Nanoflakes at the Oil-Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2396-2407. [PMID: 29397726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The high interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids can provide the necessary driving force for the self-assembly of nanoparticles at the interface. Particularly, the interface between water and oily liquids (hydrocarbon chains) has been exploited to prepare networks of highly interconnected graphene sheets of only a few layers thickness, which are well suited for industrial applications. Studying such complex systems through particle-based simulations could greatly enhance the understanding of the various driving forces in action and could possibly give more control over the self-assembly process. However, the interaction potentials used in particle-based simulations are typically derived by reproducing bulk properties and are therefore not suitable for describing systems dominated by interfaces. To address this issue, we introduce a methodology to derive solid-liquid interaction potentials that yield an accurate representation of the balance between interfacial interactions at atomistic and coarse-grained resolutions. Our approach is validated through its ability to lead to the adsorption of graphene nanoflakes at the interface between water and n-hexane. The development of accurate coarse-grained potentials that our approach enables will allow us to perform large-scale simulations to study the assembly of graphene nanoparticles at the interface between immiscible liquids. Our methodology is illustrated through a simulation of many graphene nanoflakes adsorbing at the interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Reddy Ardham
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Miskin MZ, Sun C, Cohen I, Dichtel WR, McEuen PL. Measuring and Manipulating the Adhesion of Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:449-454. [PMID: 29272587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique to precisely measure the surface energies between two-dimensional materials and substrates that is simple to implement and allows exploration of spatial and chemical control of adhesion at the nanoscale. As an example, we characterize the delamination of single-layer graphene from monolayers of pyrene tethered to glass in water and maximize the work of separation between these surfaces by varying the density of pyrene groups in the monolayer. Control of this energy scale enables high-fidelity graphene-transfer protocols that can resist failure under sonication. Additionally, we find that the work required for graphene peeling and readhesion exhibits a dramatic rate-independent hysteresis, differing by a factor of 100. This work establishes a rational means to control the adhesion of 2D materials and enables a systematic approach to engineer stimuli-responsive adhesives and mechanical technologies at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Z Miskin
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2045 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Itai Cohen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2045 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Paul L McEuen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vorontsov AV, Tretyakov EV. Determination of graphene's edge energy using hexagonal graphene quantum dots and PM7 method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14740-14752. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are important for a variety of applications and designs, and the shapes of GQDs rely on the energy of their boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Vorontsov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Altay State University
- Barnaul 656049
| | - Evgeny V. Tretyakov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Balabajew M, van Engers CD, Perkin S. Contact-free calibration of an asymmetric multi-layer interferometer for the surface force balance. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:123903. [PMID: 29289219 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Surface Force Balance (SFB, also known as Surface Force Apparatus, SFA) has provided important insights into many phenomena within the field of colloid and interface science. The technique relies on using white light interferometry to measure the distance between surfaces with sub-nanometer resolution. Up until now, the determination of the distance between the surfaces required a so-called "contact calibration," an invasive procedure during which the surfaces are brought into mechanical contact. This requirement for a contact calibration limits the range of experimental systems that can be investigated with SFB, for example, it precludes experiments with substrates that would be irreversibly modified or damaged by mechanical contact. Here we present a non-invasive method to measure absolute distances without performing a contact calibration. The method can be used for both "symmetric" and "asymmetric" systems. We foresee many applications for this general approach including, most immediately, experiments using single layer graphene electrodes in the SFB which may be damaged when brought into mechanical contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Balabajew
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christian D van Engers
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Perkin
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tian T, Lin S, Li S, Zhao L, Santos EJG, Shih CJ. Doping-Driven Wettability of Two-Dimensional Materials: A Multiscale Theory. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12827-12837. [PMID: 29058907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering molecular interactions at two-dimensional (2D) materials interfaces enables new technological opportunities in functional surfaces and molecular epitaxy. Understanding the wettability of 2D materials represents the crucial first step toward quantifying the interplay between the interfacial forces and electric potential of 2D materials interfaces. Here we develop the first theoretical framework to model the wettability of the doped 2D materials by properly bridging the multiscale physical phenomena at the 2D interfaces, including (i) the change of 2D materials surface energy (atomistic scale, several angstroms), (ii) the molecular reorientation of liquid molecules adjacent to the interface (molecular scale, 100-101 nm), and (iii) the electrical double layer (EDL) formed in the liquid phase (mesoscopic scales, 100-104 nm). The latter two effects are found to be the major mechanisms responsible for the contact angle change upon doping, while the surface energy change of a pure 2D material has no net effect on the wetting property. When the doping level is electrostatically tuned, we demonstrate that 2D materials with high quantum capacitances (e.g., transition metal dichalcogenides, TMDCs) possess a wider range of tunability in the interfacial tension, under the same applied gate voltage. Furthermore, practical considerations such as defects and airborne contamination are also quantitatively discussed. Our analysis implies that the doping level can be another variable to modulate the wettability at 2D materials interfaces, as well as the molecular packing behavior on a 2D material-coated surface, essentially facilitating the interfacial engineering of 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shangchao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Siyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Elton J G Santos
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tian T, Shih CJ. Molecular Epitaxy on Two-Dimensional Materials: The Interplay between Interactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and
Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|