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Lemasters R, Manjare M, Freeman R, Wang F, Pierce LG, Hua G, Urazhdin S, Harutyunyan H. Non-thermal emission in gap-mode plasmon photoluminescence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4468. [PMID: 38796475 PMCID: PMC11127923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescence from spatially inhomogeneous plasmonic nanostructures exhibits fascinating wavelength-dependent nonlinear behaviors due to the intraband recombination of hot electrons excited into the conduction band of the metal. The properties of the excited carrier distribution and the role of localized plasmonic modes are subjects of debate. In this work, we use plasmonic gap-mode resonators with precise nanometer-scale confinement to show that the nonlinear photoluminescence behavior can become dominated by non-thermal contributions produced by the excited carrier population that strongly deviates from the Fermi-Dirac distribution due to the confinement-induced large-momentum free carrier absorption beyond the dipole approximation. These findings open new pathways for controllable light conversion using nonequilibrium electron states at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lemasters
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Manoj Manjare
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ryan Freeman
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Luka Guy Pierce
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gordon Hua
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sergei Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hayk Harutyunyan
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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2
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Bowman AR, Rodríguez Echarri A, Kiani F, Iyikanat F, Tsoulos TV, Cox JD, Sundararaman R, García de Abajo FJ, Tagliabue G. Quantum-mechanical effects in photoluminescence from thin crystalline gold films. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:91. [PMID: 38637531 PMCID: PMC11026419 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence constitutes a unique source of insight into hot carrier processes in metals, including those in plasmonic nanostructures used for sensing and energy applications. However, being weak in nature, metal luminescence remains poorly understood, its microscopic origin strongly debated, and its potential for unraveling nanoscale carrier dynamics largely unexploited. Here, we reveal quantum-mechanical effects in the luminescence emanating from thin monocrystalline gold flakes. Specifically, we present experimental evidence, supported by first-principles simulations, to demonstrate its photoluminescence origin (i.e., radiative emission from electron/hole recombination) when exciting in the interband regime. Our model allows us to identify changes to the measured gold luminescence due to quantum-mechanical effects as the gold film thickness is reduced. Excitingly, such effects are observable in the luminescence signal from flakes up to 40 nm in thickness, associated with the out-of-plane discreteness of the electronic band structure near the Fermi level. We qualitatively reproduce the observations with first-principles modeling, thus establishing a unified description of luminescence in gold monocrystalline flakes and enabling its widespread application as a probe of carrier dynamics and light-matter interactions in this material. Our study paves the way for future explorations of hot carriers and charge-transfer dynamics in a multitude of material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Bowman
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), STI, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Rodríguez Echarri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- MBI-Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), STI, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fadil Iyikanat
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ted V Tsoulos
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), STI, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joel D Cox
- POLIMA-Center for Polariton-driven Light-Matter Interactions, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ravishankar Sundararaman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giulia Tagliabue
- Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies (LNET), STI, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Martinez LP, Mina Villarreal MC, Zaza C, Barella M, Acuna GP, Stefani FD, Violi IL, Gargiulo J. Thermometries for Single Nanoparticles Heated with Light. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1049-1064. [PMID: 38482790 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of efficient nanoscale photon absorbers, such as plasmonic or high-index dielectric nanostructures, allows the remotely controlled release of heat on the nanoscale using light. These photothermal nanomaterials have found applications in various research and technological fields, ranging from materials science to biology. However, measuring the nanoscale thermal fields remains an open challenge, hindering full comprehension and control of nanoscale photothermal phenomena. Here, we review and discuss existent thermometries suitable for single nanoparticles heated under illumination. These methods are classified in four categories according to the region where they assess temperature: (1) the average temperature within a diffraction-limited volume, (2) the average temperature at the immediate vicinity of the nanoparticle surface, (3) the temperature of the nanoparticle itself, and (4) a map of the temperature around the nanoparticle with nanoscale spatial resolution. In the latter, because it is the most challenging and informative type of method, we also envisage new combinations of technologies that could be helpful in retrieving nanoscale temperature maps. Finally, we analyze and provide examples of strategies to validate the results obtained using different thermometry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Cristina Mina Villarreal
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de mayo 1069, B1650HML San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Zaza
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Barella
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo P Acuna
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Fernando D Stefani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Güiraldes 2620, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ianina L Violi
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de mayo 1069, B1650HML San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julian Gargiulo
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de mayo 1069, B1650HML San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Warkentin CL, Frontiera RR. Quantifying the ultrafast and steady-state molecular reduction potential of a plasmonic photocatalyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305932120. [PMID: 37874859 PMCID: PMC10623017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305932120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic materials are promising photocatalysts as they are well suited to convert light into hot carriers and heat. Hot electron transfer is suggested as the driving force in many plasmon-driven reactions. However, to date, there are no direct molecular measures of the rate and yield of plasmon-to-molecule electron transfer or energy of these electrons on the timescale of plasmon decay. Here, we use ultrafast and spectroelectrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to quantify electron transfer from a plasmonic substrate to adsorbed methyl viologen molecules. We observe a reduction yield of 2.4 to 3.5% on the picosecond timescale, with plasmon-induced potentials ranging from [Formula: see text]3.1 to [Formula: see text]4.5 mV. Excitingly, some of these reduced species are stabilized and persist for tens of minutes. This work provides concrete metrics toward optimizing material-molecule interactions for efficient plasmon-driven photocatalysis.
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5
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Gargiulo J, Herran M, Violi IL, Sousa-Castillo A, Martinez LP, Ezendam S, Barella M, Giesler H, Grzeschik R, Schlücker S, Maier SA, Stefani FD, Cortés E. Impact of bimetallic interface design on heat generation in plasmonic Au/Pd nanostructures studied by single-particle thermometry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3813. [PMID: 37369657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized surface plasmons are lossy and generate heat. However, accurate measurement of the temperature of metallic nanoparticles under illumination remains an open challenge, creating difficulties in the interpretation of results across plasmonic applications. Particularly, there is a quest for understanding the role of temperature in plasmon-assisted catalysis. Bimetallic nanoparticles combining plasmonic with catalytic metals are raising increasing interest in artificial photosynthesis and the production of solar fuels. Here, we perform single-particle thermometry measurements to investigate the link between morphology and light-to-heat conversion of colloidal Au/Pd nanoparticles with two different configurations: core-shell and core-satellite. It is observed that the inclusion of Pd as a shell strongly reduces the photothermal response in comparison to the bare cores, while the inclusion of Pd as satellites keeps photothermal properties almost unaffected. These results contribute to a better understanding of energy conversion processes in plasmon-assisted catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gargiulo
- Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany.
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Matias Herran
- Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Ianina L Violi
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Sousa-Castillo
- Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Luciana P Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simone Ezendam
- Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Mariano Barella
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Helene Giesler
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Roland Grzeschik
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Fernando D Stefani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, C1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany.
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6
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Sivan Y, Un IW, Kalyan I, Lin KQ, Lupton JM, Bange S. Crossover from Nonthermal to Thermal Photoluminescence from Metals Excited by Ultrashort Light Pulses. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37289597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence from metal nanostructures following intense ultrashort illumination is a fundamental aspect of light-matter interactions. Surprisingly, many of its basic characteristics are under ongoing debate. Here, we resolve many of these debates by providing a comprehensive theoretical framework that describes this phenomenon and support it by an experimental confirmation. Specifically, we identify aspects of the emission that are characteristic to either nonthermal or thermal emission, in particular, differences in the spectral and electric field dependence of these two contributions to the emission. Overall, nonthermal emission is characteristic of the early stages of light emission, while the later stages show thermal characteristics. The former dominate only for moderately high illumination intensities for which the electron temperature reached after thermalization remains close to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Imon Kalyan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Kai-Qiang Lin
- Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Safiabadi Tali SA, Mudiyanselage RRHH, Qian Y, Smith NWG, Zhao Y, Morral A, Song J, Nie M, Magill BA, Khodaparast GA, Zhou W. Dual-Modal Nanoplasmonic Light Upconversion through Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence and Second-Harmonic Generation from Broadband Multiresonant Metal Nanocavities. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37154668 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanocavities can generate plasmon-enhanced light upconversion signals under ultrashort pulse excitations through anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) or nonlinear harmonic generation processes, offering various applications in bioimaging, sensing, interfacial science, nanothermometry, and integrated photonics. However, achieving broadband multiresonant enhancement of both ASPL and harmonic generation processes within the same metal nanocavities remains challenging, impeding applications based on dual-modal or wavelength-multiplexed operations. Here, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study on dual-modal plasmon-enhanced light upconversion through both ASPL and second-harmonic generation (SHG) from broadband multiresonant metal nanocavities in two-tier Ag/SiO2/Ag nanolaminate plasmonic crystals (NLPCs) that can support multiple hybridized plasmons with high spatial mode overlaps. Our measurements reveal the distinctions and correlations between the plasmon-enhanced ASPL and SHG processes under different modal and ultrashort pulsed laser excitation conditions, including incident fluence, wavelength, and polarization. To analyze the observed effects of the excitation and modal conditions on the ASPL and SHG emissions, we developed a time-domain modeling framework that simultaneously captures the mode coupling-enhancement characteristics, quantum excitation-emission transitions, and hot carrier population statistical mechanics. Notably, ASPL and SHG from the same metal nanocavities exhibit distinct plasmon-enhanced emission behaviors due to the intrinsic differences between the incoherent hot carrier-mediated ASPL sources with temporally evolving energy and spatial distributions and instantaneous SHG emitters. Mechanistic understanding of ASPL and SHG emissions from broadband multiresonant plasmonic nanocavities marks a milestone toward creating multimodal or wavelength-multiplexed upconversion nanoplasmonic devices for bioimaging, sensing, interfacial monitoring, and integrated photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seied Ali Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Yizhou Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ada Morral
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Meitong Nie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brenden A Magill
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Giti A Khodaparast
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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8
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Zhao Y, Xiao C, Mejia E, Garg A, Song J, Agrawal A, Zhou W. Voltage Modulation of Nanoplasmonic Metal Luminescence from Nano-Optoelectrodes in Electrolytes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8634-8645. [PMID: 37093562 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures supporting surface plasmon modes can concentrate optical fields and enhance luminescence processes from the metal surface at plasmonic hotspots. Such nanoplasmonic metal luminescence contributes to the spectral background in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements and is helpful in bioimaging, nanothermometry and chemical reaction monitoring applications. Although there is growing interest in nanoplasmonic metal luminescence, its dependence on voltage modulation has received limited attention in research investigations. Also, the hyphenated electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) technique typically ignores voltage-dependent spectral background information associated with nanoplasmonic metal luminescence due to limited mechanistic understanding and poor measurement reproducibility. Here, we report a combined experiment and theory study on dynamic voltage-modulated nanoplasmonic metal luminescence from hotspots at the electrode-electrolyte interface using multiresonant nanolaminate nano-optoelectrode arrays. Our EC-SERS measurements under 785 nm continuous wavelength laser excitation demonstrate that short-wavenumber nanoplasmonic metal luminescence associated with plasmon-enhanced electronic Raman scattering (PE-ERS) exhibits a negative voltage modulation slope (up to ≈30% V-1) in physiological ionic solutions. Furthermore, we have developed a phenomenological model to intuitively capture the plasmonic, electronic, and ionic characteristics at the metal-electrolyte interface to understand the observed dependence of the PE-ERS voltage modulation slope on voltage polarization and ionic strength. The current work represents a critical step toward the general application of nanoplasmonic metal luminescence signals in optical voltage biosensing, hybrid optical-electrical signal transduction, and interfacial electrochemical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Elieser Mejia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aditya Garg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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9
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Hu S, Elliott E, Sánchez‐Iglesias A, Huang J, Guo C, Hou Y, Kamp M, Goerlitzer ESA, Bedingfield K, de Nijs B, Peng J, Demetriadou A, Liz‐Marzán LM, Baumberg JJ. Full Control of Plasmonic Nanocavities Using Gold Decahedra-on-Mirror Constructs with Monodisperse Facets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207178. [PMID: 36737852 PMCID: PMC10104671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up assembly of nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPoM) nanocavities enables precise inter-metal gap control down to ≈ 0.4 nm for confining light to sub-nanometer scales, thereby opening opportunities for developing innovative nanophotonic devices. However limited understanding, prediction, and optimization of light coupling and the difficulty of controlling nanoparticle facet shapes restricts the use of such building blocks. Here, an ultraprecise symmetry-breaking plasmonic nanocavity based on gold nanodecahedra is presented, to form the nanodecahedron-on-mirror (NDoM) which shows highly consistent cavity modes and fields. By characterizing > 20 000 individual NDoMs, the variability of light in/output coupling is thoroughly explored and a set of robust higher-order plasmonic whispering gallery modes uniquely localized at the edges of the triangular facet in contact with the metallic substrate is found. Assisted by quasinormal mode simulations, systematic elaboration of NDoMs is proposed to give nanocavities with near hundred-fold enhanced radiative efficiencies. Such systematically designed and precisely-assembled metallic nanocavities will find broad application in nanophotonic devices, optomechanics, and surface science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hu
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Eoin Elliott
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Ana Sánchez‐Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 194Donostia‐San Sebastián20014Spain
| | - Junyang Huang
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Chenyang Guo
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Yidong Hou
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Marlous Kamp
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Eric S. A. Goerlitzer
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Kalun Bedingfield
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Jialong Peng
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
- Present address:
College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano‐Optoelectronic Information Materials and DevicesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Angela Demetriadou
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Luis M. Liz‐Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 194Donostia‐San Sebastián20014Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao43009Spain
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
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10
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Searles EK, Gomez E, Lee S, Ostovar B, Link S, Landes CF. Single-Particle Photoluminescence and Dark-Field Scattering during Charge Density Tuning. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:318-325. [PMID: 36603176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-particle spectroelectrochemistry provides optical insight into understanding physical and chemical changes occurring on the nanoscale. While changes in dark-field scattering during electrochemical charging are well understood, changes to the photoluminescence of plasmonic nanoparticles under similar conditions are less studied. Here, we use correlated single-particle photoluminescence and dark-field scattering to compare their plasmon modulation at applied potentials. We find that changes in the emission of a single gold nanorod during charge density tuning of intraband photoluminescence can be attributed to changes in the Purcell factor and absorption cross section. Finally, modulation of interband photoluminescence provides an additional constructive observable, giving promise for establishing dual channel sensing in spectroelectrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Eric Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
| | - Christy F Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas77005, United States
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11
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Forcherio GT, Ostovar B, Boltersdorf J, Cai YY, Leff AC, Grew KN, Lundgren CA, Link S, Baker DR. Single-Particle Insights into Plasmonic Hot Carrier Separation Augmenting Photoelectrochemical Ethanol Oxidation with Photocatalytically Synthesized Pd-Au Bimetallic Nanorods. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12377-12389. [PMID: 35894585 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of hot carrier pathways following surface plasmon excitation of heterometallic nanostructures and their mechanistic prevalence during photoelectrochemical oxidation of complex hydrocarbons, such as ethanol, remains challenging. This work studies the fate of carriers from Au nanorods before and after the presence of reductively photodeposited Pd at the single-particle level using scattering and emission spectroscopy, along with ensemble photoelectrochemical methods. A sub-2 nm epitaxial Pd0 shell was reductively grown onto colloidal Au nanorods via hot carriers generated from surface plasmon resonance excitation in the presence of [PdCl4]2-. These bimetallic Pd-Au nanorod architectures exhibited 14% quenched emission quantum yields and 9% augmented plasmon damping determined from their scattering spectra compared to the bare Au nanorods, consistent with injection/separation of intraband hot carriers into the Pd. Absorbed photon-to-current efficiency in photoelectrochemical ethanol oxidation was enhanced 50× from 0.00034% to 0.017% due to the photodeposited Pd. Photocurrent during ethanol oxidation improved 13× under solar-simulated AM1.5G and 40× for surface plasmon resonance-targeted irradiation conditions after photodepositing Pd, consistent with enhanced participation of intraband-excited sp-band holes and desorption of ethanol oxidation reaction intermediates owing to photothermal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Forcherio
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783 United States
- Electro-Optic Technology Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane, Indiana 47522 United States
| | | | - Jonathan Boltersdorf
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783 United States
| | | | - Asher C Leff
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783 United States
- General Technical Services, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Kyle N Grew
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783 United States
| | - Cynthia A Lundgren
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783 United States
| | | | - David R Baker
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783 United States
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12
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Lin CW, Huang S, Colangelo M, Chen C, Wong FNC, He Y, Berggren KK, Belcher AM. Surface Plasmon Enhanced Upconversion Fluorescence in Short-Wave Infrared for In Vivo Imaging of Ovarian Cancer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12930-12940. [PMID: 35849731 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Short-wave infrared (SWIR; 850-1700 nm) upconversion fluorescence enables "autofluorescence-free" imaging with minimal tissue scattering, yet it is rarely explored due to the lack of strongly emissive SWIR upconversion fluorophores. In this work, we apply SWIR upconversion fluorescence for in vivo imaging with exceptional image contrast. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are used to enhance the SWIR upconversion emission of small organic dyes, forming a AuNR-dye nanocomposite (NC). A maximal enhancement factor of ∼1320, contributed by both excitation and radiative decay rate enhancement, is achieved by varying the dye-to-AuNR ratio. In addition, the upconversion emission intensity of both free dyes and AuNR-dye NCs depends linearly on the excitation power, indicating that the upconversion emission mechanism remains unchanged upon enhancement, and it involves one-photon absorption. Moreover, the SWIR upconversion emission shows a significantly higher signal contrast than downconversion emission in the same emission window in a nonscattering medium. Finally, we apply the surface plasmon enhanced SWIR upconversion fluorescence for in vivo imaging of ovarian cancer, demonstrating high image contrast and low required dosage due to the suppressed autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Lin
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shengnan Huang
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marco Colangelo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Changchen Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Franco N C Wong
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yanpu He
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Angela M Belcher
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Lin Q, Hu S, Földes T, Huang J, Wright D, Griffiths J, Elliott E, de Nijs B, Rosta E, Baumberg JJ. Optical suppression of energy barriers in single molecule-metal binding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9285. [PMID: 35749500 PMCID: PMC9232110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transient bonds between molecules and metal surfaces underpin catalysis, bio/molecular sensing, molecular electronics, and electrochemistry. Techniques aiming to characterize these bonds often yield conflicting conclusions, while single-molecule probes are scarce. A promising prospect confines light inside metal nanogaps to elicit in operando vibrational signatures through surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Here, we show through analysis of more than a million spectra that light irradiation of only a few microwatts on molecules at gold facets is sufficient to overcome the metallic bonds between individual gold atoms and pull them out to form coordination complexes. Depending on the molecule, these light-extracted adatoms persist for minutes under ambient conditions. Tracking their power-dependent formation and decay suggests that tightly trapped light transiently reduces energy barriers at the metal surface. This opens intriguing prospects for photocatalysis and controllable low-energy quantum devices such as single-atom optical switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqi Lin
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Shu Hu
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Tamás Földes
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Junyang Huang
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Demelza Wright
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Jack Griffiths
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Eoin Elliott
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Pearl WG, Perevedentseva EV, Karmenyan AV, Khanadeev VA, Wu SY, Ma YR, Khlebtsov NG, Cheng CL. Multifunctional plasmonic gold nanostars for cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100264. [PMID: 34784104 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostar (AuNSt) has gained great attention in bioimaging and cancer therapy due to their tunable surface plasmon resonance across the visible-near infrared range. Photothermal treatment and imaging capabilities including fluorescence lifetime imaging at two-photon excitation (TP-FLIM) and dark-field microscopic imaging are considered in this work. Two types of AuNSts having plasmon absorption peaks centred at 600 and 750 nm wavelength were synthesized and studied. Both NSts exhibited low cytotoxicity on A549 human lung carcinoma cells. A strong emission at two-photon excitation was observed for both NSts, well-distinguishable from lifetimes of bio-object autofluorescence. High efficiency in raising the temperature in the NSts environment with the irradiation of near infrared, AuNSts triggered photothermal effect. The decreased cell viability of A549 observed via MTT test and the cell membrane damaging was demonstrated with trypan blue staining. These results suggest AuNSts can be agents with tunable plasmonic properties for imaging and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wrenit Gem Pearl
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Elena V Perevedentseva
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
- P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vitaly A Khanadeev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
- Saratov State Vavilov Agrarian University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Sheng-Yun Wu
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ron Ma
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Nikolai G Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Chia-Liang Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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15
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Cai YY, Tauzin LJ, Ostovar B, Lee S, Link S. Light emission from plasmonic nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:060901. [PMID: 34391373 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of light emission from metallic nanoparticles has been a subject of debate in recent years. Photoluminescence and electronic Raman scattering mechanisms have both been proposed to explain the observed emission from plasmonic nanostructures. Recent results from Stokes and anti-Stokes emission spectroscopy of single gold nanorods using continuous wave laser excitation carried out in our laboratory are summarized here. We show that varying excitation wavelength and power change the energy distribution of hot carriers and impact the emission spectral lineshape. We then examine the role of interband and intraband transitions in the emission lineshape by varying the particle size. We establish a relationship between the single particle emission quantum yield and its corresponding plasmonic resonance quality factor, which we also tune through nanorod crystallinity. Finally, based on anti-Stokes emission, we extract electron temperatures that further suggest a hot carrier based mechanism. The central role of hot carriers in our systematic study on gold nanorods as a model system supports a Purcell effect enhanced hot carrier photoluminescence mechanism. We end with a discussion on the impact of understanding the light emission mechanism on fields utilizing hot carrier distributions, such as photocatalysis and nanothermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Lawrence J Tauzin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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16
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A rational design of multimodal asymmetric nanoshells as efficient tunable absorbers within the biological optical window. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15115. [PMID: 34302000 PMCID: PMC8302719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the optical properties of asymmetric nanoshells with different geometries are comprehensively investigated in the quasi-static regime by applying the dipolar model and effective medium theory. The plasmonic behaviors of these nanostructures are explained by the plasmon hybridization model. Asymmetric hybrid nanoshells, composed of off-center core or nanorod core surrounded by a spherical metallic shell layer possess highly geometrically tunable optical resonances in the near-infrared regime. The plasmon modes of this nanostructures arise from the hybridization of the cavity and solid plasmon modes at the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. The results reveal that the symmetry breaking drastically affects the strength of hybridization between plasmon modes, which ultimately affects the absorption spectrum by altering the number of resonance modes, their wavelengths and absorption efficiencies. Therefore, offsetting the spherical core as well as changing the internal geometry of the nanoparticle to nanorod not only shift the resonance frequencies but can also strongly modify the relative magnitudes of the absorption efficiencies. Furthermore, higher order multipolar plasmon modes can appear in the spectrum of asymmetric nanoshell, especially in nanoegg configuration. The results also indicate that the strength of hybridization strongly depends on the metal of shell, material of core and the filling factor. Using Au-Ag alloy as a material of the shell can provide red-shifted narrow resonance peak in the near-infrared regime by combining the specific features of gold and silver. Moreover, inserting a high permittivity core in a nanoshell corresponds to a red-shift, while a core with small dielectric constant results in a blue-shift of spectrum. We envision that this research offers a novel perspective and provides a practical guideline in the fabrication of efficient tunable absorbers in the nanoscale regime.
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17
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Abstract
We provide a complete quantitative theory for light emission from Drude metals under continuous wave illumination, based on our recently derived steady-state nonequilibrium electron distribution. We show that the electronic contribution to the emission exhibits a dependence on the emission frequency which is very similar to the energy dependence of the nonequilibrium distribution, and characterize different scenarios determining the measurable emission line shape. This enables the identification of experimentally relevant situations, where the emission lineshapes deviate significantly from predictions based on the standard theory (namely, on the photonic density of states), and enables the differentiation between cases where the emission scales with the metal object surface or with its volume. We also provide an analytic description (which is absent from the literature) of the (polynomial) dependence of the metal emission on the electric field, its dependence on the pump laser frequency, and its nontrivial exponential dependence on the electron temperature, both for the Stokes and anti-Stokes regimes. Our results imply that the emission does not originate from either Fermion statistics (due to e-e interactions), and even though one could have expected the emission to follow boson statistics due to involvement of photons (as in Planck's Black Body emission), it turns out that it deviates from that form as well. Finally, we resolve the arguments associated with the effects of electron and lattice temperatures on the emission, and which of them can be extracted from the anti-Stokes emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
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18
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Abstract
ConspectusHot carriers are highly energetic species that can perform a large spectrum of chemical reactions. They are generated on the surfaces of nanostructures via direct interband, phonon-assisted intraband, and geometry-assisted decay of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), which are coherent oscillations of conductive electrons. LSPRs can be induced on the surface of noble metal (Ag or Au) nanostructures by illuminating the surfaces with electromagnetic irradiation. These noble metals can be coupled with catalytic metals, such as Pt, Pd, and Ru, to develop bimetallic nanostructures with unique catalytic activities. The plasmon-driven catalysis on bimetallic nanostructures is light-driven, which essentially enables green chemistry in organic synthesis. During the past decade, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been actively utilized to study the mechanisms of plasmon-driven reactions on mono- and bimetallic nanostructures. SERS has provided a wealth of knowledge about the mechanisms of numerous plasmon-driven redox, coupling, and scissoring reactions. However, the nanoscale catalytic properties of both mono- and bimetallic nanostructures as well as the underlying physical cause of their catalytic reactivity and selectivity remained unclear for decades.In this Account, we focus on the most recent findings reported by our and other research groups that shed light on the nanoscale properties of mono- and bimetallic nanostructures. This information was revealed by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), a modern analytical technique that has single-molecule sensitivity and subnanometer spatial resolution. TERS findings have shown that plasmonic reactivity and the selectivity of bimetallic nanostructures are governed by the nature of the catalytic metal and the strength of the rectified electric field on their surfaces. TERS has also revealed that the catalytic properties of bimetallic nanostructures directly depend on the interplay between the catalytic and plasmonic metals. We anticipate that these findings will be used to tailor synthetic approaches that are used to fabricate novel nanostructures with desired catalytic properties. The experimental and theoretical results discussed in this Account will facilitate a better understanding of TERS and explain artifacts that could be encountered upon TERS imaging of a large variety of samples. Consequently, plasmon-driven chemistry should be considered as an essential part of near-field microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- The Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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19
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Abstract
Whereas heating nanoparticles with light is straightforward, measuring the resulting nanoscale temperature increase is intricate and still a matter of active research in plasmonics, with envisioned applications in nanochemistry, biomedicine, and solar light harvesting, among others. Interestingly, this research line mostly belongs to the optics community today because light is not only used for heating but also often for probing temperature. In this Perspective, I present and discuss recent advances in the search for efficient and reliable thermometry techniques for nanoplasmonic systems by the nano-optics community. I focus on the recently proposed approach based on the spectral measurement of anti-Stokes emission from the plasmonic nanoparticles themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Baffou
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
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20
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Cui L, Zhu Y, Nordlander P, Di Ventra M, Natelson D. Thousand-fold Increase in Plasmonic Light Emission via Combined Electronic and Optical Excitations. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2658-2665. [PMID: 33710898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon enhanced processes and hot-carrier dynamics in plasmonic nanostructures are of great fundamental interest to reveal light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Using plasmonic tunnel junctions as a platform supporting both electrically and optically excited localized surface plasmons, we report a much greater (over 1000× ) plasmonic light emission at upconverted photon energies under combined electro-optical excitation, compared with electrical or optical excitation separately. Two mechanisms compatible with the form of the observed spectra are interactions of plasmon-induced hot carriers and electronic anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Our measurement results are in excellent agreement with a theoretical model combining electro-optical generation of hot carriers through nonradiative plasmon excitation and hot-carrier relaxation. We also discuss the challenge of distinguishing relative contributions of hot carrier emission and the anti-Stokes electronic Raman process. This observed increase in above-threshold emission in plasmonic systems may open avenues in on-chip nanophotonic switching and hot-carrier photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Massimiliano Di Ventra
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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21
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Barella M, Violi IL, Gargiulo J, Martinez LP, Goschin F, Guglielmotti V, Pallarola D, Schlücker S, Pilo-Pais M, Acuna GP, Maier SA, Cortés E, Stefani FD. In Situ Photothermal Response of Single Gold Nanoparticles through Hyperspectral Imaging Anti-Stokes Thermometry. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2458-2467. [PMID: 32941001 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Several fields of applications require a reliable characterization of the photothermal response and heat dissipation of nanoscopic systems, which remains a challenging task for both modeling and experimental measurements. Here, we present an implementation of anti-Stokes thermometry that enables the in situ photothermal characterization of individual nanoparticles (NPs) from a single hyperspectral photoluminescence confocal image. The method is label-free, potentially applicable to any NP with detectable anti-Stokes emission, and does not require any prior information about the NP itself or the surrounding media. With it, we first studied the photothermal response of spherical gold NPs of different sizes on glass substrates, immersed in water, and found that heat dissipation is mainly dominated by the water for NPs larger than 50 nm. Then, the role of the substrate was studied by comparing the photothermal response of 80 nm gold NPs on glass with sapphire and graphene, two materials with high thermal conductivity. For a given irradiance level, the NPs reach temperatures 18% lower on sapphire and 24% higher on graphene than on bare glass. The fact that the presence of a highly conductive material such as graphene leads to a poorer thermal dissipation demonstrates that interfacial thermal resistances play a very significant role in nanoscopic systems and emphasize the need for in situ experimental thermometry techniques. The developed method will allow addressing several open questions about the role of temperature in plasmon-assisted applications, especially ones where NPs of arbitrary shapes are present in complex matrixes and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Barella
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2390, 1425, CABA Argentina
| | - Ianina L Violi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2390, 1425, CABA Argentina
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, UNSAM-CONICET, Avenida 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650, Argentina
| | - Julian Gargiulo
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Luciana P Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2390, 1425, CABA Argentina
| | - Florian Goschin
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Victoria Guglielmotti
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, UNSAM-CONICET, Avenida 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650, Argentina
| | - Diego Pallarola
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, UNSAM-CONICET, Avenida 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, 1650, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Mauricio Pilo-Pais
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo P Acuna
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799, München, Germany
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Fernando D Stefani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2390, 1425, CABA Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Güiraldes 2620, 1428, CABA Argentina
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22
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Zhu Y, Natelson D, Cui L. Probing energy dissipation in molecular-scale junctions via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: vibrational pumping and hot carrier enhanced light emission. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:134001. [PMID: 33429369 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abda7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally resolving the microscopic energy dissipation and redistribution pathways in a molecular-scale junction, the smallest possible nanoelectronic device, is of great current interest. Here we report measurements of the vibrational pumping and light emission processes in current-carrying molecular junctions using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We show that the heating of vibrational modes exhibits distinct features when the molecular junctions are driven by electrical bias or optical power. We further discuss the hot carrier origin of the broadband continuum emission observed in the Raman scattering spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Paul M Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
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23
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Koopman W, Sarhan RM, Stete F, Schmitt CNZ, Bargheer M. Decoding the kinetic limitations of plasmon catalysis: the case of 4-nitrothiophenol dimerization. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24411-24418. [PMID: 33300518 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-mediated chemistry presents an intriguing new approach to photocatalysis. However, the reaction enhancement mechanism is not well understood. In particular, the relative importance of plasmon-generated hot charges and photoheating is strongly debated. In this article, we evaluate the influence of microscopic photoheating on the kinetics of a model plasmon-catalyzed reaction: the light-induced 4-nitrothiophenol (4NTP) to 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) dimerization. Direct measurement of the reaction temperature by nanoparticle Raman-thermometry demonstrated that the thermal effect plays a dominant role in the kinetic limitations of this multistep reaction. At the same time, no reaction is possible by dark heating to the same temperature. This shows that plasmon nanoparticles have the unique ability to enhance several steps of complex tandem reactions simultaneously. These results provide insight into the role of hot electron and thermal effects in plasmonic catalysis of complex organic reactions, which is highly important for the ongoing development of plasmon based photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Koopman
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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24
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Zhang W, Wen T, Ye L, Lin H, Gong Q, Lu G. Influence of non-equilibrium electron dynamics on photoluminescence of metallic nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:495204. [PMID: 32990264 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb1ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A microscopic model is still strongly needed to understand the intrinsic photoluminescence (iPL) of metallic nanostructures. In this paper, a phenomenological model concerning the electron dynamics at the excited states, including the electron-phonon (e-p) and electron-electron (e-e) interactions, is developed. This model shows that the dynamics of non-equilibrium electrons at the excited states influence the iPL features significantly. Two main aspects determine the iPL process of metallic nanostructures: the photonic density of states relating to the Purcell effect caused by the surface plasmon resonances, and the electrons transition factor. This model takes into account the contribution of the e-p and e-e interactions to the dynamic electron distribution. The decay process of the non-thermal electrons at the excited states helps understanding most of the iPL features of metallic nanostructures. The calculated and experimental results coincide well regarding the spectral shape, temperature-dependent anti-Stokes emission, and nonlinear behaviors, and time-resolved spectra. The results presented in this paper provide a concise, intuitive, and comprehensive understanding of the iPL of metallic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Te Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, People's Republic of China
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25
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Armstrong RE, Horáček M, Zijlstra P. Plasmonic Assemblies for Real-Time Single-Molecule Biosensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003934. [PMID: 33258287 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Their tunable optical properties and versatile surface functionalization have sparked applications of plasmonic assemblies in the fields of biosensing, nonlinear optics, and photonics. Particularly, in the field of biosensing, rapid advances have occurred in the use of plasmonic assemblies for real-time single-molecule sensing. Compared to individual particles, the use of assemblies as sensors provides stronger signals, more control over the optical properties, and access to a broader range of timescales. In the past years, they have been used to directly reveal single-molecule interactions, mechanical properties, and conformational dynamics. This review summarizes the development of real-time single-molecule sensors built around plasmonic assemblies. First, a brief overview of their optical properties is given, and then recent applications are described. The current challenges in the field and suggestions to overcome those challenges are discussed in detail. Their stability, specificity, and sensitivity as sensors provide a complementary approach to other single-molecule techniques like force spectroscopy and single-molecule fluorescence. In future applications, the impact in real-time sensing on ultralong timescales (hours) and ultrashort timescales (sub-millisecond), time windows that are difficult to access using other techniques, is particularly foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Armstrong
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, the Netherlands
| | - Matěj Horáček
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Zijlstra
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, the Netherlands
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26
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Inagaki M, Motobayashi K, Ikeda K. In situ surface-enhanced electronic and vibrational Raman scattering spectroscopy at metal/molecule interfaces. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22988-22994. [PMID: 33007058 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SERS signals from nanostructured surfaces of Au, covered with thiol monolayers, were monitored under application of various electrochemical potentials over a wide Raman-shift range of both the Stokes and anti-Stokes branches. The background continuum in the SERS spectra varied in intensity with apparent correlations with breaking of Au-S bond or evolution of Au-O. This clearly indicates that the origin of the background can be ascribed to non-resonant electronic Raman scattering, which is sensitive to the electronic density at the surface. Using the property of the electronic Raman scattering, full information on the electric double layer at both sides of the metal/dielectric interface was analysed. In the low Raman-shift region below 200 cm-1, moreover, the evolution and disappearance of collective motions of thiol assembly was able to be monitored in situ, which is hardly obtainable with other vibrational absorption spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Inagaki
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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27
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Ostovar B, Cai YY, Tauzin LJ, Lee SA, Ahmadivand A, Zhang R, Nordlander P, Link S. Increased Intraband Transitions in Smaller Gold Nanorods Enhance Light Emission. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15757-15765. [PMID: 32852941 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced light emission from plasmonic nanoparticles has attracted considerable interest within the scientific community because of its potential applications in sensing, imaging, and nanothermometry. One of the suggested mechanisms for the light emission from plasmonic nanoparticles is the plasmon-enhanced radiative recombination of hot carriers through inter- and intraband transitions. Here, we investigate the nanoparticle size dependence on the photoluminescence through a systematic analysis of gold nanorods with similar aspect ratios. Using single-particle emission and scattering spectroscopy along with correlated scanning electron microscopy and electromagnetic simulations, we calculate the emission quantum yields and Purcell enhancement factors for individual gold nanorods. Our results show strong size-dependent quantum yields in gold nanorods, with higher quantum yields for smaller gold nanorods. Furthermore, by determining the relative contributions to the photoluminescence from inter- and intraband transitions, we deduce that the observed size dependence predominantly originates from the size dependence of intraband transitions. Specifically, within the framework of Fermi's golden rule for radiative recombination of excited charge carriers, we demonstrate that the Purcell factor enhancement alone cannot explain the emission size dependence and that changes in the transition matrix elements must also occur. Those changes are due to electric field confinement enhancing intraband transitions. These results provide vital insight into the intraband relaxation in metallic nanoconfined systems and therefore are of direct importance to the rapidly developing field of plasmonic photocatalysis.
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28
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Nam W, Zhao Y, Song J, Tali SAS, Kang S, Zhu W, Lezec HJ, Agrawal A, Vikesland PJ, Zhou W. Plasmonic Electronic Raman Scattering as Internal Standard for Spatial and Temporal Calibration in Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9543-9551. [PMID: 33115232 PMCID: PMC8141369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) still faces difficulties in quantitative analysis because of its susceptibility to local optical field variations at plasmonic hotspots in metallo-dielectric nanostructures. Current SERS calibration approaches using Raman tags have inherent limitations due to spatial occupation competition with analyte molecules, spectral interference with analyte Raman peaks, and photodegradation. Herein, we report that plasmon-enhanced electronic Raman scattering (ERS) signals from metal can serve as an internal standard for spatial and temporal calibration of molecular Raman scattering (MRS) signals from analyte molecules at the same hotspots, enabling rigorous quantitative SERS analysis. We observe a linear dependence between ERS and MRS signal intensities upon spatial and temporal variations of excitation optical fields, manifesting the |E|4 enhancements for both ERS and MRS processes at the same hotspots in agreement with our theoretical prediction. Furthermore, we find that the ERS calibration's performance limit can result from orientation variations of analyte molecules at hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonil Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Junyeob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Seied Ali Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Seju Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Henri J. Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Peter J. Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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29
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Li X, Hong J, Zhang L. Binary Gas Analyzer Based on a Single Gold Nanoparticle Photothermal Response. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27164-27170. [PMID: 33134676 PMCID: PMC7594000 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although thermal conductivity gas analyzers are ubiquitous in industry, shrinking the sensing unit to a microscopic scale is rarely achieved. Since heat transfer between a metal nanoparticle and its ambient gas changes the temperature, refractive index, and density of the gaseous surrounding, one may tackle the problem using a single nanoparticle's photothermal effect. Upon heating by a 532 nm laser, a single gold nanoparticle transfers heat to the surrounding gas environment, which results in a change in the photothermal polarization of a 633 nm probe laser. The amplitude of the photothermal signal correlates directly with the concentration of binary gas mixture. In He/Ar, He/N2, He/air, and H2/Ar binary gas mixtures, the signal is linearly proportional to the He and H2 molar concentrations up to about 10%. The photothermal response comes from the microscopic gaseous environment of a single gold nanoparticle, extending from the nanoparticle roughly to the length of the gas molecule's mean free path. This study points to a way of sensing binary gas composition in a microscopic volume using a single metal nanoparticle.
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30
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Jollans T, Caldarola M, Sivan Y, Orrit M. Effective Electron Temperature Measurement Using Time-Resolved Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6968-6976. [PMID: 32787000 PMCID: PMC7457233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Stokes photoluminescence of metal nanoparticles, in which emitted photons have a higher energy than the incident photons, is an indicator of the temperature prevalent within a nanoparticle. Previous work has shown how to extract the temperature from a gold nanoparticle under continuous-wave monochromatic illumination. We extend the technique to pulsed illumination and introduce pump-probe anti-Stokes spectroscopy. This new technique enables us not only to measure an effective electron temperature in a gold nanoparticle (∼103 K under our conditions), but also to measure ultrafast dynamics of a pulse-excited electron population, through its effect on the photoluminescence, with subpicosecond time resolution. We measure the heating and cooling, all within picoseconds, of the electrons and find that, with our subpicosecond pulses, the highest apparent temperature is reached 0.6 ps before the maximum change in magnitude of the extinction signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jollans
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martín Caldarola
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Cui L, Zhu Y, Abbasi M, Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Nordlander P, Natelson D. Electrically Driven Hot-Carrier Generation and Above-Threshold Light Emission in Plasmonic Tunnel Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6067-6075. [PMID: 32568541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Above-threshold light emission from plasmonic tunnel junctions, when emitted photons have energies significantly higher than the energy scale of incident electrons, has attracted much recent interest in nano-optics, while the underlying physics remains elusive. We examine above-threshold light emission in electromigrated tunnel junctions. Our measurements over a large ensemble of devices demonstrate a giant (∼104) material-dependent photon yield (emitted photons per incident electrons). This dramatic effect cannot be explained only by the radiative field enhancement due to localized plasmons in the tunneling gap. Emission is well described by a Boltzmann spectrum with an effective temperature exceeding 2000 K, coupled to a plasmon-modified photonic density of states. The effective temperature is approximately linear in the applied bias, consistent with a suggested theoretical model describing hot-carrier dynamics driven by nonradiative decay of electrically excited localized plasmons. Electrically generated hot carriers and nontraditional light emission could open avenues for active photochemistry, optoelectronics, and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mahdiyeh Abbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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32
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Plasmon-driven synthesis of individual metal@semiconductor core@shell nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3957. [PMID: 32770052 PMCID: PMC7414885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Most syntheses of advanced materials require accurate control of the operating temperature. Plasmon resonances in metal nanoparticles generate nanoscale temperature gradients at their surface that can be exploited to control the growth of functional nanomaterials, including bimetallic and core@shell particles. However, in typical ensemble plasmonic experiments these local gradients vanish due to collective heating effects. Here, we demonstrate how localized plasmonic photothermal effects can generate spatially confined nanoreactors by activating, controlling, and spectroscopically following the growth of individual metal@semiconductor core@shell nanoparticles. By tailoring the illumination geometry and the surrounding chemical environment, we demonstrate the conformal growth of semiconducting shells of CeO2, ZnO, and ZnS, around plasmonic nanoparticles of different morphologies. The shell growth rate scales with the nanoparticle temperature and the process is followed in situ via the inelastic light scattering of the growing nanoparticle. Plasmonic control of chemical reactions can lead to the synthesis of functional nanomaterials otherwise inaccessible with classical colloidal methods, with potential applications in nanolithography, catalysis, energy conversion, and photonic devices.
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33
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Inagaki M, Isogai T, Motobayashi K, Lin KQ, Ren B, Ikeda K. Electronic and vibrational surface-enhanced Raman scattering: from atomically defined Au(111) and (100) to roughened Au. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9807-9817. [PMID: 34094241 PMCID: PMC8162194 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In surface-enhanced Raman spectra, vibrational peaks are superimposed on a background continuum, which is known as one major experimental anomaly. This is problematic in assessing vibrational information especially in the low Raman-shift region below 200 cm−1, where the background signals dominate. Herein, we present a rigorous comparison of normal Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectra for atomically defined surfaces of Au(111) or Au(100) with and without molecular adsorbates. It is clearly shown that the origin of the background continuum is well explained by a local field enhancement of electronic Raman scattering in the conduction band of Au. In the low Raman-shift region, electronic Raman scattering gains additional intensity, probably due to a relaxation in the conservation of momentum rule through momentum transfer from surface roughness. Based on the mechanism for generation of the spectral background, we also present a practical method to extract electronic and vibrational information at the metal/dielectric interface from the measured raw spectra by reducing the thermal factor, the scattering efficiency factor and the Purcell factor over wide ranges in both the Stokes and the anti-Stokes branches. This method enables us not only to analyse concealed vibrational features in the low Raman-shift region but also to estimate more reliable local temperatures from surface-enhanced Raman spectra. Both electronic and vibrational information at the metal/dielectric interface were explicitly extracted from surface-enhanced Raman spectra.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Inagaki
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Taichi Isogai
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kenta Motobayashi
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kai-Qiang Lin
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Katsuyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan .,Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science (FRIMS), Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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34
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Hogan N, Sheldon M. Comparing steady state photothermalization dynamics in copper and gold nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:061101. [PMID: 32061209 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanostructures have been the focus of several recent studies due to their ability to generate high energy, non-equilibrium "hot" electrons for use in photochemical and photocatalytic applications. In particular, there is growing interest to understand how differences in the electronic structure and optical response of different metals may impact the behavior and utility of their hot electrons in chemical reactions. Using a continuous wave anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy technique recently developed in our laboratory, in this study, we measured the temperature and lifetime of hot electrons in gold and copper nanostructures in order to understand how the choice of metal impacts hot electron dynamics during steady state illumination. We found that hot electrons in copper are more abundant and more reactive than those in gold, suggesting that copper nanostructures may be a more promising platform for performing hot electron photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Hogan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, USA
| | - Matthew Sheldon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, USA
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35
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Sang L, Lei L, Burda C. Electrochemical Fabrication of rGO-embedded Ag-TiO 2 Nanoring/Nanotube Arrays for Plasmonic Solar Water Splitting. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:97. [PMID: 34138041 PMCID: PMC7770785 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effective utilization of hot electrons generated from the decay of surface plasmon resonance in metal nanoparticles is conductive to improve solar water splitting efficiency. Herein, Ag nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) co-decorated hierarchical TiO2 nanoring/nanotube arrays (TiO2 R/T) were facilely fabricated by using two-step electrochemical anodization, electrodeposition, and photoreduction methods. Comparative studies were conducted to elucidate the effects of rGO and Ag on the morphology, photoresponse, charge transfer, and photoelectric properties of TiO2. Firstly, scanning electron microscope images confirm that the Ag nanoparticles adhered on TiO2 R/T and TiO2 R/T-rGO have similar diameter of 20 nm except for TiO2 R-rGO/T. Then, the UV-Vis DRS and scatter spectra reveal that the optical property of the Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO ternary composite is enhanced, ascribing to the visible light absorption of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles and the weakening effect of rGO on light scattering. Meanwhile, intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectra demonstrate that rGO can promote the hot electrons transfer from Ag nanoparticles to Ti substrate, reducing the photogenerated electron-hole recombination. Finally, Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO photoanode exhibits high photocurrent density (0.98 mA cm-2) and photovoltage (0.90 V), and the stable H2 evolution rate of 413 μL h-1 cm-2 within 1.5 h under AM 1.5 which exceeds by 1.30 times than that of pristine TiO2 R/T. In line with the above results, this work provides a reliable route synergizing rGO with plasmonic metal nanoparticles for photocatalysis, in which, rGO presents a broad absorption spectrum and effective photogenerated electrons transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Sang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion, Beijing Municipality, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion, Beijing Municipality, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Dynamics and Nanomaterials Research, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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36
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Kyeyune F, Botha JL, van Heerden B, Malý P, van Grondelle R, Diale M, Krüger TPJ. Strong plasmonic fluorescence enhancement of individual plant light-harvesting complexes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15139-15146. [PMID: 31372623 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic coupling of metallic nanoparticles and adjacent pigments can dramatically increase the brightness of the pigments due to the enhanced local electric field. Here, we demonstrate that the fluorescence brightness of a single plant light-harvesting complex (LHCII) can be significantly enhanced when coupled to a gold nanorod (AuNR). The AuNRs utilized in this study were prepared via chemical reactions, and the hybrid system was constructed using a simple and economical spin-assisted layer-by-layer technique. Enhancement of fluorescence brightness of up to 240-fold was observed, accompanied by a 109-fold decrease in the average (amplitude-weighted) fluorescence lifetime from approximately 3.5 ns down to 32 ps, corresponding to an excitation enhancement of 63-fold and emission enhancement of up to 3.8-fold. This large enhancement is due to the strong spectral overlap of the longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance of the utilized AuNRs and the absorption or emission bands of LHCII. This study provides an inexpensive strategy to explore the fluorescence dynamics of weakly emitting photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Kyeyune
- Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa.
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