1
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Lukas F, Findlay MT, Fillols M, Templ J, Savino E, Martin B, Allmendinger S, Furegati M, Noël T. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Photocatalyst for Decarboxylative C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Couplings via Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405902. [PMID: 38807439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The development of robust and reliable methods for the construction of C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds is vital for accessing an increased array of structurally diverse scaffolds in drug discovery and development campaigns. While significant advances towards this goal have been achieved using metallaphotoredox chemistry, many of these methods utilise photocatalysts based on precious-metals due to their efficient redox processes and tuneable properties. However, due to the cost, scarcity, and toxicity of these metals, the search for suitable replacements should be a priority. Here, we show the use of commercially available heterogeneous semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) as a photocatalyst, combined with nickel catalysis, for the cross-coupling between aryl halide and carboxylic acid coupling partners. gCN has been shown to engage in single-electron-transfer (SET) and energy-transfer (EnT) processes for the formation of C-X bonds, and in this manuscript we overcome previous limitations to furnish C-C over C-O bonds using carboxylic acids. A broad scope of both aryl halides and carboxylic acids is presented, and recycling of the photocatalyst demonstrated. The mechanism of the reaction is also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lukas
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael T Findlay
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Méritxell Fillols
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Templ
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elia Savino
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Gasparetto M, Fődi B, Sipos G. Negishi-coupling-enabled synthesis of α-heteroaryl-α-amino acid building blocks for DNA-encoded chemical library applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1922-1932. [PMID: 39135657 PMCID: PMC11318629 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are vital motifs in the domain of biochemistry, serving as the foundational unit for peptides and proteins, while also holding a crucial function in many biological processes. Due to their bifunctional character, they have been also used for combinatorial chemistry purposes, such as the preparation of DNA-encoded chemical libraries. We developed a practical synthesis for α-heteroaryl-α-amino acids starting from an array of small heteroaromatic halides. The reaction sequence utilizes a photochemically enhanced Negishi cross-coupling as a key step, followed by oximation and reduction. The prepared amino esters were validated for on-DNA reactivity via a reverse amidation-hydrolysis-reverse amidation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gasparetto
- X-Chem Zrt., Záhony u. 7, DA Building, Graphisoft Park, Budapest, 1031, Hungary
| | - Balázs Fődi
- X-Chem Zrt., Záhony u. 7, DA Building, Graphisoft Park, Budapest, 1031, Hungary
| | - Gellért Sipos
- X-Chem Zrt., Záhony u. 7, DA Building, Graphisoft Park, Budapest, 1031, Hungary
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3
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Paul S, Brown MK. Synthesis of Secondary Boronates via Deaminative Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Nitroso Carbamates and Boronic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408432. [PMID: 39092618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A strategy for transition metal-free cross-coupling of alkyl nitroso-carbamates and boronic acids is reported. The N-nitroso carbamates are easily prepared from the corresponding amine in two simple steps. This method allows for the synthesis of a wide variety of secondary boronates, benzylic boronates and formal Csp3-Csp2 cross-coupling products under operationally simple conditions. Functional group tolerance is also demonstrated and applied in the modification of lysine to make non-canonical amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwati Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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4
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Okamoto K, Ueno T, Hato Y, Kawaguchi Y, Hakogi T, Majima S, Ohara T, Hagihara M, Tanimoto N, Tsuritani T. Stereoselective Synthesis of Baloxavir Marboxil Using Diastereoselective Cyclization and Photoredox Decarboxylation of l-Serine. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9937-9948. [PMID: 38985331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Baloxavir marboxil (1; BXM) is a potent drug used for treating influenza infections. The current synthetic route to BXM (1) is based on optical resolution; however, this method results in the loss of nearly 50% of the material. This study aimed to describe an efficient and simpler method for the synthesis of BXM. We achieved a stereoselective synthesis of BXM (1). The tricyclic triazinanone core possessing a chiral center was prepared via diastereoselective cyclization utilizing the readily available amino acid l-serine. The carboxyl moiety derived from l-serine was removed via photoredox decarboxylation under mild conditions to furnish the chiral tricyclic triazinanone core ((R)-14). The synthetic route demonstrated herein provides an efficient and atomically economical method for preparing this potent anti-influenza agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Okamoto
- Technology Development Division, Shionogi Pharma & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ueno
- Drug Discovery Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-Chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hato
- Drug Discovery Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-Chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kawaguchi
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Hakogi
- Technology Development Division, Shionogi Pharma & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Shohei Majima
- Technology Development Division, Shionogi Pharma & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ohara
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Hagihara
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Norihiko Tanimoto
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsuritani
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-Chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
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5
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Dunham NP, Winston MS, Ray R, Eberle CM, Newman JA, Gao Q, Cao Y, Barrientos RC, Ji Y, Reibarkh MY, Silverman SM. Transaminase-Catalyzed Synthesis of β-Branched Noncanonical Amino Acids Driven by a Lysine Amine Donor. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16306-16313. [PMID: 38804633 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Transaminases are choice biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral primary amines, including amino acids bearing contiguous stereocenters. In this study, we employ lysine as a "smart" amine donor in transaminase-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution reactions to access β-branched noncanonical arylalanines. Our mechanistic investigation demonstrates that, upon transamination, the lysine-derived ketone byproduct readily cyclizes to a six-membered imine, driving the equilibrium in the desired direction and thus alleviating the need to load superstoichiometric quantities of the amine donor or deploy a multienzyme cascade. Lysine also shows good overall compatibility with a panel of wild-type transaminases, a promising hint of its application as a smart donor more broadly. Indeed, by this approach, we furnished a broad scope of β-branched arylalanines, including some bearing hitherto intractable cyclopropyl and isopropyl substituents, with high yields and excellent selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah P Dunham
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew S Winston
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ritwika Ray
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Claire M Eberle
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Justin A Newman
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yang Cao
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rodell C Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Steven M Silverman
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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6
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Kaplaneris N, Akdeniz M, Fillols M, Arrighi F, Raymenants F, Sanil G, Gryko DT, Noël T. Photocatalytic Functionalization of Dehydroalanine-Derived Peptides in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403271. [PMID: 38497510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Unnatural amino acids, and their synthesis by the late-stage functionalization (LSF) of peptides, play a crucial role in areas such as drug design and discovery. Historically, the LSF of biomolecules has predominantly utilized traditional synthetic methodologies that exploit nucleophilic residues, such as cysteine, lysine or tyrosine. Herein, we present a photocatalytic hydroarylation process targeting the electrophilic residue dehydroalanine (Dha). This residue possesses an α,β-unsaturated moiety and can be combined with various arylthianthrenium salts, both in batch and flow reactors. Notably, the flow setup proved instrumental for efficient scale-up, paving the way for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids and peptides in substantial quantities. Our photocatalytic approach, being inherently mild, permits the diversification of peptides even when they contain sensitive functional groups. The readily available arylthianthrenium salts facilitate the seamless integration of Dha-containing peptides with a wide range of arenes, drug blueprints, and natural products, culminating in the creation of unconventional phenylalanine derivatives. The synergistic effect of the high functional group tolerance and the modular characteristic of the aryl electrophile enables efficient peptide conjugation and ligation in both batch and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merve Akdeniz
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Méritxell Fillols
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Arrighi
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gana Sanil
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Wu B, Ye N, Zhao K, Shi M, Liao J, Zhang J, Chen W, Li X, Han Y, Cortes-Clerget M, Regnier ML, Parmentier M, Mathes C, Rampf F, Gallou F. Implementation of micelle-enabled C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) cross-electrophile coupling in pharmaceutical synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2349-2352. [PMID: 38284323 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05916b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
A sustainable C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-electrophile coupling was developed between readily available 5-bromophthalide and 1-benzyl-4-iodopiperidine under micellar conditions, leading to a key intermediate of one of our development compounds. Copper was found to play a crucial role as a co-catalyst in this dual catalysis system. The chemistry and process were successfully demonstrated in a kilo scale to deliver sufficient drug substance to the clinical campaigns. This is the first reported scale-up of such a challenging cross-electrophilic coupling that uses an aqueous medium, and not undesirable reprotoxic polar aprotic solvents (e.g. DMF, DMAc, and NMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Ning Ye
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Kangming Zhao
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Min Shi
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Jiayu Liao
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Xianzhong Li
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | - Yufeng Han
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development Co., Ltd, Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, China.
| | | | | | - Michael Parmentier
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Mathes
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Rampf
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Bérubé C, Guay LD, Fraser T, Lapointe V, Cardinal S, Biron É. Convenient route to Fmoc-homotyrosine via metallaphotoredox catalysis and its use in the total synthesis of anabaenopeptin cyclic peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9011-9020. [PMID: 37921761 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first solid-phase total synthesis of the natural cyclic peptide anabaenopeptin F and the use of metallaphotoredox catalysis to overcome the key challenges associated with the preparation of the non-proteinogenic amino acid homotyrosine contained in these peptides. Starting from L-homoserine, enantiopure Fmoc-protected homotyrosine was prepared in a straightforward manner by metallaphotoredox catalysis with N-Fmoc-(S)-2-amino-4-bromobutanoic acid and 4-tert-butoxybromobenzene partners. The prepared protected amino acid was used in solid-phase peptide synthesis to achieve the total synthesis of anabaenopeptin F and establish the stereochemistry of the isoleucine residue. Protease inhibition studies with the synthesized anabaenopeptin F showed inhibitory activities against carboxypeptidase B in the low nanomolar range. The high convergency of the synthetic methodologies paves the way for the rapid access to N-Fmoc-protected non-proteinogenic and unnatural amino acids and the total synthesis of complex bioactive peptides containing these amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bérubé
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6.
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6
| | - Louis-David Guay
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6.
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6
| | - Tommy Fraser
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada, G5L 3A1
| | - Victor Lapointe
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6.
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6
| | - Sébastien Cardinal
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada, G5L 3A1
| | - Éric Biron
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6.
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1 V 0A6
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9
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Jiang B, Yamamoto K, Sumii Y, Shibata N. Synthesis of triarylmethanes by silyl radical-mediated cross-coupling of aryl fluorides and arylmethanes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4248-4256. [PMID: 37123196 PMCID: PMC10132141 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cross-couplings of aryl halides with diarylmethanes are mostly achieved by transition-metal catalysis, aryl fluorides are rarely used as coupling partners owing to the high inertness of C-F bonds. Herein, we describe the efficient silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling reaction of aryl fluorides with arylalkanes under transition-metal-free, room-temperature conditions. The combination of silylboronate and KO t Bu is critical for driving a radical process via the cleavage of C-F and C-H bonds in two appropriate coupling precursors, resulting in a cross-coupling product. This practical cross-coupling protocol is applicable to a wide variety of aryl fluorides with a C(sp2)-F bond. This method can be extended to other coupling partners with a C(sp3)-H bond, including diarylmethanes, diarylethanes, and monoarylalkanes. Many di- and triarylalkanes with tertiary or quaternary carbon centers can be obtained easily in moderate to high yields. We believe that the developed silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling method is a valuable contribution to C-F and C-H activation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Bingyao Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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10
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Sierra S, Dalmau D, Alegre-Requena JV, Pop A, Silvestru C, Marín ML, Boscá F, Urriolabeitia EP. Synthesis of Bis(amino acids) Containing the Styryl-cyclobutane Core by Photosensitized [2+2]-Cross-cycloaddition of Allylidene-5(4 H)-oxazolones. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087583. [PMID: 37108745 PMCID: PMC10140832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The irradiation of 2-aryl-4-(E-3'-aryl-allylidene)-5(4H)-oxazolones 1 with blue light (456 nm) in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3](BF4)2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 5% mol) gives the unstable cyclobutane-bis(oxazolones) 2 by [2+2]-photocycloaddition of two oxazolones 1. Each oxazolone contributes to the formation of 2 with a different C=C bond, one of them reacting through the exocyclic C=C bond, while the other does so through the styryl group. Treatment of unstable cyclobutanes 2 with NaOMe/MeOH produces the oxazolone ring opening reaction, affording stable styryl-cyclobutane bis(amino acids) 3. The reaction starts with formation of the T1 excited state of the photosensitizer 3[Ru*(bpy)3]2+, which reacts with S0 of oxazolones 1 through energy transfer to give the oxazolone T1 state 3(oxa*)-1, which is the reactive species and was characterized by transient absorption spectroscopy. Measurement of the half-life of 3(oxa*)-1 for 1a, 1b and 1d shows large values for 1a and 1b (10-12 μs), while that of 1d is shorter (726 ns). Density functional theory (DFT) modeling displays strong structural differences in the T1 states of the three oxazolones. Moreover, study of the spin density of T1 state 3(oxa*)-1 provides clues to understanding the different reactivity of 4-allylidene-oxazolones described here with respect to the previously reported 4-arylidene-oxazolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sierra
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Dalmau
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan V Alegre-Requena
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pop
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Silvestru
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Marín
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Francisco Boscá
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Esteban P Urriolabeitia
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Twitty JC, Hong Y, Garcia B, Tsang S, Liao J, Schultz DM, Hanisak J, Zultanski SL, Dion A, Kalyani D, Watson MP. Diversifying Amino Acids and Peptides via Deaminative Reductive Cross-Couplings Leveraging High-Throughput Experimentation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5684-5695. [PMID: 36853652 PMCID: PMC10117303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A deaminative reductive coupling of amino acid pyridinium salts with aryl bromides has been developed to enable efficient synthesis of noncanonical amino acids and diversification of peptides. This method transforms natural, commercially available lysine, ornithine, diaminobutanoic acid, and diaminopropanoic acid to aryl alanines and homologated derivatives with varying chain lengths. Attractive features include ability to transverse scales, tolerance of pharma-relevant (hetero)aryls and biorthogonal functional groups, and the applicability beyond monomeric amino acids to short and macrocyclic peptide substrates. The success of this work relied on high-throughput experimentation to identify complementary reaction conditions that proved critical for achieving the coupling of a broad scope of aryl bromides with a range of amino acid and peptide substrates including macrocyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bria Garcia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephanie Tsang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jennie Liao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Danielle M. Schultz
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Jennifer Hanisak
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L. Zultanski
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Amelie Dion
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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12
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Tatunashvili E, Maloney CJ, Chan B, McErlean CSP. Generation and reaction of alanyl radicals in open flasks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2094-2097. [PMID: 36722990 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The generation and Giese-type reaction of alanyl radicals under metal-free reaction conditions is described. The procedure is operationally simple, occurring at ambient temperature in an open reaction vessel, and requiring short reaction times (≤5 min). The reaction occurs without epimerization and provides ready access to non-proteinogenic amino acids and peptides. Importantly, the process is tolerant of light absorbing groups including commonly used fluorescent tags.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Callan J Maloney
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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13
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Knowles OJ, Johannissen LO, Crisenza GEM, Hay S, Leys D, Procter DJ. A Vitamin B 2 -Photocatalysed Approach to Methionine Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212158. [PMID: 36250805 PMCID: PMC10100050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Access to new non-canonical amino acid residues is crucial for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Analogues of the amino acid methionine have been far less explored-despite their use in biochemistry, pharmacology and peptide bioconjugation. This is largely due to limited synthetic access. Herein, we exploit a new disconnection to access non-natural methionines through the development of a photochemical method for the radical α-C-H functionalization of sulfides with alkenes, in water, using inexpensive and commercially-available riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) as a photocatalyst. Our photochemical conditions allow the two-step synthesis of novel methionine analogues-by radical addition to unsaturated amino acid derivatives-and the chemoselective modification of peptide side-chains to yield non-natural methionine residues within small peptides. The mechanism of the bio-inspired flavin photocatalysis has been probed by experimental, DFT and TDDFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Linus O Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Giacomo E M Crisenza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - David J Procter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Knowles OJ, Johannissen LO, Crisenza GEM, Hay S, Leys D, Procter DJ. A Vitamin B 2-Photocatalysed Approach to Methionine Analogues. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202212158. [PMID: 38505624 PMCID: PMC10946832 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Access to new non-canonical amino acid residues is crucial for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Analogues of the amino acid methionine have been far less explored-despite their use in biochemistry, pharmacology and peptide bioconjugation. This is largely due to limited synthetic access. Herein, we exploit a new disconnection to access non-natural methionines through the development of a photochemical method for the radical α-C-H functionalization of sulfides with alkenes, in water, using inexpensive and commercially-available riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a photocatalyst. Our photochemical conditions allow the two-step synthesis of novel methionine analogues-by radical addition to unsaturated amino acid derivatives-and the chemoselective modification of peptide side-chains to yield non-natural methionine residues within small peptides. The mechanism of the bio-inspired flavin photocatalysis has been probed by experimental, DFT and TDDFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Knowles
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Linus O. Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterPrincess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | | | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterPrincess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterPrincess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - David J. Procter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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15
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Franke MC, Longley VR, Rafiee M, Stahl SS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Zinc-Free, Scalable Reductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Driven by Electrochemistry in an Undivided Cell. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12617-12626. [PMID: 37065181 PMCID: PMC10101217 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-electrophile coupling reactions are becoming increasingly important in organic synthesis, but application at scale is limited by three interconnected challenges: a reliance on amide solvents (complicated workup, regulated), the generation of stoichiometric Zn salts (complicated isolation, waste disposal issue), and mixing/activation challenges of zinc powder. We show here an electrochemical approach that addresses these three issues: the reaction works in acetonitrile with diisopropylethylamine as the terminal reductant in a simple undivided cell (graphite(+)/nickel foam(-)). The reaction utilizes a combination of two ligands, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4,4',4''-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Studies show that, alone, the bipyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms protodehalogenated aryl and aryl dimer, whereas the terpyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms bialkyl and product. By combining these two unselective catalysts, a tunable, general system results because excess radical formed by the terpyridine catalyst can be converted to product by the bipyridine catalyst. As the aryl bromide becomes more electron rich, the optimal ratio shifts to have more of the bipyridine nickel catalyst. Lastly, examination of a variety of flow-cell configurations establishes that batch recirculation can achieve higher productivity (mmol product/time/electrode area) than single-pass, that high flow rates are essential to maximizing current, and that two flow cells in parallel can nearly halve the reaction time. The resulting reaction is demonstrated on gram scale and should be scalable to kilogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareena C. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Victoria R. Longley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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16
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Retini M, Bartolucci S, Bartoccini F, Piersanti G. Asymmetric Alkylation of Cyclic Ketones with Dehydroalanine via H-Bond-Directing Enamine Catalysis: Straightforward Access to Enantiopure Unnatural α-Amino Acids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201994. [PMID: 35916657 PMCID: PMC9805190 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The growing importance of structurally diverse and functionalized enantiomerically pure unnatural amino acids in the design of drugs, including peptides, has stimulated the development of new synthetic methods. This study reports the challenging direct asymmetric alkylation of cyclic ketones with dehydroalanine derivatives via a conjugate addition reaction for the synthesis of enantiopure ketone-based α-unnatural amino acids. The key to success was the design of a bifunctional primary amine-thiourea catalyst that combines H-bond-directing activation and enamine catalysis. The simultaneous dual activation of the two relatively unreactive partners, confirmed by mass spectrometry studies, results in high reactivity while securing high levels of stereocontrol. A broad substrate scope is accompanied by versatile downstream chemical modifications. The mild reaction conditions and consistently excellent enantioselectivities (>95 % ee in most cases) render this protocol highly practical for the rapid construction of valuable noncanonical enantiopure α-amino-acid building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Retini
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo BoPiazza Rinascimento 661029UrbinoPUItaly
| | - Silvia Bartolucci
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo BoPiazza Rinascimento 661029UrbinoPUItaly
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo BoPiazza Rinascimento 661029UrbinoPUItaly
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Urbino Carlo BoPiazza Rinascimento 661029UrbinoPUItaly
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17
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Maiti S, Roy S, Ghosh P, Kasera A, Maiti D. Photo‐Excited Nickel‐Catalyzed Silyl‐Radical‐Mediated Direct Activation of Carbamoyl Chlorides To Access (Hetero)aryl Carbamides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207472. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Aashi Kasera
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
- IDP in Climate Studies Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
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18
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Luridiana A, Mazzarella D, Capaldo L, Rincón JA, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Frederick MO, Nuño M, Jan Buma W, Noël T. The Merger of Benzophenone HAT Photocatalysis and Silyl Radical-Induced XAT Enables Both Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling and 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Olefins. ACS Catal 2022; 12:11216-11225. [PMID: 36158902 PMCID: PMC9486949 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A strategy for both
cross-electrophile coupling and 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization
of olefins has been developed. Carbon-centered radicals are generated
from alkyl bromides by merging benzophenone hydrogen atom transfer
(HAT) photocatalysis and silyl radical-induced halogen atom transfer
(XAT) and are subsequently intercepted by a nickel catalyst to forge
the targeted C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. The mild protocol is fast
and scalable using flow technology, displays broad functional group
tolerance, and is amenable to a wide variety of medicinally relevant
moieties. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the ketone catalyst,
upon photoexcitation, is responsible for the direct activation of
the silicon-based XAT reagent (HAT-mediated XAT) that furnishes the
targeted alkyl radical and is ultimately involved in the turnover
of the nickel catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luridiana
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Michael O. Frederick
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Manuel Nuño
- Vapourtec Ltd. Park Farm Business Centre, Fornham St Genevieve, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6TS, U.K
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Molecular Photonics, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Maiti S, Roy S, Ghosh P, Kasera A, Maiti D. Photo‐Excited Nickel‐Catalyzed Silyl‐Radical‐Mediated Direct Activation of Carbamoyl Chlorides To Access (Hetero)aryl Car‐bamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Maiti
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Sayan Roy
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Aashi Kasera
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Department of Chemistry Powai 400076 Mumbai INDIA
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20
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Zhu F, Miller E, Powell WC, Johnson K, Beggs A, Evenson GE, Walczak MA. Umpolung Ala
B
Reagents for the Synthesis of Non‐Proteogenic Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207153. [PMID: 35653581 PMCID: PMC9329247 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Non-proteogenic amino acids and functionalized peptides are important motifs in modern drug discovery. Here we report that AlaB can serve as universal building blocks in the synthesis of a diverse collection of modified amino acids, peptides, and proteins. First, we develop the synthesis of AlaB from redox-active esters of aspartic acid resulting in a series of β-boronoalanine derivatives. Next, we show that AlaB can be integrated into automated oligopeptide solid-phase synthesis. AlaB is compatible with common transformations used in preparative peptide chemistry such as native chemical ligation and radical desulfurization as showcased by total synthesis of AlaB -containing ubiquitin. Furthermore, AlaB reagents participate in Pd-catalyzed reactions, including C-C cross-couplings and macrocyclizations. Taken together, AlaB synthons are practical reagents to access modified peptides, proteins, and in the synthesis of cyclic/stapled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Wyatt C. Powell
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Kelly Johnson
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Alexander Beggs
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
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21
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Co-Crystal Structure-Guided Optimization of Dual-Functional Small Molecules for Improving the Peroxygenase Activity of Cytochrome P450BM3. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147901. [PMID: 35887253 PMCID: PMC9317928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed an artificial P450–H2O2 system assisted by dual-functional small molecules (DFSMs) to modify the P450BM3 monooxygenase into its peroxygenase mode, which could be widely used for the oxidation of non-native substrates. Aiming to further improve the DFSM-facilitated P450–H2O2 system, a series of novel DFSMs having various unnatural amino acid groups was designed and synthesized, based on the co-crystal structure of P450BM3 and a typical DFSM, N-(ω-imidazolyl)-hexanoyl-L-phenylalanine, in this study. The size and hydrophobicity of the amino acid residue in the DFSM drastically affected the catalytic activity (up to 5-fold), stereoselectivity, and regioselectivity of the epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions. Docking simulations illustrated that the differential catalytic ability among the DFSMs is closely related to the binding affinity and the distance between the catalytic group and heme iron. This study not only enriches the DFSM toolbox to provide more options for utilizing the peroxide-shunt pathway of cytochrome P450BM3, but also sheds light on the great potential of the DFSM-driven P450 peroxygenase system in catalytic applications based on DFSM tunability.
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22
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Immel JR, Bloom S. carba-Nucleopeptides (cNPs): A Biopharmaceutical Modality Formed through Aqueous Rhodamine B Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205606. [PMID: 35507689 PMCID: PMC9256812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exchanging the ribose backbone of an oligonucleotide for a peptide can enhance its physiologic stability and nucleic acid binding affinity. Ordinarily, the eneamino nitrogen atom of a nucleobase is fused to the side chain of a polypeptide through a new C-N bond. The discovery of C-C linked nucleobases in the human transcriptome reveals new opportunities for engineering nucleopeptides that replace the traditional C-N bond with a non-classical C-C bond, liberating a captive nitrogen atom and promoting new hydrogen bonding and π-stacking interactions. We report the first late-stage synthesis of C-C linked carba-nucleopeptides (cNPs) using aqueous Rhodamine B photoredox catalysis. We prepare brand-new cNPs in batch, in parallel, and in flow using three long-wavelength photochemical setups. We detail the mechanism of our reaction by experimental and computational studies and highlight the essential role of diisopropylethylamine as a bifurcated two-electron reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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23
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Hu L, Wang Y, Xu L, Yin Q, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of N‐Unprotected Unnatural α‐Amino Acid Derivatives by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202552. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le'an Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
- Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Zheng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
- Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Qin Yin
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
- Medi-X Pingshan Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
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24
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Zhu F, Miller E, Powell W, Johnson K, Beggs A, Evenson G, Walczak MA. Umpolung AlaB Reagents for the Synthesis of Non‐Proteogenic Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs CHINA
| | - Eric Miller
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Wyatt Powell
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Kelly Johnson
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Alexander Beggs
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Garrett Evenson
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 215 UCB 80309 Boulder UNITED STATES
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25
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26
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Immel JR, Bloom S. carba
‐Nucleopeptides (
c
NPs): A Biopharmaceutical Modality Formed through Aqueous Rhodamine B Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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27
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Hu L, Wang YZ, Xu L, Yin Q, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of N‐Unprotected Unnatural α‐Amino Acid Derivatives by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le’an Hu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yuan-Zheng Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Lei Xu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Qin Yin
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry 1088 Xueyuan Avenue 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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28
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Recent advances of visible-light photocatalysis in the functionalization of organic compounds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Huang HM, Bellotti P, Erchinger JE, Paulisch TO, Glorius F. Radical Carbonyl Umpolung Arylation via Dual Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1899-1909. [PMID: 35041782 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of carbon-carbon bonds lies at the heart of synthetic organic chemistry and is widely applied to construct complex drugs, polymers, and materials. Despite its importance, catalytic carbonyl arylation remains comparatively underdeveloped, due to limited scope and functional group tolerance. Herein we disclose an umpolung strategy to achieve radical carbonyl arylation via dual catalysis. This redox-neutral approach provides a complementary method to construct Grignard-type products from (hetero)aryl bromides and aliphatic aldehydes, without the need for pre-functionalization. A sequential activation, hydrogen-atom transfer, and halogen atom transfer process could directly convert aldehydes to the corresponding ketyl-type radicals, which further react with aryl-nickel intermediates in an overall polarity-reversal process. This radical strategy tolerates─among others─acidic functional groups, heteroaryl motifs, and sterically hindered substrates and has been applied in the late-stage modification of drugs and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ming Huang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tiffany O Paulisch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Qu CH, Huang R, Liu Y, Liu T, Song GT. Bromine-radical-induced C sp2–H difluoroalkylation of quinoxalinones and hydrazones through visible-light-promoted C sp3–Br bond homolysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00710j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bromine radicals derived from photo-induced Csp3–Br bond homolysis can mediate H abstraction/imine radical formation from quinoxalinones and hydrazones, which in turn quench the in situ-generated difluoroalkyl radicals to furnish the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hua Qu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Run Huang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Gui-Ting Song
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
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31
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Zhang Y, Wei Y, Shi M. Rapid Construction of Polysubstituted “Caged” Oxa-Bishomocubane Framework from Vinylidenecyclopropanes through a Sequential Dual Catalysis of Copper(I) and Visible-Light-Induced Photosensitization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This context describes a sequential dual catalytic transformation involving copper(I)-catalyzed cyclization/isomerization/migration-dimerization and visible-light photo-induced intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of vinylidenecyclopropanes for the rapid construction of polysubstituted “caged” oxa-bishomocubane products. The reaction...
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32
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Ting W, Jingchao C, Lun W, Zheting W, Baomin F. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α-Aryl Amidates Using Methanol as Hydrogen Source. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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