1
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Atwood G, Purbiya S, Reid C, Smith B, Kaur K, Wicks D, Gaudet P, MacLeod KC, Vincent-Rocan JF. Fatty aldehyde bisulfite adducts as a purification handle in ionizable lipid synthesis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26233-26238. [PMID: 39161429 PMCID: PMC11332587 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid access to ALC-0315, a crucial component of the formulated Pfizer Covid vaccine, was obtained by employing solid adduct formation and filtration after an oxidation step in place of the standard chromatographic separation, allowing for a more scalable synthesis. Impurities were removed by formation of this fatty aldehyde bisulfite adduct at the penultimate step and by performing the final reductive amination directly with the fatty aldehyde bisulfite adduct. This eliminates chromatographic separations for all prepared aldehyde containing intermediates. Along with ALC-0315, FTT5 and SM-102 ionizable lipids were prepared utilizing this strategy. This work paves the way for more sustainable access to these critical ionizable lipids that would de-risk the world supply of important vaccines and medicines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Atwood
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
| | - Sona Purbiya
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
| | - Cassandra Reid
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
| | - Brandon Smith
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
| | - Kuljit Kaur
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
| | - Drew Wicks
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
| | - Peter Gaudet
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
| | - K Cory MacLeod
- BioVectra Inc. Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1E 0A1 Canada
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2
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Le DN, Johnson HC, Lam YH, Sun C, Cheng L, Belyk KM. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of Belzutifan Enabled by Rh-Catalyzed Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2024; 26:4059-4064. [PMID: 38709100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a nine-step synthesis of belzutifan enabled by a novel Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation to install the contiguous fluorinated stereocenters with high enantioselectivity. Moreover, the final ketone reduction in the synthesis proceeds with high diastereoselectivity, leading to the expedient assembly of the stereotriad. In contrast to the original 16-step synthesis, this route avoids a lengthy bromination-oxidation sequence and introduces the sulfone functionality via nucleophilic aromatic substitution, obviating the need for transition metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Le
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather C Johnson
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chunrui Sun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lili Cheng
- Chemistry Service Unit, WuXi AppTec (Tianjin), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kevin M Belyk
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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3
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Le DN, Reibarkh M, DiRocco DA, Ji Y. Overcoming Product Inhibition in a Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction. Org Lett 2024; 26:804-808. [PMID: 38232150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction for the synthesis of belzutifan and related analogues is disclosed. This classical transformation suffered from reaction stalling, despite prolonged reaction times. Through experimental and mechanistic studies, product inhibition was revealed and rationalized. Herein, we describe our efforts to overcome this synthetic challenge and demonstrate the importance of the judicious choice of the solvent to achieve reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Le
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel A DiRocco
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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4
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McInturff EL, France SP, Leverett CA, Flick AC, Lindsey EA, Berritt S, Carney DW, DeForest JC, Ding HX, Fink SJ, Gibson TS, Gray K, Hubbell AK, Johnson AM, Liu Y, Mahapatra S, McAlpine IJ, Watson RB, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2021. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10150-10201. [PMID: 37528515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Each year, new drugs are introduced to the market, representing structures that have affinity for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates, provide insight into molecular recognition and serve as potential leads for the design of future medicines. This annual review is part of a continuing series highlighting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 35 NCEs that were first approved anywhere in the world during 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L McInturff
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Gray
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aran K Hubbell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amber M Johnson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Genesis Therapeutics, 11568 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 8, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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5
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Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Reibarkh M, Ji Y, Rodrigues VL, Wang H, Lam YH, Vickery TP, Armstrong BM, Mattern KA, Stone K, Wismer MK, Singh AN, Regalado EL, Maloney KM, Strotman NA. Kilo-Scale Electrochemical Oxidation of a Thioether to a Sulfone: A Workflow for Scaling up Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas P. Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Keith A. Mattern
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering and Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew N. Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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6
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Benedetto Tiz D, Bagnoli L, Rosati O, Marini F, Sancineto L, Santi C. New Halogen-Containing Drugs Approved by FDA in 2021: An Overview on Their Syntheses and Pharmaceutical Use. Molecules 2022; 27:1643. [PMID: 35268744 PMCID: PMC8912053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs (in the year 2021) containing at least one halogen atom (covalently bound). The structures proposed throughout this work are grouped according to their therapeutical use. Their synthesis is presented as well. The number of halogenated molecules that are reaching the market is regularly preserved, and 14 of the 50 molecules approved by the FDA in the last year contain halogens. This underlines the emergent role of halogens and, in particular, of fluorine and chlorine in the preparation of drugs for the treatment of several diseases such as viral infections, several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, migraine and inflammatory diseases such as vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Benedetto Tiz
- Group of Catalysis, Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (O.R.); (F.M.); (L.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Santi
- Group of Catalysis, Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (O.R.); (F.M.); (L.S.)
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7
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Wang T, Phillips EM, Dalby SM, Sirota E, Axnanda S, Shultz CS, Patel P, Waldman JH, Alwedi E, Wang X, Zawatzky K, Chow M, Padivitage N, Weisel M, Whittington M, Duan J, Lu T. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 5: A Streamlined Fluorination–Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Process. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric M. Phillips
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric Sirota
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephanus Axnanda
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - C. Scott Shultz
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Pratiq Patel
- Chemical Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jacob H. Waldman
- Chemical Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Embarek Alwedi
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew Chow
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nilusha Padivitage
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Weisel
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Whittington
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jianjun Duan
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
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8
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Pirnot M, Stone K, Wright TJ, Lamberto DJ, Schoell J, Lam YH, Zawatzky K, Wang X, Dalby SM, Fine AJ, McMullen JP. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 6: Ensuring Scalability for a Deoxyfluorination Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pirnot
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy J. Wright
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David J. Lamberto
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jochen Schoell
- Process Research and Development, MSD Werthenstein BioPharma, Industrie Nord 1, CH-6105 Schachen, Switzerland
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Adam J. Fine
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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9
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Bottecchia C, Lévesque F, McMullen JP, Ji Y, Reibarkh M, Peng F, Tan L, Spencer G, Nappi J, Lehnherr D, Narsimhan K, Wismer MK, Chen L, Lin Y, Dalby SM. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 2: A Continuous Flow Visible-Light-Induced Benzylic Bromination. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Glenn Spencer
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jarod Nappi
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering & Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Like Chen
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Yipeng Lin
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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10
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Salehi Marzijarani N, Fine AJ, Dalby SM, Gangam R, Poudyal S, Behre T, Ekkati AR, Armstrong BM, Shultz CS, Dance ZEX, Stone K. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 4: Nitrogen Flow Criticality for Transfer Hydrogenation Control. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J. Fine
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rekha Gangam
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Samiksha Poudyal
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Taylor Behre
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anil R. Ekkati
- Chemical Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - C. Scott Shultz
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zachary E. X. Dance
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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11
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Peng F, Tan L, Chen L, Dalby SM, DiRocco DA, Duan J, Feng M, Gong G, Guo H, Hethcox JC, Jin L, Johnson HC, Kim J, Le D, Lin Y, Liu W, Shen J, Wan Y, Xiao C, Xiang B, Xiang Q, Xu J, Yan L, Yang W, Ye H, Yu Y, Zhang J. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 1: A Concise Synthesis of the Indanone Starting Material. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lu Chen
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel A. DiRocco
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jianjun Duan
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Minyi Feng
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Guan Gong
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Haiheng Guo
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - J. Caleb Hethcox
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lu Jin
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Heather C. Johnson
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jungchul Kim
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Diane Le
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yipeng Lin
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jun Shen
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Yimei Wan
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Chengqian Xiao
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Bangping Xiang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qun Xiang
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Luliang Yan
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Weiyi Yang
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Honglin Ye
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Yanpei Yu
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 9 Yuegong Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
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