1
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Askey J, Hunt MO, Payne L, van den Berg A, Pitsios I, Hejazi A, Langbein W, Ladak S. Direct visualization of domain wall pinning in sub-100 nm 3D magnetic nanowires with cross-sectional curvature. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:17793-17803. [PMID: 39253863 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The study of 3D magnetic nanostructures has uncovered rich phenomena including the stabilization of topological spin textures using nanoscale curvature, controlled spin-wave emission, and novel ground states enabled by collective frustrated interactions. From a technological perspective, 3D nanostructures offer routes to ultrahigh density data storage, massive interconnectivity within neuromorphic devices, as well as mechanical induction of stem cell differentiation. However, the fabrication of 3D nanomagnetic systems with feature sizes down to 10 nm poses a significant challenge. Here we present a means of fabricating sub-100 nm 3D ferromagnetic nanowires, with both cross-sectional and longitudinal curvature, using two-photon lithography at a wavelength of 405 nm, combined with conventional deposition. Nanostructures with lateral features as low as 70 nm can be rapidly and reproducibly fabricated. A range of novel domain walls, with anti-vortex textures and hybrid vortex/anti-vortex textures are enabled by the cross-sectional curvature of the system, as demonstrated by micromagnetic simulations. Magnetic force microscopy experiments in an externally applied magnetic field are used to image the injection and pinning of domain walls in the 3D magnetic nanowire. At specific field values, domain walls are observed to hop from trap to trap, providing a direct means to probe the local energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Askey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | | | - Lukas Payne
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Arjen van den Berg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Ioannis Pitsios
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Alaa Hejazi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Langbein
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Sam Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
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2
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Höflich K, Maćkosz K, Jureddy CS, Tsarapkin A, Utke I. Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:1117-1124. [PMID: 39224534 PMCID: PMC11368048 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Direct electron beam writing is a powerful tool for fabricating complex nanostructures in a single step. The electron beam locally cleaves the molecules of an adsorbed gaseous precursor to form a deposit, similar to 3D printing but without the need for a resist or development step. Here, we employ for the first time a silver β-diketonate precursor for focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID). The used compound (hfac)AgPMe3 operates at an evaporation temperature of 70-80 °C and is compatible with commercially available gas injection systems used in any standard scanning electron microscope. Growth of smooth 3D geometries could be demonstrated for tightly focused electron beams, albeit with low silver content in the deposit volume. The electron beam-induced deposition proved sensitive to the irradiation conditions, leading to varying compositions of the deposit and internal inhomogeneities such as the formation of a layered structure consisting of a pure silver layer at the interface to the substrate covered by a deposit layer with low silver content. Imaging after the deposition process revealed morphological changes such as the growth of silver particles on the surface. While these effects complicate the application for 3D printing, the unique deposit structure with a thin, compact silver film beneath the deposit body is interesting from a fundamental point of view and may offer additional opportunities for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Höflich
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Mechanics for Materials and Nanostructures, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Maćkosz
- Laboratory of Mechanics for Materials and Nanostructures, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Chinmai S Jureddy
- Laboratory of Mechanics for Materials and Nanostructures, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Aleksei Tsarapkin
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Utke
- Laboratory of Mechanics for Materials and Nanostructures, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH 3602 Thun, Switzerland
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3
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Barth S, Porrati F, Knez D, Jungwirth F, Jochmann NP, Huth M, Winkler R, Plank H, Gracia I, Cané C. Nanoscale, surface-confined phase separation by electron beam induced oxidation. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14722-14729. [PMID: 38922329 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Electron-assisted oxidation of Co-Si-based focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) materials is shown to form a 2-4 nm metal oxide surface layer on top of an electrically insulating silicon oxide layer less than 10 nm thick. Differences between thermal and electron-induced oxidation on the resulting microstructure are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Barth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Jungwirth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicolas P Jochmann
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isabel Gracia
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Cané
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB), Centre Nacional de Microelectrònica (CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Butrymowicz-Kubiak A, Muzioł TM, Kaczmarek-Kędziera A, Jureddy CS, Maćkosz K, Utke I, Szymańska IB. New palladium(II) β-ketoesterates for focused electron beam induced deposition: synthesis, structures, and characterization. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39087858 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of new palladium(II) β-ketoesterate complexes [Pd(CH3COCHCO2R)2] with alkyl substituents R = tBu, iPr, Et. These compounds can have potential use in focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), which is a direct write method for the growth of structures at the nanoscale. However, it is still a major challenge to obtain deposits with a high metal content, and new precursor molecules are needed to overcome this. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density-functional theory calculations were used to confirm the compounds' composition and structure. Using thermal analysis and sublimation experiments, we investigate their thermal stability and volatility. These studies show that the palladium complexes sublimate over the range 348-353 K under 10-2 mbar pressure. The electron-induced decomposition of the complex molecules in the gas phase and their thin layers on silicon substrates were analysed using electron impact mass spectrometry (EI MS) and microscopy studies (SEM/EDX). They confirm that the precursor electron-induced fragmentation depends on the molecular structure. The obtained results reveal that [Pd(CH3COCHCO2tBu)2] with cis-positioned tert-butyl groups may be a promising FEBID precursor, and we carried out preliminary deposition experiments using this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Butrymowicz-Kubiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - T M Muzioł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - A Kaczmarek-Kędziera
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - C S Jureddy
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH - 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - K Maćkosz
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH - 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - I Utke
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH - 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - I B Szymańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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5
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Tsarapkin A, Maćkosz K, Jureddy CS, Utke I, Höflich K. Area-Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Gold by Electron Beam Seeding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313571. [PMID: 38546415 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an established method for producing high-purity thin films, but it typically necessitates the pre- and post-processing using a mask to produce structures. This study presents a novel maskless patterning technique that enables area-selective CVD of gold. A focused electron beam is used to decompose the metal-organic precursor Au(acac)Me2 locally, thereby creating an autocatalytically active seed layer for subsequent CVD with the same precursor. The procedure can be included in the same CVD process without the need for clean room lithographic processing. Moreover, it operates at low temperatures of 80 °C, over 200 K lower than standard CVD temperatures for this precursor, reducing thermal load on the specimen. Given that electron beam seeding operates on any even moderately conductive surface, the process does not constrain device design. This is demonstrated by the example of vertical nanostructures with high aspect ratios of ≈40:1 and more. Written using a focused electron beam and the same precursor, these nanopillars exhibit catalytically active nuclei on their surface. Furthermore, by using the onset of the autocatalytic CVD growth, for the first time the local temperature increase caused by the writing of nanostructures with an electron beam can be precisely determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Tsarapkin
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Maćkosz
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Chinmai Sai Jureddy
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland
| | - Katja Höflich
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Fullerton J, McCray ARC, Petford-Long AK, Phatak C. Understanding the Effect of Curvature on the Magnetization Reversal of Three-Dimensional Nanohelices. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2481-2487. [PMID: 38373326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Comprehending the interaction between geometry and magnetism in three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures is important to understand the fundamental physics of domain wall (DW) formation and pinning. Here, we use focused-electron-beam-induced deposition to fabricate magnetic nanohelices with increasing helical curvature with height. Using electron tomography and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, we reconstruct the 3D structure and magnetization of the nanohelices. The surface curvature, helical curvature, and torsion of the nanohelices are then quantified from the tomographic reconstructions. Furthermore, by using the experimental 3D reconstructions as inputs for micromagnetic simulations, we can reveal the influence of surface and helical curvature on the magnetic reversal mechanism. Hence, we can directly correlate the magnetic behavior of a 3D nanohelix to its experimental structure. These results demonstrate how the control of geometry in nanohelices can be utilized in the stabilization of DWs and control of the response of the nanostructure to applied magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fullerton
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Arthur R C McCray
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charudatta Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Menétrey M, Zezulka L, Fandré P, Schmid F, Spolenak R. Nanodroplet Flight Control in Electrohydrodynamic Redox 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1283-1292. [PMID: 38157367 PMCID: PMC10788821 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique with enormous potential in plasmonics, microelectronics, and sensing applications thanks to its broad material palette, high voxel deposition rate, and compatibility with various substrates. However, the electric field used to deposit material is concentrated at the depositing structure, resulting in the focusing of the charged droplets and geometry-dependent landing positions, which complicates the fabrication of complex 3D shapes. The low level of concordance between the design and printout seriously impedes the development of electrohydrodynamic 3D printing and rationalizes the simplicity of the designs reported so far. In this work, we break the electric field centrosymmetry to study the resulting deviation in the flight trajectory of the droplets. Comparison of experimental outcomes with predictions of an FEM model provides new insights into the droplet characteristics and unveils how the product of droplet size and charge uniquely governs its kinematics. From these insights, we develop reliable predictions of the jet trajectory and allow the computation of optimized printing paths counterbalancing the electric field distortion, thereby enabling the fabrication of geometries with unprecedented complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Menétrey
- Laboratory
for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Lukáš Zezulka
- Laboratory
for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 61669 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Pascal Fandré
- Laboratory
for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schmid
- Laboratory
for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Spolenak
- Laboratory
for Nanometallurgy, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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8
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Winkler R, Brugger-Hatzl M, Porrati F, Kuhness D, Mairhofer T, Seewald LM, Kothleitner G, Huth M, Plank H, Barth S. Pillar Growth by Focused Electron Beam-Induced Deposition Using a Bimetallic Precursor as Model System: High-Energy Fragmentation vs. Low-Energy Decomposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2907. [PMID: 37947751 PMCID: PMC10647607 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron-induced fragmentation of the HFeCo3(CO)12 precursor allows direct-write fabrication of 3D nanostructures with metallic contents of up to >95 at %. While microstructure and composition determine the physical and functional properties of focused electron beam-induced deposits, they also provide fundamental insights into the decomposition process of precursors, as elaborated in this study based on EDX and TEM. The results provide solid information suggesting that different dominant fragmentation channels are active in single-spot growth processes for pillar formation. The use of the single source precursor provides a unique insight into high- and low-energy fragmentation channels being active in the same deposit formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany (M.H.)
| | - David Kuhness
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Mairhofer
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas M. Seewald
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sven Barth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany (M.H.)
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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9
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Porrati F, Barth S, Gazzadi GC, Frabboni S, Volkov OM, Makarov D, Huth M. Site-Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition on Direct-Write 3D Nanoarchitectures. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4704-4715. [PMID: 36826847 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in additive manufacturing have enabled the preparation of free-shaped 3D objects with feature sizes down to and below the micrometer scale. Among the fabrication methods, focused electron beam- and focused ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID and FIBID, respectively) associate a high flexibility and unmatched accuracy in 3D writing with a wide material portfolio, thereby allowing for the growth of metallic to insulating materials. The combination of the free-shaped 3D nanowriting with established chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques provides attractive opportunities to synthesize complex 3D core-shell heterostructures. Hence, this hybrid approach enables the fabrication of morphologically tunable layer-based nanostructures with the great potential of unlocking further functionalities. Here, the fundamentals of such a hybrid approach are demonstrated by preparing core-shell heterostructures using 3D FEBID scaffolds for site-selective CVD. In particular, 3D microbridges are printed by FEBID with the (CH3)3CH3C5H4Pt precursor and coated by thermal CVD using the Nb(NMe2)3(N-t-Bu) and HFeCo3(CO)12 precursors. Two model systems on the basis of CVD layers consisting of a superconducting NbC-based layer and a ferromagnetic Co3Fe layer are prepared and characterized with regard to their composition, microstructure, and magneto-transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gian Carlo Gazzadi
- S3 Center, Nanoscience Institute-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Frabboni
- S3 Center, Nanoscience Institute-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- FIM Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum DresdenRossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum DresdenRossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Fowlkes J, Winkler R, Rack PD, Plank H. 3D Nanoprinting Replication Enhancement Using a Simulation-Informed Analytical Model for Electron Beam Exposure Dose Compensation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3148-3175. [PMID: 36713724 PMCID: PMC9878664 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
3D nanoprinting, using focused electron beam-induced deposition, is prone to a common structural artifact arising from a temperature gradient that naturally evolves during deposition, extending from the electron beam impact region (BIR) to the substrate. Inelastic electron energy loss drives the Joule heating and surface temperature variations lead to precursor surface concentration variations due, in most part, to temperature-dependent precursor surface desorption. The result is unwanted curvature when prescribing linear segments in 3D objects, and thus, complex geometries contain distortions. Here, an electron dose compensation strategy is presented to offset deleterious heating effects; the Decelerating Beam Exposure Algorithm, or DBEA, which corrects for nanowire bending a priori, during computer-aided design, uses an analytical solution derived from information gleaned from 3D nanoprinting simulations. Electron dose modulation is an ideal solution for artifact correction because variations in electron dose have no influence on temperature. Thus, the generalized compensation strategy revealed here will help advance 3D nanoscale printing fidelity for focused electron beam-induced deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason
D. Fowlkes
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes
(DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes
(DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010Graz, Austria
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010Graz, Austria
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11
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Fullerton J, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Donnelly C, Sanz-Hernández D, Skoric L, MacLaren DA, Fernández-Pacheco A. Controlled evolution of three-dimensional magnetic states in strongly coupled cylindrical nanowire pairs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:125301. [PMID: 36595337 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca9d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires are promising systems for the development of three-dimensional spintronic devices. Here, we simulate the evolution of magnetic states during fabrication of strongly-coupled cylindrical nanowires with varying degrees of overlap. By varying the separation between wires, the relative strength of exchange and magnetostatic coupling can be tuned. Hence, we observe the formation of six fundamental states as a function of both inter-wire separation and wire height. In particular, two complex three-dimensional magnetic states, a 3D Landau Pattern and a Helical domain wall, are observed to emerge for intermediate overlap. These two emergent states show complex spin configurations, including a modulated domain wall with both Néel and Bloch character. The competition of magnetic interactions and the parallel growth scheme we follow (growing both wires at the same time) favours the formation of these anti-parallel metastable states. This works shows how the engineering of strongly coupled 3D nanostructures with competing interactions can be used to create complex spin textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fullerton
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Sanz-Hernández
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - L Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D A MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Weisbecker H, Yin H, Liu Y, Han T, Guo Z, Berry M, Yang B, Guo X, Adams J, Xie Z, Bai W. 3D morphable systems via deterministic microfolding for vibrational sensing, robotic implants, and reconfigurable telecommunication. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade0838. [PMID: 36542721 PMCID: PMC9770994 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA and proteins fold in three dimensions (3D) to enable functions that sustain life. Emulation of such folding schemes for functional materials can unleash enormous potential in advancing a wide range of technologies, especially in robotics, medicine, and telecommunication. Here, we report a microfolding strategy that enables formation of 3D morphable microelectronic systems integrated with various functional materials, including monocrystalline silicon, metallic nanomembranes, and polymers. By predesigning folding hosts and configuring folding pathways, 3D microelectronic systems in freestanding forms can transform across various complex configurations with modulated functionalities. Nearly all transitional states of 3D microelectronic systems achieved via the microfolding assembly can be easily accessed and modulated in situ, offering functional versatility and adaptability. Advanced morphable microelectronic systems including a reconfigurable microantenna for customizable telecommunication, a 3D vibration sensor for hand-tremor monitoring, and a bloomable robot for cardiac mapping demonstrate broad utility of these assembly schemes to realize advanced functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zongwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Hannah Weisbecker
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Haifeng Yin
- MCAllister Heart Institute Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Tianhong Han
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Ziheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Matt Berry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Xu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Jacob Adams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Wubin Bai
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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13
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Weitzer A, Winkler R, Kuhness D, Kothleitner G, Plank H. Controlled Morphological Bending of 3D-FEBID Structures via Electron Beam Curing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4246. [PMID: 36500873 PMCID: PMC9737864 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is one of the few additive, direct-write manufacturing techniques capable of depositing complex 3D nanostructures. In this work, we explore post-growth electron beam curing (EBC) of such platinum-based FEBID deposits, where free-standing, sheet-like elements were deformed in a targeted manner by local irradiation without precursor gas present. This process diminishes the volumes of exposed regions and alters nano-grain sizes, which was comprehensively characterized by SEM, TEM and AFM and complemented by Monte Carlo simulations. For obtaining controlled and reproducible conditions for smooth, stable morphological bending, a wide range of parameters were varied, which will here be presented as a first step towards using local EBC as a tool to realize even more complex nano-architectures, beyond current 3D-FEBID capabilities, such as overhanging structures. We thereby open up a new prospect for future applications in research and development that could even be further developed towards functional imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Weitzer
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes, Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Kuhness
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes, Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes, Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Skoric L, Donnelly C, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Cascales Sandoval MA, Ruiz-Gómez S, Foerster M, Niño MA, Belkhou R, Abert C, Suess D, Fernández-Pacheco A. Domain Wall Automotion in Three-Dimensional Magnetic Helical Interconnectors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8860-8868. [PMID: 35580039 PMCID: PMC9245342 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental limits currently faced by traditional computing devices necessitate the exploration of ways to store, compute, and transmit information going beyond the current CMOS-based technologies. Here, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic interconnector that exploits geometry-driven automotion of domain walls (DWs), for the transfer of magnetic information between functional magnetic planes. By combining state-of-the-art 3D nanoprinting and standard physical vapor deposition, we prototype 3D helical DW conduits. We observe the automotion of DWs by imaging their magnetic state under different field sequences using X-ray microscopy, observing a robust unidirectional motion of DWs from the bottom to the top of the spirals. From experiments and micromagnetic simulations, we determine that the large thickness gradients present in the structure are the main mechanism for 3D DW automotion. We obtain direct evidence of how this tailorable magnetic energy gradient is imprinted in the devices, and how it competes with pinning effects that are due to local changes in the energy landscape. Our work also predicts how this effect could lead to high DW velocities, reaching the Walker limit during automotion. This work demonstrates a possible mechanism for efficient transfer of magnetic information in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Skoric
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- E-mail: (L. Skoric)
| | - Claire Donnelly
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aurelio Hierro-Rodriguez
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Depto.
Física, Universidad de Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Ruiz-Gómez
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Michael Foerster
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Niño
- ALBA
Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rachid Belkhou
- SOLEIL
Synchrotron, L’ormes
des Merisiers, Saint Aubin
BP-48, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Claas Abert
- Faculty of
Physics, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Suess
- Faculty of
Physics, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- Insituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA). CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- E-mail: (A. Fernández-Pacheco)
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15
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Utke I, Swiderek P, Höflich K, Madajska K, Jurczyk J, Martinović P, Szymańska I. Coordination and organometallic precursors of group 10 and 11: Focused electron beam induced deposition of metals and insight gained from chemical vapour deposition, atomic layer deposition, and fundamental surface and gas phase studies. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting Materials and Devices Grown by Focused Ion and Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1367. [PMID: 35458074 PMCID: PMC9029853 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1911, superconductivity has represented an equally inciting and fascinating field of study in several areas of physics and materials science, ranging from its most fundamental theoretical understanding, to its practical application in different areas of engineering. The fabrication of superconducting materials can be downsized to the nanoscale by means of Focused Ion/Electron Beam Induced Deposition: nanopatterning techniques that make use of a focused beam of ions or electrons to decompose a gaseous precursor in a single step. Overcoming the need to use a resist, these approaches allow for targeted, highly-flexible nanopatterning of nanostructures with lateral resolution in the range of 10 nm to 30 nm. In this review, the fundamentals of these nanofabrication techniques are presented, followed by a literature revision on the published work that makes use of them to grow superconducting materials, the most remarkable of which are based on tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, carbon, and lead. Several examples of the application of these materials to functional devices are presented, related to the superconducting proximity effect, vortex dynamics, electric-field effect, and to the nanofabrication of Josephson junctions and nanoSQUIDs. Owing to the patterning flexibility they offer, both of these techniques represent a powerful and convenient approach towards both fundamental and applied research in superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Fang C, Xing Y. Investigation of the Shadow Effect in Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060905. [PMID: 35335717 PMCID: PMC8955986 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the precursor gas flow in the focused ion beam induced deposition process, a shadow effect appears behind the shading structures. This article carries out experiments with phenanthrene as the precursor gas and establishes a numerical model to define the shadow area and estimate the intensity of the shadow effect, considering the morphology of shading structure, the beam shift, and the nozzle parameters. Within the shadow area, the precursor molecule adsorption contribution is estimated by calculating the fraction of precursor gas flow in a specific direction. Finally, the number of precursor molecules within the beam impact area influenced by the shadow effect is obtained, emphasizing the important role of gas surface diffusion. The adsorption contribution within the shadow area differs a lot while deposited structures are similar in height. The error between the simulation and the experimental results is about 5%, verifying the accuracy of the proposed model.
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18
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Sheka DD, Pylypovskyi OV, Volkov OM, Yershov KV, Kravchuk VP, Makarov D. Fundamentals of Curvilinear Ferromagnetism: Statics and Dynamics of Geometrically Curved Wires and Narrow Ribbons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105219. [PMID: 35044074 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional magnetic architectures including wires and thin films are key enablers of prospective ultrafast and energy efficient memory, logic, and sensor devices relying on spin-orbitronic and magnonic concepts. Curvilinear magnetism emerged as a novel approach in material science, which allows tailoring of the fundamental anisotropic and chiral responses relying on the geometrical curvature of magnetic architectures. Much attention is dedicated to magnetic wires of Möbius, helical, or DNA-like double helical shapes, which act as prototypical objects for the exploration of the fundamentals of curvilinear magnetism. Although there is a bulk number of original publications covering fabrication, characterization, and theory of magnetic wires, there is no comprehensive review of the theoretical framework of how to describe these architectures. Here, theoretical activities on the topic of curvilinear magnetic wires and narrow nanoribbons are summarized, providing a systematic review of the emergent interactions and novel physical effects caused by the curvature. Prospective research directions of curvilinear spintronics and spin-orbitronics are discussed, the fundamental framework for curvilinear magnonics are outlined, and mechanically flexible curvilinear architectures for soft robotics are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis D Sheka
- Faculty of Radiophysics, Electronics and Computer Systems, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kostiantyn V Yershov
- Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung, IFW Dresden, 01171, Dresden, Germany
- Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr P Kravchuk
- Institut für Theoretische Festkörperphysik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Donnelly C, Hierro-Rodríguez A, Abert C, Witte K, Skoric L, Sanz-Hernández D, Finizio S, Meng F, McVitie S, Raabe J, Suess D, Cowburn R, Fernández-Pacheco A. Complex free-space magnetic field textures induced by three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:136-142. [PMID: 34931031 PMCID: PMC8850196 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The design of complex, competing effects in magnetic systems-be it via the introduction of nonlinear interactions1-4, or the patterning of three-dimensional geometries5,6-is an emerging route to achieve new functionalities. In particular, through the design of three-dimensional geometries and curvature, intrastructure properties such as anisotropy and chirality, both geometry-induced and intrinsic, can be directly controlled, leading to a host of new physics and functionalities, such as three-dimensional chiral spin states7, ultrafast chiral domain wall dynamics8-10 and spin textures with new spin topologies7,11. Here, we advance beyond the control of intrastructure properties in three dimensions and tailor the magnetostatic coupling of neighbouring magnetic structures, an interstructure property that allows us to generate complex textures in the magnetic stray field. For this, we harness direct write nanofabrication techniques, creating intertwined nanomagnetic cobalt double helices, where curvature, torsion, chirality and magnetic coupling are jointly exploited. By reconstructing the three-dimensional vectorial magnetic state of the double helices with soft-X-ray magnetic laminography12,13, we identify the presence of a regular array of highly coupled locked domain wall pairs in neighbouring helices. Micromagnetic simulations reveal that the magnetization configuration leads to the formation of an array of complex textures in the magnetic induction, consisting of vortices in the magnetization and antivortices in free space, which together form an effective B field cross-tie wall14. The design and creation of complex three-dimensional magnetic field nanotextures opens new possibilities for smart materials15, unconventional computing2,16, particle trapping17,18 and magnetic imaging19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Donnelly
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Aurelio Hierro-Rodríguez
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Claas Abert
- University of Vienna Research Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Witte
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Berlin Partner für Wirtschaft und Technologie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Simone Finizio
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Fanfan Meng
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen McVitie
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Suess
- University of Vienna Research Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, Vienna, Austria
| | - Russell Cowburn
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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21
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Magnetic Functionalization of Scanning Probes by Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition Technology. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructures with high resolution and precise control of the deposition site makes Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) a unique nanolithography process. In the case of magnetic materials, apart from the FEBID potential in standard substrates for multiple applications in data storage and logic, the use of this technology for the growth of nanomagnets on different types of scanning probes opens new paths in magnetic sensing, becoming a benchmark for magnetic functionalization. This work reviews the recent advances in the integration of FEBID magnetic nanostructures onto cantilevers to produce advanced magnetic sensing devices with unprecedented performance.
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22
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Hosseinpour S, Nanda A, Walsh LJ, Xu C. Microbial Decontamination and Antibacterial Activity of Nanostructured Titanium Dental Implants: A Narrative Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2336. [PMID: 34578650 PMCID: PMC8471155 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is the major cause of the failure of dental implants. Since dental implants have become one of the main therapies for teeth loss, the number of patients with peri-implant diseases has been rising. Like the periodontal diseases that affect the supporting tissues of the teeth, peri-implant diseases are also associated with the formation of dental plaque biofilm, and resulting inflammation and destruction of the gingival tissues and bone. Treatments for peri-implantitis are focused on reducing the bacterial load in the pocket around the implant, and in decontaminating surfaces once bacteria have been detached. Recently, nanoengineered titanium dental implants have been introduced to improve osteointegration and provide an osteoconductive surface; however, the increased surface roughness raises issues of biofilm formation and more challenging decontamination of the implant surface. This paper reviews treatment modalities that are carried out to eliminate bacterial biofilms and slow their regrowth in terms of their advantages and disadvantages when used on titanium dental implant surfaces with nanoscale features. Such decontamination methods include physical debridement, chemo-mechanical treatments, laser ablation and photodynamic therapy, and electrochemical processes. There is a consensus that the efficient removal of the biofilm supplemented by chemical debridement and full access to the pocket is essential for treating peri-implantitis in clinical settings. Moreover, there is the potential to create ideal nano-modified titanium implants which exert antimicrobial actions and inhibit biofilm formation. Methods to achieve this include structural and surface changes via chemical and physical processes that alter the surface morphology and confer antibacterial properties. These have shown promise in preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurence J. Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.H.); (A.N.)
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.H.); (A.N.)
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23
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Fabrication of a 3D Nanomagnetic Circuit with Multi-Layered Materials for Applications in Spintronics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080859. [PMID: 34442480 PMCID: PMC8398024 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spintronic devices are attracting significant research interest due to their potential for both fundamental studies and computing applications. However, their implementations face great challenges regarding not only the fabrication of 3D nanomagnets with high quality materials, but also their integration into 2D microelectronic circuits. In this study, we developed a new fabrication process to facilitate the efficient integration of both non-planar 3D geometries and high-quality multi-layered magnetic materials to prototype 3D spintronic devices, as a first step to investigate new physical effects in such systems. Specifically, we exploited 3D nanoprinting, physical vapour deposition and lithographic techniques to realise a 3D nanomagnetic circuit based on a nanobridge geometry, coated with high quality Ta/CoFeB/Ta layers. The successful establishment of this 3D circuit was verified through magnetotransport measurements in combination with micromagnetic simulations and finite element modelling. This fabrication process provides new capabilities for the realisation of a greater variety of 3D nanomagnetic circuits, which will facilitate the understanding and exploitation of 3D spintronic systems.
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24
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Hinum-Wagner J, Kuhness D, Kothleitner G, Winkler R, Plank H. FEBID 3D-Nanoprinting at Low Substrate Temperatures: Pushing the Speed While Keeping the Quality. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061527. [PMID: 34207654 PMCID: PMC8229455 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-fidelity 3D printing of nanoscale objects is an increasing relevant but challenging task. Among the few fabrication techniques, focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) has demonstrated its high potential due to its direct-write character, nanoscale capabilities in 3D space and a very high design flexibility. A limitation, however, is the low fabrication speed, which often restricts 3D-FEBID for the fabrication of single objects. In this study, we approach that challenge by reducing the substrate temperatures with a homemade Peltier stage and investigate the effects on Pt based 3D deposits in a temperature range of 5–30 °C. The findings reveal a volume growth rate boost up to a factor of 5.6, while the shape fidelity in 3D space is maintained. From a materials point of view, the internal nanogranular composition is practically unaffected down to 10 °C, followed by a slight grain size increase for even lower temperatures. The study is complemented by a comprehensive discussion about the growth mechanism for a more general picture. The combined findings demonstrate that FEBID on low substrate temperatures is not only much faster, but practically free of drawbacks during high fidelity 3D nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hinum-Wagner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct–Write Fabrication of 3D Nano–Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.H.-W.); (D.K.)
| | - David Kuhness
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct–Write Fabrication of 3D Nano–Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.H.-W.); (D.K.)
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct–Write Fabrication of 3D Nano–Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.H.-W.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct–Write Fabrication of 3D Nano–Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.H.-W.); (D.K.)
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (H.P.)
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25
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Abstract
Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are among the most intractable and costly complications in implant surgery. They can lead to surgery failure, a high economic burden, and a decrease in patient quality of life. This manuscript is devoted to introducing current antimicrobial strategies for additively manufactured (AM) titanium (Ti) implants and fostering a better understanding in order to pave the way for potential modern high-throughput technologies. Most bactericidal strategies rely on implant structure design and surface modification. By means of rational structural design, the performance of AM Ti implants can be improved by maintaining a favorable balance between the mechanical, osteogenic, and antibacterial properties. This subject becomes even more important when working with complex geometries; therefore, it is necessary to select appropriate surface modification techniques, including both topological and chemical modification. Antibacterial active metal and antibiotic coatings are among the most commonly used chemical modifications in AM Ti implants. These surface modifications can successfully inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and bacterial apoptosis, leading to improved antibacterial properties. As a result of certain issues such as drug resistance and cytotoxicity, the development of novel and alternative antimicrobial strategies is urgently required. In this regard, the present review paper provides insights into the enhancement of bactericidal properties in AM Ti implants.
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26
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Meng F, Donnelly C, Abert C, Skoric L, Holmes S, Xiao Z, Liao JW, Newton PJ, Barnes CH, Sanz-Hernández D, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Suess D, Cowburn RP, Fernández-Pacheco A. Non-Planar Geometrical Effects on the Magnetoelectrical Signal in a Three-Dimensional Nanomagnetic Circuit. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6765-6773. [PMID: 33848131 PMCID: PMC8155340 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Expanding nanomagnetism and spintronics into three dimensions (3D) offers great opportunities for both fundamental and technological studies. However, probing the influence of complex 3D geometries on magnetoelectrical phenomena poses important experimental and theoretical challenges. In this work, we investigate the magnetoelectrical signals of a ferromagnetic 3D nanodevice integrated into a microelectronic circuit using direct-write nanofabrication. Due to the 3D vectorial nature of both electrical current and magnetization, a complex superposition of several magnetoelectrical effects takes place. By performing electrical measurements under the application of 3D magnetic fields, in combination with macrospin simulations and finite element modeling, we disentangle the superimposed effects, finding how a 3D geometry leads to unusual angular dependences of well-known magnetotransport effects such as the anomalous Hall effect. Crucially, our analysis also reveals a strong role of the noncollinear demagnetizing fields intrinsic to 3D nanostructures, which results in an angular dependent magnon magnetoresistance contributing strongly to the total magnetoelectrical signal. These findings are key to the understanding of 3D spintronic systems and underpin further fundamental and device-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Meng
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Claire Donnelly
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Claas Abert
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research
Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Stuart Holmes
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London, WC1H 0AH, U.K.
| | - Zhuocong Xiao
- Nanoscience
Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, U.K.
| | - Jung-Wei Liao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Newton
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | | | - Dédalo Sanz-Hernández
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, 91767, France
| | - Aurelio Hierro-Rodriguez
- Depto.
Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, 33007, Spain
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Dieter Suess
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research
Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K.
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27
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Magén C, Pablo-Navarro J, De Teresa JM. Focused-Electron-Beam Engineering of 3D Magnetic Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020402. [PMID: 33557442 PMCID: PMC7914621 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is the ultimate additive nanofabrication technique for the growth of 3D nanostructures. In the field of nanomagnetism and its technological applications, FEBID could be a viable solution to produce future high-density, low-power, fast nanoelectronic devices based on the domain wall conduit in 3D nanomagnets. While FEBID has demonstrated the flexibility to produce 3D nanostructures with almost any shape and geometry, the basic physical properties of these out-of-plane deposits are often seriously degraded from their bulk counterparts due to the presence of contaminants. This work reviews the experimental efforts to understand and control the physical processes involved in 3D FEBID growth of nanomagnets. Co and Fe FEBID straight vertical nanowires have been used as benchmark geometry to tailor their dimensions, microstructure, composition and magnetism by smartly tuning the growth parameters, post-growth purification treatments and heterostructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-876-555369; Fax: +34-976-762-776
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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28
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Liu J, Liu J, Attarilar S, Wang C, Tamaddon M, Yang C, Xie K, Yao J, Wang L, Liu C, Tang Y. Nano-Modified Titanium Implant Materials: A Way Toward Improved Antibacterial Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:576969. [PMID: 33330415 PMCID: PMC7719827 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.576969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys have superb biocompatibility, low elastic modulus, and favorable corrosion resistance. These exceptional properties lead to its wide use as a medical implant material. Titanium itself does not have antibacterial properties, so bacteria can gather and adhere to its surface resulting in infection issues. The infection is among the main reasons for implant failure in orthopedic surgeries. Nano-modification, as one of the good options, has the potential to induce different degrees of antibacterial effect on the surface of implant materials. At the same time, the nano-modification procedure and the produced nanostructures should not adversely affect the osteogenic activity, and it should simultaneously lead to favorable antibacterial properties on the surface of the implant. This article scrutinizes and deals with the surface nano-modification of titanium implant materials from three aspects: nanostructures formation procedures, nanomaterials loading, and nano-morphology. In this regard, the research progress on the antibacterial properties of various surface nano-modification of titanium implant materials and the related procedures are introduced, and the new trends will be discussed in order to improve the related materials and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Shokouh Attarilar
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Maryam Tamaddon
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Orthopaedic Science, University College London, The Royal National National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Chengliang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Kegong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Orthopaedic Science, University College London, The Royal National National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Yujin Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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29
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Pip P, Donnelly C, Döbeli M, Gunderson C, Heyderman LJ, Philippe L. Electroless Deposition of Ni-Fe Alloys on Scaffolds for 3D Nanomagnetism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004099. [PMID: 33025737 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3D magnetic nanostructures are of great interest due to the possibility to design novel properties and the benefits for both technological applications such as high-density data storage, as well as more fundamental studies. One of the main challenges facing the realization of these three-dimensional systems is their fabrication, which includes the deposition of magnetic materials on 3D surfaces. In this work, the electroless deposition of Ni-Fe on a 3D-printed, non-conductive microstructure is presented. The deposited films exhibit low coercivity, with the saturation magnetization and composition corresponding to the archetypal soft magnetic material permalloy. For fundamental studies of 3D micromagnetism, this new development in fabrication offers the possibility to combine the flexibility of 3D nanofabrication techniques such as two-photon lithography for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds with a homogeneous soft ferromagnetic thin film, and thus represents an important step toward exploring the rich physics of complex 3D magnetic architectures with tailored properties and the development of advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petai Pip
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), Thun, 3602, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Claire Donnelly
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HT, UK
| | - Max Döbeli
- Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Gunderson
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), Thun, 3602, Switzerland
| | - Laura J Heyderman
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), Thun, 3602, Switzerland
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30
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Bunyaev SA, Vovk NR, Navas D, Gruszecki P, Krawczyk M, Sachser R, Huth M, Chumak AV, Guslienko KY, Kakazei GN. Spin-wave spectroscopy of individual ferromagnetic nanodisks. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21207-21217. [PMID: 33057527 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07015g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for nanoscale magnetic devices requires development of 3D magnetic nanostructures. In this regard, focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a technique of choice for direct-writing of complex nano-architectures with applications in nanomagnetism, magnon spintronics, and superconducting electronics. However, intrinsic properties of nanomagnets are often poorly known and can hardly be assessed by local optical probe techniques. Here, an original spatially resolved approach is demonstrated for spin-wave spectroscopy of individual circular magnetic elements with sample volumes down to about 10-3 μm3. The key component of the setup is a coplanar waveguide whose microsized central part is placed over a movable substrate with well-separated CoFe-FEBID nanodisks which exhibit standing spin-wave resonances. The circular symmetry of the disks allows for the deduction of the saturation magnetization and the exchange stiffness of the material using an analytical theory. A good correspondence between the results of analytical calculations and micromagnetic simulations is revealed, indicating a validity of the used analytical model going beyond the initial thin-disk approximation used in the theoretical derivation. The presented approach is especially valuable for the characterization of direct-write magnetic elements opening new horizons for 3D nanomagnetism and magnonics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey A Bunyaev
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nikolay R Vovk
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and Department of Physics, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - David Navas
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pawel Gruszecki
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St. 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland and Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mariana Smoluchowskiego St. 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St. 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Roland Sachser
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrii V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Konstantin Y Guslienko
- Division de Fisica de Materiales, Depto. Polimeros y Materiales Avanzados: Fisica, Quimica y Tecnologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, Paseo M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain and IKERBASQUE, the Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gleb N Kakazei
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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31
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Skoric L, De Teresa JM, Pablo-Navarro J, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3774. [PMID: 32859076 PMCID: PMC7503546 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Sanz-Hernández D, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Donnelly C, Pablo-Navarro J, Sorrentino A, Pereiro E, Magén C, McVitie S, de Teresa JM, Ferrer S, Fischer P, Fernández-Pacheco A. Artificial Double-Helix for Geometrical Control of Magnetic Chirality. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8084-8092. [PMID: 32633492 PMCID: PMC7497658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chirality plays a major role in nature, from particle physics to DNA, and its control is much sought-after due to the scientific and technological opportunities it unlocks. For magnetic materials, chiral interactions between spins promote the formation of sophisticated swirling magnetic states such as skyrmions, with rich topological properties and great potential for future technologies. Currently, chiral magnetism requires either a restricted group of natural materials or synthetic thin-film systems that exploit interfacial effects. Here, using state-of-the-art nanofabrication and magnetic X-ray microscopy, we demonstrate the imprinting of complex chiral spin states via three-dimensional geometric effects at the nanoscale. By balancing dipolar and exchange interactions in an artificial ferromagnetic double-helix nanostructure, we create magnetic domains and domain walls with a well-defined spin chirality, determined solely by the chiral geometry. We further demonstrate the ability to create confined 3D spin textures and topological defects by locally interfacing geometries of opposite chirality. The ability to create chiral spin textures via 3D nanopatterning alone enables exquisite control over the properties and location of complex topological magnetic states, of great importance for the development of future metamaterials and devices in which chirality provides enhanced functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dédalo Sanz-Hernández
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Aurelio Hierro-Rodriguez
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
- CINN
(CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| | - Claire Donnelly
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Eva Pereiro
- ALBA
Synchrotron, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - César Magén
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stephen McVitie
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - José María de Teresa
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de
Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Peter Fischer
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physics
Department, University of California Santa
Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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33
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Belianinov A, Burch MJ, Ievlev A, Kim S, Stanford MG, Mahady K, Lewis BB, Fowlkes JD, Rack PD, Ovchinnikova OS. Direct Write of 3D Nanoscale Mesh Objects with Platinum Precursor via Focused Helium Ion Beam Induced Deposition. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E527. [PMID: 32455865 PMCID: PMC7281202 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The next generation optical, electronic, biological, and sensing devices as well as platforms will inevitably extend their architecture into the 3rd dimension to enhance functionality. In focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID), a helium gas field ion source can be used with an organometallic precursor gas to fabricate nanoscale structures in 3D with high-precision and smaller critical dimensions than focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), traditional liquid metal source FIBID, or other additive manufacturing technology. In this work, we report the effect of beam current, dwell time, and pixel pitch on the resultant segment and angle growth for nanoscale 3D mesh objects. We note subtle beam heating effects, which impact the segment angle and the feature size. Additionally, we investigate the competition of material deposition and sputtering during the 3D FIBID process, with helium ion microscopy experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show complex 3D mesh structures measuring ~300 nm in the largest dimension, with individual features as small as 16 nm at full width half maximum (FWHM). These assemblies can be completed in minutes, with the underlying fabrication technology compatible with existing lithographic techniques, suggesting a higher-throughput pathway to integrating FIBID with established nanofabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Belianinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
| | - Matthew J. Burch
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
| | - Anton Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
| | - Songkil Kim
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Michael G. Stanford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Kyle Mahady
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Brett B. Lewis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Jason D. Fowlkes
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Olga S. Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
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Hunt M, Taverne M, Askey J, May A, Van Den Berg A, Ho YLD, Rarity J, Ladak S. Harnessing Multi-Photon Absorption to Produce Three-Dimensional Magnetic Structures at the Nanoscale. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030761. [PMID: 32046068 PMCID: PMC7041506 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional nanostructured magnetic materials have recently been the topic of intense interest since they provide access to a host of new physical phenomena. Examples include new spin textures that exhibit topological protection, magnetochiral effects and novel ultrafast magnetic phenomena such as the spin-Cherenkov effect. Two-photon lithography is a powerful methodology that is capable of realising 3D polymer nanostructures on the scale of 100 nm. Combining this with postprocessing and deposition methodologies allows 3D magnetic nanostructures of arbitrary geometry to be produced. In this article, the physics of two-photon lithography is first detailed, before reviewing the studies to date that have exploited this fabrication route. The article then moves on to consider how non-linear optical techniques and post-processing solutions can be used to realise structures with a feature size below 100 nm, before comparing two-photon lithography with other direct write methodologies and providing a discussion on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hunt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (M.H.); (J.A.); (A.M.); (A.V.D.B.)
| | - Mike Taverne
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; (M.T.); (Y.-L.D.H.); (J.R.)
| | - Joseph Askey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (M.H.); (J.A.); (A.M.); (A.V.D.B.)
| | - Andrew May
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (M.H.); (J.A.); (A.M.); (A.V.D.B.)
| | - Arjen Van Den Berg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (M.H.); (J.A.); (A.M.); (A.V.D.B.)
| | - Ying-Lung Daniel Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; (M.T.); (Y.-L.D.H.); (J.R.)
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - John Rarity
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; (M.T.); (Y.-L.D.H.); (J.R.)
| | - Sam Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; (M.H.); (J.A.); (A.M.); (A.V.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Huth M, Porrati F, Gruszka P, Barth S. Temperature-Dependent Growth Characteristics of Nb- and CoFe-Based Nanostructures by Direct-Write Using Focused Electron Beam-Induced Deposition. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010028. [PMID: 31881650 PMCID: PMC7019710 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron and ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID) are direct-write techniques with particular advantages in three-dimensional (3D) fabrication of ferromagnetic or superconducting nanostructures. Recently, two novel precursors, HCo3Fe(CO)12 and Nb(NMe3)2(N-t-Bu), were introduced, resulting in fully metallic CoFe ferromagnetic alloys by FEBID and superconducting NbC by FIBID, respectively. In order to properly define the writing strategy for the fabrication of 3D structures using these precursors, their temperature-dependent average residence time on the substrate and growing deposit needs to be known. This is a prerequisite for employing the simulation-guided 3D computer aided design (CAD) approach to FEBID/FIBID, which was introduced recently. We fabricated a series of rectangular-shaped deposits by FEBID at different substrate temperatures between 5 °C and 24 °C using the precursors and extracted the activation energy for precursor desorption and the pre-exponential factor from the measured heights of the deposits using the continuum growth model of FEBID based on the reaction-diffusion equation for the adsorbed precursor.
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Fowlkes JD, Winkler R, Mutunga E, Rack PD, Plank H. Simulation Informed CAD for 3D Nanoprinting. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010008. [PMID: 31861480 PMCID: PMC7020084 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A promising 3D nanoprinting method, used to deposit nanoscale mesh style objects, is prone to non-linear distortions which limits the complexity and variety of deposit geometries. The method, focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID), uses a nanoscale electron probe for continuous dissociation of surface adsorbed precursor molecules which drives highly localized deposition. Three dimensional objects are deposited using a 2D digital scanning pattern—the digital beam speed controls deposition into the third, or out-of-plane dimension. Multiple computer-aided design (CAD) programs exist for FEBID mesh object definition but rely on the definition of nodes and interconnecting linear nanowires. Thus, a method is needed to prevent non-linear/bending nanowires for accurate geometric synthesis. An analytical model is derived based on simulation results, calibrated using real experiments, to ensure linear nanowire deposition to compensate for implicit beam heating that takes place during FEBID. The model subsequently compensates and informs the exposure file containing the pixel-by-pixel scanning instructions, ensuring nanowire linearity by appropriately adjusting the patterning beam speeds. The derivation of the model is presented, based on a critical mass balance revealed by simulations and the strategy used to integrate the physics-based analytical model into an existing 3D nanoprinting CAD program is overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Fowlkes
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +865-223-2902
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes, Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Eva Mutunga
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes, Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
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