1
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Volta TT, Walters SN, Martin CR. Effect of Organic Cation Adsorption on Ion-Transport Selectivity in a Cation-Permselective Nanopore Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10825-10833. [PMID: 38700247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A key knowledge gap in the emerging field of nanofluidics concerns how the ionic composition and ion-transport properties of a nanoconfined solution differ from those of a contacting bulk solution. We and others have been using potentiometric concentration cells, where a nanopore or nanotube membrane separates salt solutions of differing concentrations to explore this issue. The membranes studied contained a fixed pore/tube wall anionic charge, which ideally would prohibit anions and salt from entering the pore/tube-confined solution. We have been investigating experimental conditions that allow for this ideally permselective cation state to be achieved. Results of potentiometric investigations of a polymeric nanopore membrane (10 ± 2 nm-diameter pores) with anionic charge due to carbonate are presented here. While studies of this type have been reported using alkaline metal and alkaline earth cations, there have been no analogous studies using organic cations. This paper uses a homologous series of tetraalkylammonium ions to address this knowledge gap. The key result is that, in contrast to the inorganic cations, the ideal cation-permselective state could not be obtained under any experimental conditions for the organic cations. We propose that this is because these hydrophobic cations adsorb onto the polymeric pore walls. This makes ideality impossible because each adsorbed alkylammonium must bring a charge-balancing anion, Cl-, with it into the nanopore solution. The alkylammonium adsorption that occurred was confirmed and quantified by using surface contact angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Volta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Stevie N Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Charles R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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2
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Li JY, Wang ZB, Xu ZP, Xiao DD, Gu L, Wang H. Modes of Nanodroplet Formation and Growth on an Ultrathin Water Film. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3732-3741. [PMID: 38568211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Using nanobubbles as geometrical confinements, we create a thin water film (∼10 nm) in a graphene liquid cell and investigate the evolution of its instability at the nanoscale under transmission electron microscopy. The breakdown of the water films, resulting in the subsequent formation and growth of nanodroplets, is visualized and generalized into different modes. We identified distinct droplet formation and growth modes by analyzing the dynamic processes involving 61 droplets and 110 liquid bridges within 31 Graphene Liquid Cells (GLCs). Droplet formation is influenced by their positions in GLCs, taking on a semicircular shape at the edge and a circular shape in the middle. Growth modes include liquid mass transfer driven by Plateau-Rayleigh instability and merging processes in and out-of-plane of the graphene interface. Droplet growth can lead to the formation of liquid bridges for which we obtain multiview projections. Data analysis reveals the general dynamics of liquid bridges, including drawing liquids from neighboring residual water films, merging with surrounding droplets, and merging with other liquid bridges. Our experimental observations provide insights into fluid transport at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ye Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Bing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Dong Xiao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lin Gu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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3
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Escobar J, Molina J, Gil-Santos E, Ruz JJ, Malvar Ó, Kosaka PM, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. Nanomechanical Sensing for Mass Flow Control in Nanowire-Based Open Nanofluidic Systems. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21044-21055. [PMID: 37903505 PMCID: PMC10655260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Open nanofluidic systems, where liquids flow along the outer surface of nanoscale structures, provide otherwise unfeasible capabilities for extremely miniaturized liquid handling applications. A critical step toward fully functional applications is to obtain quantitative mass flow control. We demonstrate the application of nanomechanical sensing for this purpose by integrating voltage-driven liquid flow along nanowire open channels with mass detection based on flexural resonators. This approach is validated by assembling the nanowires with microcantilever resonators, enabling high-precision control of larger flows, and by using the nanowires as resonators themselves, allowing extremely small liquid volume handling. Both implementations are demonstrated by characterizing voltage-driven flow of ionic liquids along the surface of the nanowires. We find a voltage range where mass flow rate follows a nonlinear monotonic increase, establishing a steady flow regime for which we show mass flow control at rates from below 1 ag/s to above 100 fg/s and precise liquid handling down to the zeptoliter scale. The observed behavior of mass flow rate is consistent with a voltage-induced transition from static wetting to dynamic spreading as the mechanism underlying liquid transport along the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier
E. Escobar
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Molina
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Ruz
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Malvar
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M. Kosaka
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Peng XY(L, Peng L, Guo Y. Manipulating nanoliter fluid circuits on an all-glass chip by the magnetic field. iScience 2023; 26:107659. [PMID: 37680486 PMCID: PMC10481363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Actively controlled nanoliter fluid circuits are an urgently needed technology in electronics, biomedicine, chemical synthesis, and biosensing. The difficulty lies in how to drive the microfluid in an isolated and airtight manner in glass wafer. We used a magnetic oscillator pump to realize the switching of the circulation direction and controlling the flow rate of the 10nL fluid. Results of two-dimensional numerical simulations shows that the flow field can reach a steady state and a stable flow can be obtained. The contribution of each vibration cycle to the flow rate is proportional to the frequency, decays exponentially with the viscosity, is proportional to the 4.2 power of the amplitude, and is proportional to the radius. Compared with the existing fluid technology, this technology realizes the steering and flow control of a fully enclosed magnetic control fluid circuit as small as 10nL in hard materials for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linghan Peng
- Biology Department, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Biology Department, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
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5
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Chen F, Zhao Y, Saxena A, Zhao C, Niu M, Aluru NR, Feng J. Inducing Electric Current in Graphene Using Ionic Flow. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4464-4470. [PMID: 37154839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Classical nanofluidic frameworks account for the confined fluid and ion transport under an electrostatic field at the solid-liquid interface, but the electronic property of the solid is often overlooked. Harvesting the interaction of the nanofluidic transport with the electron transport in solid requires a route effectively coupling ion and electron dynamics. Here we report a nanofluidic analogy of Coulomb drag for exploring the dynamic ion-electron interactions at the liquid-graphene interface. An induced electric current in graphene by ionic flow with no bias directly applied to the graphene channel is observed experimentally, featuring an opposite electron current direction to the ion current. Our experiments and ab initio calculations show that the current generation stems from the confined ion-electron interactions via a nanofluidic Coulomb drag mechanism. Our findings may open up a new dimension for nanofluidics and transport control by ion-electron coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yunhong Zhao
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Anshul Saxena
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mengdi Niu
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Research Institute of Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, China
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6
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Photosensitive ion channels in layered MXene membranes modified with plasmonic gold nanostars and cellulose nanofibers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:359. [PMID: 36690639 PMCID: PMC9870870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels transduce external stimuli into ion-transport-mediated signaling, which has received considerable attention in diverse fields such as sensors, energy harvesting devices, and desalination membrane. In this work, we present a photosensitive ion channel based on plasmonic gold nanostars (AuNSs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) embedded in layered MXene nanosheets. The MXene/AuNS/CNF (MAC) membrane provides subnanometer-sized ionic pathways for light-sensitive cationic flow. When the MAC nanochannel is exposed to NIR light, a photothermal gradient is formed, which induces directional photothermo-osmotic flow of nanoconfined electrolyte against the thermal gradient and produces a net ionic current. MAC membrane exhibits enhanced photothermal current compared with pristine MXene, which is attributed to the combined photothermal effects of plasmonic AuNSs and MXene and the widened interspacing of the MAC composite via the hydrophilic nanofibrils. The MAC composite membranes are envisioned to be applied in flexible ionic channels with ionogels and light-controlled ionic circuits.
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7
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Jakšić Z, Obradov M, Jakšić O. Bio-Inspired Nanomembranes as Building Blocks for Nanophotonics, Plasmonics and Metamaterials. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040222. [PMID: 36546922 PMCID: PMC9775387 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomembranes are the most widespread building block of life, as they encompass cell and organelle walls. Their synthetic counterparts can be described as freestanding or free-floating structures thinner than 100 nm, down to monatomic/monomolecular thickness and with giant lateral aspect ratios. The structural confinement to quasi-2D sheets causes a multitude of unexpected and often counterintuitive properties. This has resulted in synthetic nanomembranes transiting from a mere scientific curiosity to a position where novel applications are emerging at an ever-accelerating pace. Among wide fields where their use has proven itself most fruitful are nano-optics and nanophotonics. However, the authors are unaware of a review covering the nanomembrane use in these important fields. Here, we present an attempt to survey the state of the art of nanomembranes in nanophotonics, including photonic crystals, plasmonics, metasurfaces, and nanoantennas, with an accent on some advancements that appeared within the last few years. Unlimited by the Nature toolbox, we can utilize a practically infinite number of available materials and methods and reach numerous properties not met in biological membranes. Thus, nanomembranes in nano-optics can be described as real metastructures, exceeding the known materials and opening pathways to a wide variety of novel functionalities.
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8
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Zhou H, Li W, Yu P. Carbon Nanotubes-Based Nanofluidic Devices: Fabrication, Property and Application. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200126. [PMID: 36351756 PMCID: PMC9646450 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanofluidics, more and more unexpected behaviors and bizarre properties have been discovered, which brings more possibility to solve the water and energy problem. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with nanoscale diameter and ultrasmooth hydrophobic surface provide strong confinement and unusual water-carbon couple which lead to many exotic properties, such as flow enhancement, strong ion exclusion, ultrafast proton transport and phase transition. This article reviews the recent progresses of CNT-based nanofluidic devices in fabrication, property, and applications. Moreover, challenges and opportunities of the CNT-based nanofluidic devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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9
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Abstract
Ion pumps are important membrane-spanning transporters that pump ions against the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. In biological systems, ion pumping is essential to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure, to respond to external stimuli, and to regulate physiological activities by consuming adenosine triphosphate. In recent decades, artificial ion pumping systems with diverse geometric structures and functions have been developing rapidly with the progress of advanced materials and nanotechnology. In this Review, bioinspired artificial ion pumps, including four categories: asymmetric structure-driven ion pumps, pH gradient-driven ion pumps, light-driven ion pumps, and electron-driven ion pumps, are summarized. The working mechanisms, functions, and applications of those artificial ion pumping systems are discussed. Finally, a brief conclusion of underpinning challenges and outlook for future research are tentatively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
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10
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Tomo Y, Nag S, Takamatsu H. Observation of Interfacial Instability of an Ultrathin Water Film. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:144502. [PMID: 35476498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.144502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We observed the instability of a few-nanometer-thick water film encapsulated inside a graphene nanoscroll using transmission electron microscopy. The film, that was left after recession of a meniscus, formed ripples along the length of the nanoscroll with a distance only 20%-44% of that predicted by the classical Plateau-Rayleigh instability theory. The results were explained by a theoretical analysis that incorporates the effect of the van der Waals interactions between the water film and the graphene layers. We derived important insights into the behavior of liquid under nanoscale confinement and in nanofluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tomo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sarthak Nag
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takamatsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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11
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Wu X, Che C, Wang X, Du Q, Liang H, Gao P, Xia F. Ionic Signal Enhancement by the Space Charge Effect through the DNA Rolling Circle Amplification on the Outer Surface of Nanochannels. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16043-16050. [PMID: 34807570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA species are recognized as a powerful probe for nanochannel analyses to address the issues of specific target recognition and highly efficient signal conversion due to their programmable and predictable Watson-Crick bases. However, in the conventional view, abundant sophisticated DNA structures synthesized by DNA amplification strategies are unsuitable for use in nanochannel analyses owing to their low probability to enter a nanochannel restricted by the smaller opening of the nanochannel, as well as the faint ion signal produced by the steric effect. Here, we present an integrated strategy of nanochannel analyses that combines the target recognitions by encoded rolling circle amplification (RCA) in solution and the ionic signal enhancement by the space charge effect through the immobilization of highly negative-charged RCA amplicons on the outer surface of the nanochannels. Owing to the highly negative-charged RCA amplicons with 100 nm sizes, a sharp increase of ionic current up to 7454% has been achieved. The RCA amplicon triggered by mRNA-21 on the outer surface of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane with a single nanochannel realized the single-base mismatch detection of mRNA-21 with a sensitivity of 6 fM. The DNA amplicon endows the nanochannel with high sensitivity and selectivity that could extend to other applications, such as DNA sequencing, desalination, sieving, and water-energy nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Envi-ronmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Envi-ronmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xinmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Envi-ronmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qiujiao Du
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Since and Technology, Wuhan 430022, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Envi-ronmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Envi-ronmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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12
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Wu X, Li Y, Xu H, Chen Y, Mao H, Ma Q, Du Q, Gao P, Xia F. Exponential Increase in an Ionic Signal: A Dominant Role of the Space Charge Effect on the Outer Surface of Nanochannels. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13711-13718. [PMID: 34581576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanochannels have advantage in sensitive analyses due to the confinement effects on ionic signal in nano- or sub-nanometric confines but could realize further gains by optimizing signal mechanism. Making target recognitions on the outer surface of nanochannels has been verified to improve target recognitions and signal conversions by maximizing surfaces accessible to targets and ions, but until recently, the signal mechanism has been still unclear. Using electroneutral peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and negative-charged DNA, we verified a dominant space charge effect on an ionic signal on the outer surface of nanochannels. A typical exponential increase of the ionic signal with the charge density on the outer surface has been demonstrated through the PNA-PNA, PNA-DNA, DNA-DNA hybrid, DNA cleavage, and hybridization chain reaction. These results challenge the essential role of steric hindrance on the ionic signal and describe a new ion passageway surrounded and accelerated by the stern layer of charged species on the nanochannel outer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hongquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haowei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qiujiao Du
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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13
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Winarto, Yamamoto E, Yasuoka K. Water molecules in CNT-Si 3N 4 membrane: Properties and the separation effect for water-alcohol solution. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:104701. [PMID: 34525818 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water confined in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been intensively studied because of its unique properties and potential for various applications and is often embedded in silicon nitride (Si3N4) membranes. However, the understanding of the influence of Si3N4 on the properties of water in CNTs lacks clarity. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of the Si3N4 membrane on water molecules inside CNTs. The internal electric field generated in the CNTs by the point charges of the Si3N4 membrane changes the structure and dynamical properties of water in the nanotubes, causing it to attain a disordered structure. The Si3N4 membrane decreases the diffusivity of water in the CNTs; this is because the Coulomb potential energy (i.e., electrostatic interaction) of water decreases owing to the presence of Si3N4, whereas the Lennard-Jones potential energy (i.e., van der Waals interaction) does not change significantly. Furthermore, electrostatic interactions make the water structure more stable in the CNTs. As a result, the Si3N4 membrane enhances the separation effect of the water-methanol mixture with CNTs in the presence of an external electric field. Furthermore, the threshold of the external electric field strength to induce water-methanol separation with CNTs is reduced owing to the presence of a silicon nitride membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winarto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Jl. MT Haryono 167, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Eiji Yamamoto
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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14
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Faucher S, Kuehne M, Koman VB, Northrup N, Kozawa D, Yuan Z, Li SX, Zeng Y, Ichihara T, Misra RP, Aluru N, Blankschtein D, Strano MS. Diameter Dependence of Water Filling in Lithographically Segmented Isolated Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2778-2790. [PMID: 33512159 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the structure and properties of water under conditions of extreme confinement are fundamentally important for a variety of applications, they remain poorly understood, especially for dimensions less than 2 nm. This problem is confounded by the difficulty in controlling surface roughness and dimensionality in fabricated nanochannels, contributing to a dearth of experimental platforms capable of carrying out the necessary precision measurements. In this work, we utilize an experimental platform based on the interior of lithographically segmented, isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes to study water under extreme nanoscale confinement. This platform generates multiple copies of nanotubes with identical chirality, of diameters from 0.8 to 2.5 nm and lengths spanning 6 to 160 μm, that can be studied individually in real time before and after opening, exposure to water, and subsequent water filling. We demonstrate that, under controlled conditions, the diameter-dependent blue shift of the Raman radial breathing mode (RBM) between 1 and 8 cm-1 measures an increase in the interior mechanical modulus associated with liquid water filling, with no response from exterior water exposure. The observed RBM shift with filling demonstrates a non-monotonic trend with diameter, supporting the assignment of a minimum of 1.81 ± 0.09 cm-1 at 0.93 ± 0.08 nm with a nearly linear increase at larger diameters. We find that a simple hard-sphere model of water in the confined nanotube interior describes key features of the diameter-dependent modulus change of the carbon nanotube and supports previous observations in the literature. Longer segments of 160 μm show partial filling from their ends, consistent with pore clogging. These devices provide an opportunity to study fluid behavior under extreme confinement with high precision and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Faucher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthias Kuehne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Natalie Northrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daichi Kozawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sylvia Xin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yuwen Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Takeo Ichihara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rahul Prasanna Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Narayana Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Wang X, Liu M, Jing D, Mohamad A, Prezhdo O. Net Unidirectional Fluid Transport in Locally Heated Nanochannel by Thermo-osmosis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8965-8971. [PMID: 33231457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermo-osmosis driven by temperature gradients generally requires two liquid reservoirs at different temperatures connected by porous bodies or capillaries. We demonstrate, by molecular dynamics simulation, a new phenomenon toward nanoscale thermo-osmosis. Upon heating at a certain region of a nanochannel, multiple nanoscale convective layers are formed and can be manipulated to generate a net fluid transport from one reservoir to another, even without a temperature difference between them. A net unidirectional fluid transport with different rates can be achieved by precisely controlling location of the heated region. The net fluid transport can be enhanced further by tuning liquid-wall interactions. The demonstrated phenomenon provides a strategy for enhancing fluid mixing, which is often inefficient in nanoscale flows. Our finding is promising for chip-level cooling. The heat generated by chips can be employed to produce asymmetric temperature gradients in channels through proper configuration. Coolant liquids can thus be circulated without extra pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Maochang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dengwei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Abdulmajeed Mohamad
- Schulich School of Engineering, CEERE, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Oleg Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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16
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Abstract
Nanoconfined fluids (NCFs), which are confined in nanospaces, exhibit distinctive nanoscale effects, including surface effects, small-size effects, quantum effects, and others. The continuous medium hypothesis in fluid mechanics is not valid in this context because of the comparable characteristic length of spaces and molecular mean free path, and accordingly, the classical continuum theories developed for the bulk fluids usually cannot describe the mass and energy transport of NCFs. In this Perspective, we summarize the nanoscale effects on the thermodynamics, mass transport, flow dynamics, heat transfer, phase change, and energy transport of NCFs and highlight the related representative works. The applications of NCFs in the fields of membrane separation, oil and gas production, energy harvesting and storage, and biological engineering are especially indicated. Currently, the theoretical description framework of NCFs is still missing, and it is expected that this framework can be established by adopting the classical continuum theories with the consideration of nanoscale effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Runfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Bofeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydéric Bocquet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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