1
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Shandilya E, Rallabandi B, Maiti S. In situ enzymatic control of colloidal phoresis and catalysis through hydrolysis of ATP. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3603. [PMID: 38684662 PMCID: PMC11059368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to sense chemical gradients and respond with directional motility and chemical activity is a defining feature of complex living systems. There is a strong interest among scientists to design synthetic systems that emulate these properties. Here, we realize and control such behaviors in a synthetic system by tailoring multivalent interactions of adenosine nucleotides with catalytic microbeads. We first show that multivalent interactions of the bead with gradients of adenosine mono-, di- and trinucleotides (AM/D/TP) control both the phoretic motion and a proton-transfer catalytic reaction, and find that both effects are diminished greatly with increasing valence of phosphates. We exploit this behavior by using enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP to AMP, which downregulates multivalent interactivity in situ. This produces a sudden increase in transport of the catalytic microbeads (a phoretic jump), which is accompanied by increased catalytic activity. Finally, we show how this enzymatic activity can be systematically tuned, leading to simultaneous in situ spatial and temporal control of the location of the microbeads, as well as the products of the reaction that they catalyze. These findings open up new avenues for utilizing multivalent interaction-mediated programming of complex chemo-mechanical behaviors into active systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Shandilya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, India
| | - Bhargav Rallabandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, India.
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2
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Chen S, Prado-Morales C, Sánchez-deAlcázar D, Sánchez S. Enzymatic micro/nanomotors in biomedicine: from single motors to swarms. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2711-2719. [PMID: 38239179 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have evolved from single self-propelled entities to versatile systems capable of performing one or multiple biomedical tasks. When single MNMs self-assemble into coordinated swarms, either under external control or triggered by chemical reactions, they offer advantages that individual MNMs cannot achieve. These benefits include intelligent multitasking and adaptability to changes in the surrounding environment. Here, we provide our perspective on the evolution of MNMs, beginning with the development of enzymatic MNMs since the first theoretical model was proposed in 2005. These enzymatic MNMs hold immense promise in biomedicine due to their advantages in biocompatibility and fuel availability. Subsequently, we introduce the design and application of single motors in biomedicine, followed by the control of MNM swarms and their biomedical applications. In the end, we propose viable solutions for advancing the development of MNM swarms and anticipate valuable insights into the creation of more intelligent and controllable MNM swarms for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Chen
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Prado-Morales
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sánchez-deAlcázar
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Psg. Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Ouazan-Reboul V, Golestanian R, Agudo-Canalejo J. Network Effects Lead to Self-Organization in Metabolic Cycles of Self-Repelling Catalysts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:128301. [PMID: 37802958 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.128301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of particles that interact through phoretic effects are known to aggregate if they belong to species that exhibit attractive self-interactions. We study self-organization in a model metabolic cycle composed of three species of catalytically active particles that are chemotactic toward the chemicals that define their connectivity network. We find that the self-organization can be controlled by the network properties, as exemplified by a case where a collapse instability is achieved by design for self-repelling species. Our findings highlight a possibility for controlling the intricate functions of metabolic networks by taking advantage of the physics of phoretic active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ouazan-Reboul
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Zhao H, Košmrlj A, Datta SS. Chemotactic Motility-Induced Phase Separation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:118301. [PMID: 37774273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.118301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Collectives of actively moving particles can spontaneously separate into dilute and dense phases-a fascinating phenomenon known as motility-induced phase separation (MIPS). MIPS is well-studied for randomly moving particles with no directional bias. However, many forms of active matter exhibit collective chemotaxis, directed motion along a chemical gradient that the constituent particles can generate themselves. Here, using theory and simulations, we demonstrate that collective chemotaxis strongly competes with MIPS-in some cases, arresting or completely suppressing phase separation, or in other cases, generating fundamentally new dynamic instabilities. We establish principles describing this competition, thereby helping to reveal and clarify the rich physics underlying active matter systems that perform chemotaxis, ranging from cells to robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Sujit S Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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5
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Ouazan-Reboul V, Agudo-Canalejo J, Golestanian R. Self-organization of primitive metabolic cycles due to non-reciprocal interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4496. [PMID: 37495589 PMCID: PMC10372013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest mysteries concerning the origin of life is how it has emerged so quickly after the formation of the earth. In particular, it is not understood how metabolic cycles, which power the non-equilibrium activity of cells, have come into existence in the first instances. While it is generally expected that non-equilibrium conditions would have been necessary for the formation of primitive metabolic structures, the focus has so far been on externally imposed non-equilibrium conditions, such as temperature or proton gradients. Here, we propose an alternative paradigm in which naturally occurring non-reciprocal interactions between catalysts that can partner together in a cyclic reaction lead to their recruitment into self-organized functional structures. We uncover different classes of self-organized cycles that form through exponentially rapid coarsening processes, depending on the parity of the cycle and the nature of the interaction motifs, which are all generic but have readily tuneable features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ouazan-Reboul
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK.
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6
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Dahmani I, Qin K, Zhang Y, Fernie AR. The formation and function of plant metabolons. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1080-1092. [PMID: 36906885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolons are temporary structural-functional complexes of sequential enzymes of a metabolic pathway that are distinct from stable multi-enzyme complexes. Here we provide a brief history of the study of enzyme-enzyme assemblies with a particular focus on those that mediate substrate channeling in plants. Large numbers of protein complexes have been proposed for both primary and secondary metabolic pathways in plants. However, to date only four substrate channels have been demonstrated. We provide an overview of current knowledge concerning these four metabolons and explain the methodologies that are currently being applied to unravel their functions. Although the assembly of metabolons has been documented to arise through diverse mechanisms, the physical interaction within the characterized plant metabolons all appear to be driven by interaction with structural elements of the cell. We therefore pose the question as to what methodologies could be brought to bear to enhance our knowledge of plant metabolons that assemble via different mechanisms? In addressing this question, we review recent findings in non-plant systems concerning liquid droplet phase separation and enzyme chemotaxis and propose strategies via which such metabolons could be identified in plants. We additionally discuss the possibilities that could be opened up by novel approaches based on: (i) subcellular-level mass spectral imaging, (ii) proteomics, and (iii) emergent methods in structural and computational biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Dahmani
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kezhen Qin
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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7
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Zhang Z, Chen H, Hu M, Wang D. Single-Molecule Tracking of Reagent Diffusion during Chemical Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10512-10521. [PMID: 37079767 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that the diffusion of reagent molecules is inconsistent with what the Stokes-Einstein equation predicts during a chemical reaction. Here, we used single-molecule tracking to observe the diffusion of reactive reagent molecules during click and Diels-Alder (DA) reactions. We found that the diffusion coefficient of the reagents remained unchanged within the experimental uncertainty upon the DA reaction. Yet, diffusion of reagent molecules is faster than predicted during the click reaction when the reagent concentration and catalyst concentration exceed a threshold. A stepwise analysis suggested that the fast diffusion scenario is due to the reaction but not the involvement of the tracer with the reaction itself. The present results provide experimental evidence on the faster-than-expected reagent diffusion during a CuAAC reaction in specific conditions and propose new insights into understanding this unexpected behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
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8
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Mandal NS, Sen A, Astumian RD. Kinetic Asymmetry versus Dissipation in the Evolution of Chemical Systems as Exemplified by Single Enzyme Chemotaxis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5730-5738. [PMID: 36867055 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Single enzyme chemotaxis is a phenomenon by which a nonequilibrium spatial distribution of an enzyme is created and maintained by concentration gradients of the substrate and product of the catalyzed reaction. These gradients can arise either naturally through metabolism or experimentally, e.g., by flow of materials through microfluidic channels or by use of diffusion chambers with semipermeable membranes. Numerous hypotheses regarding the mechanism of this phenomenon have been proposed. Here, we discuss a mechanism based solely on diffusion and chemical reaction and show that kinetic asymmetry, a difference in the transition state energies for dissociation/association of substrate and product, and diffusion asymmetry, a difference in the diffusivities of the bound and free forms of the enzyme, are the determinates of the direction of chemotaxis and can result in either positive or negative chemotaxis, both of which have been demonstrated experimentally. Exploration of these fundamental symmetries that govern nonequilibrium behavior helps to distinguish between possible mechanisms for the evolution of a chemical system from initial to the steady state and whether the principle that determines the direction a system shifts when exposed to an external energy source is based on thermodynamics or on kinetics with the latter being supported by the results of the present paper. Our results show that, while dissipation ineluctably accompanies nonequilibrium phenomena, including chemotaxis, systems do not evolve to maximize or minimize dissipation but rather to attain greater kinetic stability and accumulate in regions where their effective diffusion coefficient is as small as possible. The chemotactic response to the chemical gradients formed by other enzymes participating in a catalytic cascade provides a mechanism for forming loose associations known as metabolons. Significantly, the direction of the effective force due to these gradients depends on the kinetic asymmetry of the enzyme and so can be nonreciprocal, where one enzyme is attracted to another enzyme, but the other enzyme is repelled by the one, in seeming contradiction to Newtons third law. This nonreciprocity is an important ingredient in the behavior of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
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9
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Nsamela A, Garcia Zintzun AI, Montenegro-Johnson TD, Simmchen J. Colloidal Active Matter Mimics the Behavior of Biological Microorganisms-An Overview. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2202685. [PMID: 35971193 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a review of the recent development of biomimicking behaviors in active colloids. While the behavior of biological microswimmers is undoubtedly influenced by physics, it is frequently guided and manipulated by active sensing processes. Understanding the respective influences of the surrounding environment can help to engineering the desired response also in artificial swimmers. More often than not, the achievement of biomimicking behavior requires the understanding of both biological and artificial microswimmers swimming mechanisms and the parameters inducing mechanosensory responses. The comparison of both classes of microswimmers provides with analogies in their dependence on fuels, interaction with boundaries and stimuli induced motion, or taxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nsamela
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Elvesys SAS, 172 Rue de Charonne, Paris, 75011, France
| | | | | | - Juliane Simmchen
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Zhang B, Pan H, Chen Z, Yin T, Zheng M, Cai L. Twin-bioengine self-adaptive micro/nanorobots using enzyme actuation and macrophage relay for gastrointestinal inflammation therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc8978. [PMID: 36812317 PMCID: PMC9946363 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A wide array of biocompatible micro/nanorobots are designed for targeted drug delivery and precision therapy largely depending on their self-adaptive ability overcoming complex barriers in vivo. Here, we report a twin-bioengine yeast micro/nanorobot (TBY-robot) with self-propelling and self-adaptive capabilities that can autonomously navigate to inflamed sites for gastrointestinal inflammation therapy via enzyme-macrophage switching (EMS). Asymmetrical TBY-robots effectively penetrated the mucus barrier and notably enhanced their intestinal retention using a dual enzyme-driven engine toward enteral glucose gradient. Thereafter, the TBY-robot was transferred to Peyer's patch, where the enzyme-driven engine switched in situ to macrophage bioengine and was subsequently relayed to inflamed sites along a chemokine gradient. Encouragingly, EMS-based delivery increased drug accumulation at the diseased site by approximately 1000-fold, markedly attenuating inflammation and ameliorating disease pathology in mouse models of colitis and gastric ulcers. These self-adaptive TBY-robots represent a safe and promising strategy for the precision treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ting Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingbin Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Ryabov A, Tasinkevych M. Diffusion coefficient and power spectrum of active particles with a microscopically reversible mechanism of self-propelling. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:104108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytically active macromolecules are envisioned as key building blocks in development of artificial nanomotors. However, theory and experiments report conflicting findings regarding their dynamics. The lack of consensus is mostly caused by a limited understanding of specifics of self-propulsion mechanisms at the nanoscale. Here, we study a generic model of a self-propelled nanoparticle that does not rely on a particular mechanism. Instead, its main assumption is the fundamental symmetry of microscopic dynamics of chemical reactions: the principle of microscopic reversibility. Significant consequences of this assumption arise if we subject the particle to an action of an external time-periodic force. The particle diffusion coefficient is then enhanced compared to the unbiased dynamics. The enhancement can be controlled by the force amplitude and frequency. We also derive the power spectrum of particle trajectories. Among new effects stemming from the microscopic reversibility are the enhancement of the spectrum at all frequencies and sigmoid-shaped transitions and a peak at characteristic frequencies of rotational diffusion and external forcing. The microscopic reversibility is a generic property of a broad class of chemical reactions, therefore we expect that the presented results will motivate new experimental studies aimed at testing of our predictions. This could provide new insights into dynamics of catalytic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Ryabov
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Charles University, Czech Republic
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12
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Xiao Z, Nsamela A, Garlan B, Simmchen J. A Platform for Stop‐Flow Gradient Generation to Investigate Chemotaxis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117768. [PMID: 35156269 PMCID: PMC9401050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The ability of artificial microswimmers to respond to external stimuli and the mechanistical details of their origins belong to the most disputed challenges in interdisciplinary science. Therein, the creation of chemical gradients is technically challenging, because they quickly level out due to diffusion. Inspired by pivotal stopped flow experiments in chemical kinetics, we show that microfluidics gradient generation combined with a pressure feedback loop for precisely controlling the stop of the flows, can enable us to study mechanistical details of chemotaxis of artificial Janus micromotors, based on a catalytic reaction. We find that these copper Janus particles display a chemotactic motion along the concentration gradient in both, positive and negative direction and we demonstrate the mechanical reaction of the particles to unbalanced drag forces, explaining this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Xiao
- Chair of Physical Chemistry TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Audrey Nsamela
- Chair of Physical Chemistry TU Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
- Elvesys SAS Rue de Charonne 172 75011 Paris France
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13
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Qiu S, Zhou S, Tan Y, Feng J, Bai Y, He J, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Biodegradation and Prospect of Polysaccharide from Crustaceans. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:310. [PMID: 35621961 PMCID: PMC9146327 DOI: 10.3390/md20050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine crustacean waste has not been fully utilized and is a rich source of chitin. Enzymatic degradation has attracted the wide attention of researchers due to its unique biocatalytic ability to protect the environment. Chitosan (CTS) and its derivative chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) with various biological activities can be obtained by the enzymatic degradation of chitin. Many studies have shown that chitosan and its derivatives, chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), have beneficial properties, including lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, and have important application value in the medical treatment field, the food industry and agriculture. In this review, we describe the classification, biochemical characteristics and catalytic mechanisms of the major degrading enzymes: chitinases, chitin deacetylases (CDAs) and chitosanases. We also introduced the technology for enzymatic design and modification and proposed the current problems and development trends of enzymatic degradation of chitin polysaccharides. The discussion on the characteristics and catalytic mechanism of chitosan-degrading enzymes will help to develop new types of hydrolases by various biotechnology methods and promote their application in chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Qiu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shipeng Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiayao Feng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Jincan He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China;
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd., Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China;
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Alert R, Martínez-Calvo A, Datta SS. Cellular Sensing Governs the Stability of Chemotactic Fronts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:148101. [PMID: 35476484 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In contexts ranging from embryonic development to bacterial ecology, cell populations migrate chemotactically along self-generated chemical gradients, often forming a propagating front. Here, we theoretically show that the stability of such chemotactic fronts to morphological perturbations is determined by limitations in the ability of individual cells to sense and thereby respond to the chemical gradient. Specifically, cells at bulging parts of a front are exposed to a smaller gradient, which slows them down and promotes stability, but they also respond more strongly to the gradient, which speeds them up and promotes instability. We predict that this competition leads to chemotactic fingering when sensing is limited at too low chemical concentrations. Guided by this finding and by experimental data on E. coli chemotaxis, we suggest that the cells' sensory machinery might have evolved to avoid these limitations and ensure stable front propagation. Finally, as sensing of any stimuli is necessarily limited in living and active matter in general, the principle of sensing-induced stability may operate in other types of directed migration such as durotaxis, electrotaxis, and phototaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Alert
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Calvo
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Sujit S Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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15
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Losa J, Leupold S, Alonso-Martinez D, Vainikka P, Thallmair S, Tych KM, Marrink SJ, Heinemann M. Perspective: a stirring role for metabolism in cells. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10822. [PMID: 35362256 PMCID: PMC8972047 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on recent findings indicating that metabolism might be governed by a limit on the rate at which cells can dissipate Gibbs energy, in this Perspective, we propose a new mechanism of how metabolic activity could globally regulate biomolecular processes in a cell. Specifically, we postulate that Gibbs energy released in metabolic reactions is used to perform work, allowing enzymes to self‐propel or to break free from supramolecular structures. This catalysis‐induced enzyme movement will result in increased intracellular motion, which in turn can compromise biomolecular functions. Once the increased intracellular motion has a detrimental effect on regulatory mechanisms, this will establish a feedback mechanism on metabolic activity, and result in the observed thermodynamic limit. While this proposed explanation for the identified upper rate limit on cellular Gibbs energy dissipation rate awaits experimental validation, it offers an intriguing perspective of how metabolic activity can globally affect biomolecular functions and will hopefully spark new research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Losa
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simeon Leupold
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Alonso-Martinez
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petteri Vainikka
- Molecular Dynamics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Thallmair
- Molecular Dynamics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna M Tych
- Chemical Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Molecular Dynamics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Heinemann
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Bhattacharjee T, Amchin DB, Alert R, Ott JA, Datta SS. Chemotactic smoothing of collective migration. eLife 2022; 11:71226. [PMID: 35257660 PMCID: PMC8903832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective migration—the directed, coordinated motion of many self-propelled agents—is a fascinating emergent behavior exhibited by active matter with functional implications for biological systems. However, how migration can persist when a population is confronted with perturbations is poorly understood. Here, we address this gap in knowledge through studies of bacteria that migrate via directed motion, or chemotaxis, in response to a self-generated nutrient gradient. We find that bacterial populations autonomously smooth out large-scale perturbations in their overall morphology, enabling the cells to continue to migrate together. This smoothing process arises from spatial variations in the ability of cells to sense and respond to the local nutrient gradient—revealing a population-scale consequence of the manner in which individual cells transduce external signals. Altogether, our work provides insights to predict, and potentially control, the collective migration and morphology of cellular populations and diverse other forms of active matter. Flocks of birds, schools of fish and herds of animals are all good examples of collective migration, where individuals co-ordinate their behavior to improve survival. This process also happens on a cellular level; for example, when bacteria consume a nutrient in their surroundings, they will collectively move to an area with a higher concentration of food via a process known as chemotaxis. Several studies have examined how disturbing collective migration can cause populations to fall apart. However, little is known about how groups withstand these interferences. To investigate, Bhattacharjee, Amchin, Alert et al. studied bacteria called Escherichia coli as they moved through a gel towards nutrients. The E. coli were injected into the gel using a three-dimensional printer, which deposited the bacteria into a wiggly shape that forces the cells apart, making it harder for them to move as a collective group. However, as the bacteria migrated through the gel, they smoothed out the line and gradually made it straighter so they could continue to travel together over longer distances. Computer simulations revealed that this smoothing process is achieved by differences in how the cells respond to local nutrient levels based on their position. Bacteria towards the front of the group are exposed to more nutrients, causing them to become oversaturated and respond less effectively to the nutrient gradient. As a result, they move more slowly, allowing the cells behind them to eventually catch-up. These findings reveal a general mechanism in which limitations in how individuals sense and respond to an external signal (in this case local nutrient concentrations) allows them to continue migrating together. This mechanism may apply to other systems that migrate via chemotaxis, as well as groups whose movement is directed by different external factors, such as temperature and light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapomoy Bhattacharjee
- The Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Daniel B Amchin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Ricard Alert
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Jenna Anne Ott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Sujit Sankar Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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17
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Mandal NS, Sen A. Response to "Comment on 'Relative Diffusivities of Bound and Unbound Protein Can Control Chemotactic Directionality'". LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2748. [PMID: 35179387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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18
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Agudo-Canalejo J, Illien P, Golestanian R. Comment on "Relative Diffusivities of Bound and Unbound Protein Can Control Chemotactic Directionality". LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2746-2747. [PMID: 35175778 PMCID: PMC8892952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Department
of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self-Organization, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pierre Illien
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Electrolytes
et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), UMR 8234, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Department
of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self-Organization, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf
Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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19
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Rezaei-Ghaleh N, Agudo-Canalejo J, Griesinger C, Golestanian R. Molecular Diffusivity of Click Reaction Components: The Diffusion Enhancement Question. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1380-1388. [PMID: 35078321 PMCID: PMC8796239 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Micrometer-sized objects are widely known to exhibit chemically driven motility in systems away from equilibrium. Experimental observation of reaction-induced motility or enhancement in diffusivity at the much shorter length scale of small molecules is, however, still a matter of debate. Here, we investigate the molecular diffusivity of reactants, catalyst, and product of a model reaction, the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction, and develop new NMR diffusion approaches that allow the probing of reaction-induced diffusion enhancement in nanosized molecular systems with higher accuracy than the state of the art. Following two different approaches that enable the accounting of time-dependent concentration changes during NMR experiments, we closely monitored the diffusion coefficient of reaction components during the reaction. The reaction components showed distinct changes in the diffusivity: while the two reactants underwent a time-dependent decrease in their diffusivity, the diffusion coefficient of the product gradually increased and the catalyst showed only slight diffusion enhancement within the range expected for reaction-induced sample heating. The decrease in diffusion coefficient of the alkyne, one of the two reactants of click reaction, was not reproduced during its copper coordination when the second reactant, azide, was absent. Our results do not support the catalysis-induced diffusion enhancement of the components of the click reaction and, instead, point to the role of a relatively large intermediate species within the reaction cycle with diffusivity lower than that of both the reactants and product molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrollah Rezaei-Ghaleh
- Department
of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck
Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße
1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Department
of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department
of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck
Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Department
of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf
Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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20
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Sustained enzymatic activity and flow in crowded protein droplets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6293. [PMID: 34725341 PMCID: PMC8560906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells harvest energy from their environments to drive the chemical processes that enable life. We introduce a minimal system that operates at similar protein concentrations, metabolic densities, and length scales as living cells. This approach takes advantage of the tendency of phase-separated protein droplets to strongly partition enzymes, while presenting minimal barriers to transport of small molecules across their interface. By dispersing these microreactors in a reservoir of substrate-loaded buffer, we achieve steady states at metabolic densities that match those of the hungriest microorganisms. We further demonstrate the formation of steady pH gradients, capable of driving microscopic flows. Our approach enables the investigation of the function of diverse enzymes in environments that mimic cytoplasm, and provides a flexible platform for studying the collective behavior of matter driven far from equilibrium.
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21
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Krist KT, Sen A, Noid WG. A simple theory for molecular chemotaxis driven by specific binding interactions. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:164902. [PMID: 34717356 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments have suggested that enzymes and other small molecules chemotax toward their substrates. However, the physical forces driving this chemotaxis are currently debated. In this work, we consider a simple thermodynamic theory for molecular chemotaxis that is based on the McMillan-Mayer theory of dilute solutions and Schellman's theory for macromolecular binding. Even in the absence of direct interactions, the chemical binding equilibrium introduces a coupling term into the relevant free energy, which then reduces the chemical potential of both enzymes and their substrates. Assuming a local thermodynamic equilibrium, this binding contribution to the chemical potential generates an effective thermodynamic force that promotes chemotaxis by driving each solute toward its binding partner. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that, although small, this thermodynamic force is qualitatively consistent with several experimental studies. Thus, our study may provide additional insight into the role of the thermodynamic binding free energy for molecular chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T Krist
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - W G Noid
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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22
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Mandal NS, Sen A. Relative Diffusivities of Bound and Unbound Protein Can Control Chemotactic Directionality. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12263-12270. [PMID: 34647749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-based systems have been shown to undergo chemotactic motion in response to their substrate gradient. This phenomenon has been exploited to direct the motion of enzymes and enzyme-attached particles to specific locations in space. Here, we propose a new kinetic model to analyze the directional movement of an ensemble of protein molecules in response to a gradient of the ligand. We also formulate a separate model to probe the motion of enzyme molecules in response to a gradient of the substrate under catalytic conditions. The only input for the new enzymatic model is the Michaelis-Menten constant which is the relevant measurable constant for enzymatic reactions. We show how our model differs from previously proposed models in a significant manner. For both binding and catalytic reactions, a net movement up the ligand/substrate gradient is predicted when the diffusivity of the ligand/substrate-bound protein is lower than that of the unbound protein (positive chemotaxis). Conversely, movement down the ligand/substrate gradient is expected when the diffusivity of the ligand/substrate-bound protein is higher than that of the unbound protein (negative chemotaxis). However, there is no net movement of protein/enzyme when the diffusivities of the bound and free species are equal. The work underscores the critical importance of measuring the diffusivity of the bound protein and comparing it with that of the free protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Sekhar Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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23
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Ouazan-Reboul V, Agudo-Canalejo J, Golestanian R. Non-equilibrium phase separation in mixtures of catalytically active particles: size dispersity and screening effects. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:113. [PMID: 34478002 PMCID: PMC8416889 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates in cells are often rich in catalytically active enzymes. This is particularly true in the case of the large enzymatic complexes known as metabolons, which contain different enzymes that participate in the same catalytic pathway. One possible explanation for this self-organization is the combination of the catalytic activity of the enzymes and a chemotactic response to gradients of their substrate, which leads to a substrate-mediated effective interaction between enzymes. These interactions constitute a purely non-equilibrium effect and show exotic features such as non-reciprocity. Here, we analytically study a model describing the phase separation of a mixture of such catalytically active particles. We show that a Michaelis-Menten-like dependence of the particles' activities manifests itself as a screening of the interactions, and that a mixture of two differently sized active species can exhibit phase separation with transient oscillations. We also derive a rich stability phase diagram for a mixture of two species with both concentration-dependent activity and size dispersity. This work highlights the variety of possible phase separation behaviours in mixtures of chemically active particles, which provides an alternative pathway to the passive interactions more commonly associated with phase separation in cells. Our results highlight non-equilibrium organizing principles that can be important for biologically relevant liquid-liquid phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ouazan-Reboul
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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24
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Kocher C, Agozzino L, Dill K. Nanoscale Catalyst Chemotaxis Can Drive the Assembly of Functional Pathways. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8781-8786. [PMID: 34324352 PMCID: PMC8366527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments demonstrate molecular chemotaxis or altered diffusion rates of enzymes in the presence of their own substrates. We show here an important implication, namely, that if a nanoscale catalyst A produces a small-molecule ligand product L which is the substrate of another catalyst B, the two catalysts will attract each other. We explore this nonequilibrium producer recruitment force (ProRec) in a reaction-diffusion model. The predicted cat-cat association will be the strongest when A is a fast producer of L and B is a tight binder to it. ProRec is a force that could drive a mechanism (the catpath mechanism) by which catalysts could become spatially localized into functional pathways, such as in the biochemical networks in cells, which can achieve complex goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kocher
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Luca Agozzino
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ken Dill
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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25
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Chemically-powered swimming and diffusion in the microscopic world. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:500-510. [PMID: 37118434 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen intriguing reports and heated debates concerning the chemically-driven enhanced motion of objects ranging from small molecules to millimetre-size synthetic robots. These objects, in solutions in which chemical reactions were occurring, were observed to diffuse (spread non-directionally) or swim (move directionally) at rates exceeding those expected from Brownian motion alone. The debates have focused on whether observed enhancement is an experimental artefact or a real phenomenon. If the latter were true, then we would also need to explain how the chemical energy is converted into mechanical work. In this Perspective, we summarize and discuss recent observations and theories of active diffusion and swimming. Notably, the chemomechanical coupling and magnitude of diffusion enhancement are strongly size-dependent and should vanish as the size of the swimmers approaches the molecular scale. We evaluate the reliability of common techniques to measure diffusion coefficients and finish by considering the potential applications and chemical to mechanical energy conversion efficiencies of typical nanoswimmers and microswimmers.
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26
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Pavel IA, Salinas G, Mierzwa M, Arnaboldi S, Garrigue P, Kuhn A. Cooperative Chemotaxis of Magnesium Microswimmers for Corrosion Spotting. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1321-1325. [PMID: 33939868 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous artificial micro- and nanomotors, as well as various swimmers have been inspired by living organisms that are able to move in a coordinated manner. Their cooperation has also gained a lot of attention because the resulting clusters are able to adapt to changes in their environment and to perform complex tasks. However, mimicking such a collective behavior remains a challenge. In the present work, magnesium microparticles are used as chemotactic swimmers with pronounced collective features, allowing the gradual formation of macroscopic agglomerates. The formed clusters act like a single swimmer able to follow pH gradients. This dynamic behavior can be used to spot localized corrosion events in a straightforward way. The autonomous docking of the swimmers to the corrosion site leads to the formation of a local protection layer, thus increasing corrosion resistance and triggering partial self-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Maciej Mierzwa
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
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27
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Schimansky-Geier L, Lindner B, Milster S, Neiman AB. Demixing of two species via reciprocally concentration-dependent diffusivity. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:022113. [PMID: 33736075 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.022113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We propose a model for demixing of two species by assuming a density-dependent effective diffusion coefficient of the particles. Both sorts of microswimmers diffuse as active overdamped Brownian particles with a noise intensity that is determined by the surrounding density of the respective other species within a sensing radius r_{s}. A higher concentration of the first (second) sort will enlarge the diffusion and, in consequence, the intensity of the noise experienced by the second (first) sort. Numerical and analytical investigations of steady states of the macroscopic equations prove the demixing of particles due to this reciprocally concentration-dependent diffusivity. An ambiguity of the numerical integration scheme for the purely local model (r_{s}→0) is resolved by considering nonvanishing sensing radii in a nonlocal model with r_{s}>0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Schimansky-Geier
- Institute of Physics, Humboldt University at Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Institute of Physics, Humboldt University at Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 2, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Milster
- Institute of Physics, Humboldt University at Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physics, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander B Neiman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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28
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Yuan H, Liu X, Wang L, Ma X. Fundamentals and applications of enzyme powered micro/nano-motors. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1727-1749. [PMID: 33313451 PMCID: PMC7711193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are miniaturized machines that can convert many kinds of energy into mechanical motion. Over the past decades, a variety of driving mechanisms have been developed, which have greatly extended the application scenarios of MNMs. Enzymes exist in natural organisms which can convert chemical energy into mechanical force. It is an innovative attempt to utilize enzymes as biocatalyst providing driving force for MNMs. The fuels for enzymatic reactions are biofriendly as compared to traditional counterparts, which makes enzyme-powered micro/nanomotors (EMNMs) of great value in biomedical field for their nature of biocompatibility. Until now, EMNMs with various shapes can be propelled by catalase, urease and many others. Also, they can be endowed with multiple functionalities to accomplish on-demand tasks. Herein, combined with the development process of EMNMs, we are committed to present a comprehensive understanding of EMNMs, including their types, propelling principles, and potential applications. In this review, we will introduce single enzyme that can be used as motor, enzyme powered molecule motors and other micro/nano-architectures. The fundamental mechanism of energy conversion process of EMNMs and crucial factors that affect their movement behavior will be discussed. The current progress of proof-of-concept applications of EMNMs will also be elaborated in detail. At last, we will summarize and prospect the opportunities and challenges that EMNMs will face in their future development. Clear classification and description of different enzyme-powered micro/nanomotors (EMNMs). Discussion of the fundamental mechanism of energy conversion process of EMNMs and their movement influence factors. Introduction of the current progress of proof-of-concept applications of EMNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
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29
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Abstract
The literature is inconsistent regarding evidence for boosted molecular mobility during enzyme catalysis, a phenomenon that challenges the common tenet that enzyme mobility is governed solely by Brownian motion. This paper surveys 10 different catalytic enzymes and shows that magnitude of enhanced diffusion scales with energy release rate, the Gibbs free energy of reaction multiplied by the Michaelis–Menten reaction rate. A practical implication is that boosted effective diffusivity can be used to determine the energetics associated with enzyme action, since effective enzyme diffusivity is simply proportional to the change in free energy associated with the biochemical conversion. This master curve to predict the magnitude of boosted molecular mobility may be useful for estimating the effect in as-yet untested enzymes. Molecular agitation more rapid than thermal Brownian motion is reported for cellular environments, motor proteins, synthetic molecular motors, enzymes, and common chemical reactions, yet that chemical activity coupled to molecular motion contrasts with generations of accumulated knowledge about diffusion at equilibrium. To test the limits of this idea, a critical testbed is the mobility of catalytically active enzymes. Sentiment is divided about the reality of enhanced enzyme diffusion, with evidence for and against. Here a master curve shows that the enzyme diffusion coefficient increases in proportion to the energy release rate—the product of Michaelis-Menten reaction rate and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG)—with a highly satisfactory correlation coefficient of 0.97. For 10 catalytic enzymes (urease, acetylcholinesterase, seven enzymes from the glucose cascade cycle, and one other), our measurements span from a roughly 40% enhanced diffusion coefficient at a high turnover rate and negative ΔG to no enhancement at a slow turnover rate and positive ΔG. Moreover, two independent measures of mobility show consistency, provided that one avoids undesirable fluorescence photophysics. The master curve presented here quantifies the limits of both ideas, that enzymes display enhanced diffusion and that they do not within instrumental resolution, and has possible implications for understanding enzyme mobility in cellular environments. The striking linear dependence of ΔG for the exergonic enzymes (ΔG <0), together with the vanishing effect for endergonic enzyme (ΔG >0), are consistent with a physical picture in which the mechanism boosting the diffusion is an active one, utilizing the available work from the chemical reaction.
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30
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Wang H, Park M, Dong R, Kim J, Cho YK, Tlusty T, Granick S. Boosted molecular mobility during common chemical reactions. Science 2020; 369:537-541. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba8425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mobility of reactants and nearby solvent is more rapid than Brownian diffusion during several common chemical reactions when the energy release rate exceeds a threshold. Screening a family of 15 organic chemical reactions, we demonstrate the largest boost for catalyzed bimolecular reactions, click chemistry, ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and Sonogashira coupling. Boosted diffusion is also observed but to lesser extent for the uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reaction, but not for substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 within instrumental resolution. Diffusion coefficient increases as measured by pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, whereas in microfluidics experiments, molecules in reaction gradients migrate “uphill” in the direction of lesser diffusivity. This microscopic consumption of energy by chemical reactions transduced into mechanical motion presents a form of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Myeonggon Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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31
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Hermanová S, Pumera M. Biocatalytic Micro- and Nanomotors. Chemistry 2020; 26:11085-11092. [PMID: 32633441 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-powered micro- and nanomotors are tiny devices inspired by nature that utilize enzyme-triggered chemical conversion to release energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substrate (fuel) to actuate it into active motion. Compared with conventional chemical micro-/nanomotors, these devices are particularly attractive because they self-propel by utilizing biocompatible fuels, such as glucose, urea, glycerides, and peptides. They have been designed with functional material constituents to efficiently perform tasks related to active targeting, drug delivery and release, biosensing, water remediation, and environmental monitoring. Because only a small number of enzymes have been exploited as bioengines to date, a new generation of multifunctional, enzyme-powered nanorobots will emerge in the near future to selectively search for and utilize water contaminants or disease-related metabolites as fuels. This Minireview highlights recent progress in enzyme-powered micro- and nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Hermanová
- Department of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, 616 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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32
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Agudo-Canalejo J, Illien P, Golestanian R. Cooperatively enhanced reactivity and "stabilitaxis" of dissociating oligomeric proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11894-11900. [PMID: 32414931 PMCID: PMC7275728 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919635117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many functional units in biology, such as enzymes or molecular motors, are composed of several subunits that can reversibly assemble and disassemble. This includes oligomeric proteins composed of several smaller monomers, as well as protein complexes assembled from a few proteins. By studying the generic spatial transport properties of such proteins, we investigate here whether their ability to reversibly associate and dissociate may confer on them a functional advantage with respect to nondissociating proteins. In uniform environments with position-independent association-dissociation, we find that enhanced diffusion in the monomeric state coupled to reassociation into the functional oligomeric form leads to enhanced reactivity with localized targets. In nonuniform environments with position-dependent association-dissociation, caused by, for example, spatial gradients of an inhibiting chemical, we find that dissociating proteins generically tend to accumulate in regions where they are most stable, a process that we term "stabilitaxis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Department of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Pierre Illien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), UMR CNRS 8234, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Department of Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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33
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Gompper G, Winkler RG, Speck T, Solon A, Nardini C, Peruani F, Löwen H, Golestanian R, Kaupp UB, Alvarez L, Kiørboe T, Lauga E, Poon WCK, DeSimone A, Muiños-Landin S, Fischer A, Söker NA, Cichos F, Kapral R, Gaspard P, Ripoll M, Sagues F, Doostmohammadi A, Yeomans JM, Aranson IS, Bechinger C, Stark H, Hemelrijk CK, Nedelec FJ, Sarkar T, Aryaksama T, Lacroix M, Duclos G, Yashunsky V, Silberzan P, Arroyo M, Kale S. The 2020 motile active matter roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:193001. [PMID: 32058979 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Activity and autonomous motion are fundamental in living and engineering systems. This has stimulated the new field of 'active matter' in recent years, which focuses on the physical aspects of propulsion mechanisms, and on motility-induced emergent collective behavior of a larger number of identical agents. The scale of agents ranges from nanomotors and microswimmers, to cells, fish, birds, and people. Inspired by biological microswimmers, various designs of autonomous synthetic nano- and micromachines have been proposed. Such machines provide the basis for multifunctional, highly responsive, intelligent (artificial) active materials, which exhibit emergent behavior and the ability to perform tasks in response to external stimuli. A major challenge for understanding and designing active matter is their inherent nonequilibrium nature due to persistent energy consumption, which invalidates equilibrium concepts such as free energy, detailed balance, and time-reversal symmetry. Unraveling, predicting, and controlling the behavior of active matter is a truly interdisciplinary endeavor at the interface of biology, chemistry, ecology, engineering, mathematics, and physics. The vast complexity of phenomena and mechanisms involved in the self-organization and dynamics of motile active matter comprises a major challenge. Hence, to advance, and eventually reach a comprehensive understanding, this important research area requires a concerted, synergetic approach of the various disciplines. The 2020 motile active matter roadmap of Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter addresses the current state of the art of the field and provides guidance for both students as well as established scientists in their efforts to advance this fascinating area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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34
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Nasouri B, Golestanian R. Exact Phoretic Interaction of Two Chemically Active Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:168003. [PMID: 32383912 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.168003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the nonequilibrium interaction of two isotropic chemically active particles taking into account the exact near-field chemical interactions as well as hydrodynamic interactions. We identify regions in the parameter space wherein the dynamical system describing the two particles can have a fixed point-a phenomenon that cannot be captured under the far-field approximation. We find that, due to near-field effects, the particles may reach a stable equilibrium at a nonzero gap size or make a complex that can dissociate in the presence of sufficiently strong noise. We explicitly show that the near-field effects originate from a self-generated neighbor-reflected chemical gradient, similar to interactions of a self-propelling phoretic particle and a flat substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Nasouri
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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35
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Abstract
Many enzymes appear to diffuse faster in the presence of substrate and to drift either up or down a concentration gradient of their substrate. Observations of these phenomena, termed enhanced enzyme diffusion (EED) and enzyme chemotaxis, respectively, lead to a novel view of enzymes as active matter. Enzyme chemotaxis and EED may be important in biology and could have practical applications in biotechnology and nanotechnology. They are also of considerable biophysical interest; indeed, their physical mechanisms are still quite uncertain. This review provides an analytic summary of experimental studies of these phenomena and of the mechanisms that have been proposed to explain them and offers a perspective on future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudong Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Michael K Gilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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36
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Mathesh M, Sun J, Wilson DA. Enzyme catalysis powered micro/nanomotors for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7319-7334. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review provides insights on enzyme powered motors using fuels present in biological environments for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motilal Mathesh
- Institute of Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Institute of Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute of Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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37
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Somasundar A, Ghosh S, Mohajerani F, Massenburg LN, Yang T, Cremer PS, Velegol D, Sen A. Positive and negative chemotaxis of enzyme-coated liposome motors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:1129-1134. [PMID: 31740796 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells or cell components to move in response to chemical signals is critical for the survival of living systems. This motion arises from harnessing free energy from enzymatic catalysis. Artificial model protocells derived from phospholipids and other amphiphiles have been made and their enzymatic-driven motion has been observed. However, control of directionality based on chemical cues (chemotaxis) has been difficult to achieve. Here we show both positive or negative chemotaxis of liposomal protocells. The protocells move autonomously by interacting with concentration gradients of either substrates or products in enzyme catalysis, or Hofmeister salts. We hypothesize that the propulsion mechanism is based on the interplay between enzyme-catalysis-induced positive chemotaxis and solute-phospholipid-based negative chemotaxis. Controlling the extent and direction of chemotaxis holds considerable potential for designing cell mimics and delivery vehicles that can reconfigure their motion in response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Somasundar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Farzad Mohajerani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lynnicia N Massenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tinglu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Paul S Cremer
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Darrell Velegol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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38
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Jee AY, Chen K, Tlusty T, Zhao J, Granick S. Enhanced Diffusion and Oligomeric Enzyme Dissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20062-20068. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Kuo Chen
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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39
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MacDonald TSC, Price WS, Astumian RD, Beves JE. Enhanced Diffusion of Molecular Catalysts is Due to Convection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18864-18867. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William S. Price
- Nanoscale Group School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics University of Maine Orono ME 04469-5709 USA
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40
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MacDonald TSC, Price WS, Astumian RD, Beves JE. Enhanced Diffusion of Molecular Catalysts is Due to Convection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William S. Price
- Nanoscale Group School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics University of Maine Orono ME 04469-5709 USA
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41
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Agudo-Canalejo J, Golestanian R. Active Phase Separation in Mixtures of Chemically Interacting Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:018101. [PMID: 31386420 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.018101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study mixtures of chemically interacting particles, which produce or consume a chemical to which they are attracted or repelled, in the most general case of many coexisting species. We find a new class of active phase separation phenomena in which the nonequilibrium chemical interactions between particles, which break action-reaction symmetry, can lead to separation into phases with distinct density and stoichiometry. Because of the generic nature of our minimal model, our results shed light on the underlying fundamental principles behind nonequilibrium self-organization of cells and bacteria, catalytic enzymes, or phoretic colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Arrabito G, Cavaleri F, Porchetta A, Ricci F, Vetri V, Leone M, Pignataro B. Printing Life-Inspired Subcellular Scale Compartments with Autonomous Molecularly Crowded Confinement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900023. [PMID: 32648672 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and highly controlled platform to prepare life-inspired subcellular scale compartments by inkjet printing has been developed. These compartments consist of fL-scale aqueous droplets (few µm in diameter) incorporating biologically relevant molecular entities with programmed composition and concentration. These droplets are ink-jetted in nL mineral oil drop arrays allowing for lab-on-chip studies by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence life time imaging. Once formed, fL-droplets are stable for several hours, thus giving the possibility of readily analyze molecular reactions and their kinetics and to verify molecular behavior and intermolecular interactions. Here, this platform is exploited to unravel the behavior of different molecular probes and biomolecular systems (DNA hairpins, enzymatic cascades, protein-ligand couples) within the compartments. The fL-scale size induces the formation of molecularly crowded confined shell structures (hundreds of nanometers in thickness) at the droplet surface, allowing discovery of specific features (e.g., heterogeneity, responsivity to molecular triggers) that are mediated by the intermolecular interactions in these peculiar environments. The presented results indicate the possibility of using this platform for designing nature-inspired confined reactors allowing for a deepened understanding of molecular confinement effects in living subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Cavaleri
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Porchetta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Vetri
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Leone
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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43
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Adeleke-Larodo T, Agudo-Canalejo J, Golestanian R. Chemical and hydrodynamic alignment of an enzyme. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:115102. [PMID: 30901991 DOI: 10.1063/1.5081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the implications of the complex and dynamic modular geometry of an enzyme on its motion, we investigate the effect of combining long-range internal and external hydrodynamic interactions due to thermal fluctuations with short-range surface interactions. An asymmetric dumbbell consisting of two unequal subunits, in a nonuniform suspension of a solute with which it interacts via hydrodynamic interactions as well as non-contact surface interactions, is shown to have two alignment mechanisms due to the two types of interactions. In addition to alignment, the chemical gradient results in a drift velocity that is modified by hydrodynamic interactions between the constituents of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Adeleke-Larodo
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J Agudo-Canalejo
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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44
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Dey KK. Dynamic Coupling at Low Reynolds Number. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2208-2228. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of PhysicsIndian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of Physics; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar; Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 Indien
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46
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Abstract
Catalysis and mobility of reactants in fluid are normally thought to be decoupled. Violating this classical paradigm, this paper presents the catalyst laws of motion. Comparing experimental data to the theory presented here, we conclude that part of the free energy released by chemical reaction is channeled into driving catalysts to execute wormlike trajectories by piconewton forces performing work of a few kBT against fluid viscosity, where the rotational diffusion rate dictates the trajectory persistence length. This active motion agitates the fluid medium and produces antichemotaxis, the migration of catalyst down the gradient of the reactant concentration. Alternative explanations of enhanced catalyst mobility are examined critically. Using a microscopic theory to analyze experiments, we demonstrate that enzymes are active matter. Superresolution fluorescence measurements—performed across four orders of magnitude of substrate concentration, with emphasis on the biologically relevant regime around or below the Michaelis–Menten constant—show that catalysis boosts the motion of enzymes to be superdiffusive for a few microseconds, enhancing their effective diffusivity over longer timescales. Occurring at the catalytic turnover rate, these fast ballistic leaps maintain direction over a duration limited by rotational diffusion, driving enzymes to execute wormlike trajectories by piconewton forces performing work of a few kBT against viscosity. The boosts are more frequent at high substrate concentrations, biasing the trajectories toward substrate-poor regions, thus exhibiting antichemotaxis, demonstrated here experimentally over a wide range of aqueous concentrations. Alternative noncatalytic, passive mechanisms that predict chemotaxis, cross-diffusion, and phoresis, are critically analyzed. We examine the physical interpretation of our findings, speculate on the underlying mechanism, and discuss the avenues they open with biological and technological implications. These findings violate the classical paradigm that chemical reaction and motility are distinct processes, and suggest reaction–motion coupling as a general principle of catalysis.
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47
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Agudo-Canalejo J, Adeleke-Larodo T, Illien P, Golestanian R. Enhanced Diffusion and Chemotaxis at the Nanoscale. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2365-2372. [PMID: 30240187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes have been recently proposed to have mechanical activity associated with their chemical activity. In a number of recent studies, it has been reported that enzymes undergo enhanced diffusion in the presence of their corresponding substrate when this substrate is uniformly distributed in solution. Moreover, if the concentration of the substrate is nonuniform, enzymes and other small molecules have been reported to show chemotaxis (biased stochastic movement in the direction of the substrate gradient), typically toward higher concentrations of this substrate, with a few exceptions. The underlying physical mechanisms responsible for enhanced diffusion and chemotaxis at the nanoscale, however, are still not well understood. Understanding these processes is important both for fundamental biological research, for example, in the context of spatial organization of enzymes in metabolic pathways (metabolon formation), as well as for engineering applications, such as in the design of new vehicles for targeted drug delivery. In this Account, we will review the available experimental observations of both enhanced diffusion and chemotaxis, and we will discuss critically the different theories that have been proposed to explain the two. We first focus on enhanced diffusion, beginning with an overview of the experimental results. We then discuss the two main types of mechanisms that have been proposed, namely, active mechanisms relying on the catalytic step of the enzymatic reaction and equilibrium mechanisms, which consider the reversible binding and unbinding of the substrate to the enzyme. We put particular emphasis on an equilibrium model recently introduced by us, which describes how the diffusion of dumbbell-like modular enzymes can be enhanced in the presence of substrate thanks to a binding-induced reduction of the internal fluctuations of the enzyme. We then turn to chemotaxis, beginning with an overview of the experimental evidence for the chemotaxis of enzymes and small molecules, followed by a description of a number of shortcomings and pitfalls in the thermodynamic and phenomenological models for chemotaxis introduced in those and other works in the literature. We then discuss a microscopic model for chemotaxis including both noncontact interactions and specific binding between enzyme and substrate recently developed by us, which overcomes many of these shortcomings and is consistent with the experimental observations of chemotaxis. Finally, we show that the results of this model may be used to engineer chemically active macromolecules that are directed in space via patterning of the concentrations of their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tunrayo Adeleke-Larodo
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Illien
- ESPCI Paris, UMR Gulliver 7083, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Fassberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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48
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Abstract
Enzymes are ubiquitous in living systems. Apart from traditional motor proteins, the function of enzymes was assumed to be confined to the promotion of biochemical reactions. Recent work shows that free swimming enzymes, when catalyzing reactions, generate enough mechanical force to cause their own movement, typically observed as substrate-concentration-dependent enhanced diffusion. Preliminary indication is that the impulsive force generated per turnover is comparable to the force produced by motor proteins and is within the range to activate biological adhesion molecules responsible for mechanosensation by cells, making force generation by enzymatic catalysis a novel mechanobiology-relevant event. Furthermore, when exposed to a gradient in substrate concentration, enzymes move up the gradient: an example of chemotaxis at the molecular level. The driving force for molecular chemotaxis appears to be the lowering of chemical potential due to thermodynamically favorable enzyme-substrate interactions and we suggest that chemotaxis promotes enzymatic catalysis by directing the motion of the catalyst and substrates toward each other. Enzymes that are part of a reaction cascade have been shown to assemble through sequential chemotaxis; each enzyme follows its own specific substrate gradient, which in turn is produced by the preceding enzymatic reaction. Thus, sequential chemotaxis in catalytic cascades allows time-dependent, self-assembly of specific catalyst particles. This is an example of how information can arise from chemical gradients, and it is tempting to suggest that similar mechanisms underlie the organization of living systems. On a practical level, chemotaxis can be used to separate out active catalysts from their less active or inactive counterparts in the presence of their respective substrates and should, therefore, find wide applicability. When attached to bigger particles, enzyme ensembles act as "engines", imparting motility to the particles and moving them directionally in a substrate gradient. The impulsive force generated by enzyme catalysis can also be transmitted to the surrounding fluid and molecular and colloidal tracers, resulting in convective fluid pumping and enhanced tracer diffusion. Enzyme-powered pumps that transport fluid directionally can be fabricated by anchoring enzymes onto a solid support and supplying the substrate. Thus, enzyme pumps constitute a novel platform that combines sensing and microfluidic pumping into a single self-powered microdevice. Taken in its entirety, force generation by active enzymes has potential applications ranging from nanomachinery, nanoscale assembly, cargo transport, drug delivery, micro- and nanofluidics, and chemical/biochemical sensing. We also hypothesize that, in vivo, enzymes may be responsible for the stochastic motion of the cytoplasm, the organization of metabolons and signaling complexes, and the convective transport of fluid in cells. A detailed understanding of how enzymes convert chemical energy to directional mechanical force can lead us to the basic principles of fabrication, development, and monitoring of biological and biomimetic molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kayla Gentile
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Farzad Mohajerani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Mohajerani F, Zhao X, Somasundar A, Velegol D, Sen A. A Theory of Enzyme Chemotaxis: From Experiments to Modeling. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6256-6263. [PMID: 30251529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes show two distinct transport behaviors in the presence of their substrates in solution. First, their diffusivity enhances with an increasing substrate concentration. In addition, enzymes perform directional motion toward regions with a high substrate concentration, termed as chemotaxis. While a variety of enzymes has been shown to undergo chemotaxis, there remains a lack of quantitative understanding of the phenomenon. Here, we derive a general expression for the active movement of an enzyme in a concentration gradient of its substrate. The proposed model takes into account both the substrate-binding and catalytic turnover step, as well as the enhanced diffusion of the enzyme. We have experimentally measured the chemotaxis of a fast and a slow enzyme: urease under catalytic conditions and hexokinase for both full catalysis and for simple noncatalytic substrate binding. There is good agreement between the proposed model and the experiments. The model is general, has no adjustable parameters, and only requires three experimentally defined constants to quantify chemotaxis: enzyme-substrate binding affinity ( Kd), Michaelis-Menten constant ( KM), and level of diffusion enhancement in the associated substrate (α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mohajerani
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ambika Somasundar
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Darrell Velegol
- Department of Chemical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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50
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Popescu MN, Uspal WE, Bechinger C, Fischer P. Chemotaxis of Active Janus Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5345-5349. [PMID: 30047271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While colloids and molecules in solution exhibit passive Brownian motion, particles that are partially covered with a catalyst, which promotes the transformation of a fuel dissolved in the solution, can actively move. These active Janus particles are known as "chemical nanomotors" or self-propelling "swimmers" and have been realized with a range of catalysts, sizes, and particle geometries. Because their active translation depends on the fuel concentration, one expects that active colloidal particles should also be able to swim toward a fuel source. Synthesizing and engineering nanoparticles with distinct chemotactic properties may enable important developments, such as particles that can autonomously swim along a pH gradient toward a tumor. Chemotaxis requires that the particles possess an active coupling of their orientation to a chemical gradient. In this Perspective we provide a simple, intuitive description of the underlying mechanisms for chemotaxis, as well as the means to analyze and classify active particles that can show positive or negative chemotaxis. The classification provides guidance for engineering a specific response and is a useful organizing framework for the quantitative analysis and modeling of chemotactic behaviors. Chemotaxis is emerging as an important focus area in the field of active colloids and promises a number of fascinating applications for nanoparticles and particle-based delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail N Popescu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme , Heisenbergstr. 3 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - William E Uspal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme , Heisenbergstr. 3 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- IV. Institut für Theoretische Physik , Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Clemens Bechinger
- Fachbereich Physik , Universität Konstanz , Universitätsstr. 10 , D-78464 Konstanz , Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme , Heisenbergstr. 3 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie , Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55 , D-70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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