1
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Sui X, Wang C, Gutekunst WR. Sequestration of Ruthenium Residues via Efficient Fluorous-enyne Termination. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3160-3165. [PMID: 38269330 PMCID: PMC10805442 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The creation of polymers without metal contamination remains a significant challenge for metathesis-based polymerization techniques and has complicated applications in biomedical and electronic applications. This communication reports a new approach for the removal of ruthenium byproducts through the design of an enyne terminator for metathesis polymerization that contains a fluorous tag. Upon reaction of a living polymer chain with the enyne, the ruthenium center is captured as a stable sulfur-chelated complex that can be efficiently removed after a single filtration through a fluorous cartridge. Levels of ruthenium residues as determined by ICP-MS were found to depend on the monomer structure, eluting solvent, and the degree of polymerization targeted. Ruthenium residues were minimized to low ppm levels (4-75 ppm) for most samples examined and also led to the improved thermal stability of the final materials. This represents the most efficient single method for removal of ruthenium residues from metathesis polymerization products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Synthesis of Phenol-Tagged Ruthenium Alkylidene Olefin Metathesis Catalysts for Robust Immobilisation Inside Metal–Organic Framework Support. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic carbene ligand (uNHC)-based ruthenium complexes featuring phenolic OH function were obtained and fully characterised. The more active one was then immobilised on the metal–organic framework (MOF) solid support (Al)MIL-101-NH2. The catalytic activity of such a heterogeneous system was tested, showing that, while the heterogeneous catalyst is less active than the corresponding homogeneous catalyst in solution, it can catalyse selected olefin metathesis reactions, serving as the proof-of-concept for the immobilisation of catalytically active complexes in MOFs using a phenolic tag.
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3
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Quach PK, Hsu JH, Keresztes I, Fors BP, Lambert TH. Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Hydrazonium Initiators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203344. [PMID: 35302707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclopropenes using hydrazonium initiators is described. The initiators, which are formed by the condensation of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and an aldehyde, polymerize cyclopropene monomers by a sequence of [3+2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion reactions. This process generates short chain polyolefins (Mn ≤9.4 kg mol-1 ) with relatively low dispersities (Đ≤1.4). The optimized conditions showed efficiency comparable to that achieved with Grubbs' 2nd generation catalyst for the polymerization of 3-methyl-3-phenylcyclopropene. A positive correlation between monomer to initiator ratio and degree of polymerization was revealed through NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong K Quach
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jesse H Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ivan Keresztes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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4
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Tyszka-Gumkowska A, Purohit VB, Nienałtowski T, Dąbrowski M, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Testing enabling techniques for olefin metathesis reactions of lipophilic substrates in water as a diluent. iScience 2022; 25:104131. [PMID: 35434568 PMCID: PMC9010768 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin metathesis reactions of diverse polyfunctional substrates were conducted in water emulsions using two hydrophobic ruthenium catalysts in the presence of air. Instead of using surfactants to increase the efficiency of the metathesis reaction in water, ultrasound and microwave techniques were tested on a small-scale reaction, whereas conventional heating and mechanical stirring were effective enough to provide high conversion and selectivity on a larger scale. The developed conditions extend known protocols for the aqueous metathesis methodology, utilizing relatively low catalyst loadings and allowing for simple product isolation and purification. The established synthetic protocol was successfully adopted in the large-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically related product – sildenafil (Viagra) derivative. Sustainable approach for metathesis reaction in water emulsion system on air. Utilization of enabling techniques for boosting metathesis under aqueous conditions. RCM of medically important sildenafil derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Tyszka-Gumkowska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vishal B Purohit
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nienałtowski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.,Polpharma SA Pharmaceutical Works, Pelplińska 19, 83-200 Starogard Gdański, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Quach PK, Hsu JH, Keresztes I, Fors BP, Lambert TH. Metal–Free Ring–Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Hydrazonium Initiators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phong K Quach
- Cornell University Chemistry and Chemical Biology 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
| | - Jesse H Hsu
- Cornell University Chemistry and Chemical Biology 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
| | - Ivan Keresztes
- Cornell University Chemistry and Chemical Biology 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
| | - Brett P Fors
- Cornell University Chemistry and Chemical Biology 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
| | - Tristan Hayes Lambert
- Cornell University Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
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6
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Long T, Pan S, Zhu S, Chu L. Catalyst‐Free Intermolecular Sulfonyl/Fluoromethyl Heteroarylation of Vinyl Ethers via Visible‐Light‐Induced Charge Transfer. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104080. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Long
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
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7
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Patrzałek M, Zieliński A, Pasparakis G, Vamvakaki M, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Testing Diverse Strategies for Ruthenium Catalyst Removal After Aqueous Homogeneous Olefin Metathesis. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Toh RW, Patrzałek M, Nienałtowski T, Piątkowski J, Kajetanowicz A, Wu J, Grela K. Olefin Metathesis in Continuous Flow Reactor Employing Polar Ruthenium Catalyst and Soluble Metal Scavenger for Instant Purification of Products of Pharmaceutical Interest. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:16450-16458. [PMID: 34900446 PMCID: PMC8655794 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of continuous-flow reactors has attracted growing attention from the synthetic community. Moreover, findings in the precise control of the reaction parameters and improved mass/heat transfer have made the flow setup an attractive alternative to batch reactors, both in academia and industry, enabling safe and easy scaling-up of synthetic processes. Even though a majority of the pharmaceutical industry currently rely on batch reactors or semibatch reactors, many are integrating flow technology because of easier maintenance and lower risks. Herein, we demonstrate an operationally simple flow setup for homogeneous ring-closing metathesis, which is applicable to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients precursors or analogues with high efficiency, low residence time, and in a green solvent. Furthermore, through the addition of a soluble metal scavenger in the subsequent step within the flow system, the level of ruthenium contamination in the final product can be greatly reduced (to less than 5 ppm). To ensure that this method is applicable for industrial usage, an upscale process including a 24 h continuous-flow reaction for more than 60 g of a Sildenafil analogue was achieved in a continuous-flow fashion by adjusting the tubing size and flow rate accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wei Toh
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Michał Patrzałek
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nienałtowski
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Pharmaceutical
Works Polpharma SA, Pelplińska
19, 83-200 Starogard
Gdański, Poland
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Email for A.K.:
| | - Jie Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Email for J.W.:
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Email for K.G.:
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9
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Nienałtowski T, Szczepanik P, Małecki P, Czajkowska‐Szczykowska D, Czarnocki S, Pawłowska J, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Large‐Scale Synthesis of a Niche Olefin Metathesis Catalyst Bearing an Unsymmetrical N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligand and its Application in a Green Pharmaceutical Context. Chemistry 2020; 26:15708-15717. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Nienałtowski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
- Polpharma SA Pharmaceutical Works Pelplinska 19 83-200 Starogard Gdanski Poland
| | - Paweł Szczepanik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dorota Czajkowska‐Szczykowska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Jolanta Pawłowska
- Polpharma SA Pharmaceutical Works Pelplinska 19 83-200 Starogard Gdanski Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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10
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Olszewski TK, Bieniek M, Skowerski K. Ruthenium-Based Complexes Bearing Quaternary Ammonium Tags as Versatile Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis: From the Discovery to Practical Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K. Olszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 29, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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11
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Szczepaniak G, Piątkowski J, Nogaś W, Lorandi F, Yerneni SS, Fantin M, Ruszczyńska A, Enciso AE, Bulska E, Grela K, Matyjaszewski K. An isocyanide ligand for the rapid quenching and efficient removal of copper residues after Cu/TEMPO-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation and atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00623h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three for the price of one: 1,4-bis(3-isocyanopropyl)piperazine allows for the removal of Cu impurities, can quench Cu-catalyzed reactions, and can prevent undesirable Glaser coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Wojciech Nogaś
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | | | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Alan E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
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12
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Pye SJ, Chalker JM, Raston CL. Vortex Fluidic Ethenolysis, Integrating a Rapid Quench of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-catalysed ethenolysis occurs in a vortex fluidic device (VFD) – a scalable, thin-film microfluidic continuous flow process. This process takes advantage of the efficient mass transfer of gaseous reagents into the dynamic thin film of liquid. Also reported is the rapid quenching of the ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalyst by the addition of a saturated solution of N-acetyl-l-cysteine in MeCN, as a convenient alternative to previously reported quenching methods.
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13
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Planer S, Jana A, Grela K. Ethyl Lactate: A Green Solvent for Olefin Metathesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4655-4661. [PMID: 31412165 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Compatibility of selected, commercially available ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts with ethyl lactate as solvent was evaluated using a range of substrates and conditions. In addition, the preparation of a metathesis catalyst in simplified manner by using the advantages of ethyl lactate was accomplished. The application of ethyl lactate facilitates product isolation (also allowing for lower ruthenium contamination in crude metathesis products) and improves the overall green angle of olefin metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Planer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki I Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anupam Jana
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki I Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki I Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Rudisch BM, Pfeiffer SA, Geissler D, Speckmeier E, Robitzki AA, Zeitler K, Belder D. Nonaqueous Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis for Continuous Separation of Reaction Mixtures in Organic Media. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6689-6694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Rudisch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Speckmeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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15
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Nowalk JA, Fang C, Short AL, Weiss RM, Swisher JH, Liu P, Meyer TY. Sequence-Controlled Polymers Through Entropy-Driven Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Theory, Molecular Weight Control, and Monomer Design. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5741-5752. [PMID: 30714723 PMCID: PMC6685222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bulk properties of a copolymer are directly affected by monomer sequence, yet efficient, scalable, and controllable syntheses of sequenced copolymers remain a defining challenge in polymer science. We have previously demonstrated, using polymers prepared by a step-growth synthesis, that hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)s is dramatically affected by sequence. While much was learned, the step-growth mechanism gave no molecular weight control, unpredictable yields, and meager scalability. Herein, we describe the synthesis of closely related sequenced polyesters prepared by entropy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ED-ROMP) of strainless macromonomers with imbedded monomer sequences of lactic, glycolic, 6-hydroxy hexanoic, and syringic acids. The incorporation of ethylene glycol and metathesis linkers facilitated synthesis and provided the olefin functionality needed for ED-ROMP. Ring-closing to prepare the cyclic macromonomers was demonstrated using both ring-closing metathesis and macrolactonization reactions. Polymerization produced macromolecules with controlled molecular weights on a multigram scale. To further enhance molecular weight control, the macromonomers were prepared with cis-olefins in the metathesis-active segment. Under these selectivity-enhanced (SEED-ROMP) conditions, first-order kinetics and narrow dispersities were observed and the effect of catalyst initiation rate on the polymerization was investigated. Enhanced living character was further demonstrated through the preparation of block copolymers. Computational analysis suggested that the enhanced polymerization kinetics were due to the cis-macrocyclic olefin being less flexible and having a larger population of metathesis-reactive conformers. Although used for polyesters in this investigation, SEED-ROMP represents a general method for incorporation of sequenced segments into molecular weight-controlled polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Nowalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Computational Modeling & Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
| | - Amy L. Short
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan M. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jordan H. Swisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Tara Yvonne Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, United States
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16
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Szczepaniak G, Nogaś W, Piątkowski J, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Grela K. Semiheterogeneous Purification Protocol for the Removal of Ruthenium Impurities from Olefin Metathesis Reaction Products Using an Isocyanide Scavenger. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nogaś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Lee DC, Lamm RJ, Prossnitz AN, Boydston AJ, Pun SH. Dual Polymerizations: Untapped Potential for Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1800861. [PMID: 30369103 PMCID: PMC6426662 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers with unique architectures and those that can self-assemble into supramolecular structures are used in medicine as biomaterial scaffolds and delivery vehicles for cells, therapeutics, and imaging agents. To date, much of the work relies on controlling polymer behavior by varying the monomer side chains to add functionality and tune hydrophobicity. Although varying the side chains is an efficient strategy to control polymer behavior, changing the polymer backbone can also be a powerful approach to modulate polymer self-assembly, rigidity, reactivity, and biodegradability for biomedical applications. There are many developments in the syntheses of polymers with segmented backbones, but these developments are not widely adopted as strategies to address the unique constraints and requirements of polymers for biomedical applications. This review highlights dual polymerization strategies for the synthesis of backbone-segmented block copolymers to facilitate their adoption for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington
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18
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Sabatino V, Ward TR. Aqueous olefin metathesis: recent developments and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:445-468. [PMID: 30873229 PMCID: PMC6404410 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin metathesis is one of the most powerful C-C double-bond-forming reactions. Metathesis reactions have had a tremendous impact in organic synthesis, enabling a variety of applications in polymer chemistry, drug discovery and chemical biology. Although challenging, the possibility to perform aqueous metatheses has become an attractive alternative, not only because water is a more sustainable medium, but also to exploit biocompatible conditions. This review focuses on the progress made in aqueous olefin metatheses and their applications in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Building 1096, Mattenstraße 24a, Biopark Rosental, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Building 1096, Mattenstraße 24a, Biopark Rosental, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Smoleń M, Marczyk A, Kośnik W, Trzaskowski B, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Ruthenium‐Catalysed Olefin Metathesis in Environmentally Friendly Solvents: 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran Revisited. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Smoleń
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Marczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw S. Banacha 2c 02‐097 Warszawa Poland
| | - Wioletta Kośnik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Faculty of Chemistry Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw S. Banacha 2c 02‐097 Warszawa Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
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20
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Functionalized Polyisobutylene and Liquid/Liquid Separations as a Method for Scavenging Transition Metals from Homogeneously Catalyzed Reactions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app9010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ethanedithiol-functionalized polyisobutylene was prepared in one step by a photoinitiated thiol-ene “click” reaction starting from ethanedithiol and polyisobutylene (PIB). The functionalized oligomer product was then used as a soluble sequestrant for transition metals. This PIB-bound thioether-thiol ligand is phase selectively soluble in alkanes and it quantitatively sequesters common transition metals like Cu2+ and Pd2+ into an alkane phase, separating them from polar solvents in a biphasic liquid/liquid separation. The chelating thioether-thiol ligand was also successfully used to remove Cu and Pd transition metal catalyst residues from products in crude reaction mixtures in both azide/alkyne click reactions and cross-coupling reactions using a liquid/liquid extraction. Separation efficiencies exceeding 95% and in many cases 99% were achieved.
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21
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Schowner R, Elser I, Toth F, Robe E, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Mono- and Bisionic Mo- and W-Based Schrock Catalysts for Biphasic Olefin Metathesis Reactions in Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2018; 24:13336-13347. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Schowner
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Iris Elser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Florian Toth
- XiMo Hungary Kft.; Záhony u. 7 H-1031 Budapest Hungary
| | - Emmanuel Robe
- XiMo Hungary Kft.; Záhony u. 7 H-1031 Budapest Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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22
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Pileggi E, Serpi M, Andrei G, Schols D, Snoeck R, Pertusati F. Expedient synthesis and biological evaluation of alkenyl acyclic nucleoside phosphonate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3596-3609. [PMID: 29880251 PMCID: PMC7126595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of phosphonoamidate prodrugs (ProTides) of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANPs) is highlighted by the approval of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate for the treatment of HIV and HBV infections. In the present paper we are reporting an expedient, one-pot, two-steps synthesis of allyl phosphonoamidates and diamidates that offers a time saving strategy when compared to literature methods. The use of these substrates in the cross metathesis reactions with alkenyl functionalised thymine and uracil nucleobases is reported. ANPs prodrugs synthesized via this methodology were evaluated for their antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses. It is anticipated that the use of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-napthyl as aryloxy moiety is capable to confer antiviral activity among a series of otherwise inactive uracil ProTides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pileggi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
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23
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Yu M, Lou S, Gonzalez-Bobes F. Ring-Closing Metathesis in Pharmaceutical Development: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Directions. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Sha Lou
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Bobes
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
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24
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Gawin A, Pump E, Slugovc C, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Ruthenium Amide Complexes – Synthesis and Catalytic Activity in Olefin Metathesis and in Ring‐Opening Polymerisation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gawin
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Eva Pump
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology Graz University of Technolgy Stremayrgasse 9 801‐0 Graz Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology Graz University of Technolgy Stremayrgasse 9 801‐0 Graz Austria
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
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25
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Jana A, Grela K. Forged and fashioned for faithfulness-ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts bearing ammonium tags. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:122-139. [PMID: 29188265 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06535c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the synthesis and applications of selected ammonium tagged Ru-alkylidene metathesis catalysts were described. Because of the straightforward synthesis, the first generation of onium-tagged catalysts have the ammonium group installed in the benzylidene ligand. Such catalysts usually give relatively pure metathesis products, and are used in polar solvents and water, or immobilised on various supports. Later, catalysts tagged in the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand (NHC) were developed to offer higher stability and even lower metal contamination levels. Due to minimal leaching, the non-dissociating ligand tagged systems were successfully immobilised on various supports, including zeolites and Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and used in batch and in continuous flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Jana
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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26
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Tracz A, Gawin A, Bieniek M, Olszewski TK, Skowerski K. Ammonium NHC-tagged olefin metathesis catalysts – influence of counter-ions on catalytic activity. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based catalysts bearing quaternary ammonium groups in their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) fragments and different counter-ions were synthesised and tested in various olefin metathesis transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Gawin
- Apeiron Synthesis SA
- 54-427 Wroclaw
- Poland
| | | | - Tomasz K. Olszewski
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 50-370 Wroclaw
- Poland
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28
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Granato AV, Santos AG, Dos Santos EN. p-Cymene as Solvent for Olefin Metathesis: Matching Efficiency and Sustainability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:1832-1837. [PMID: 28230317 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The underexploited biorenewable p-cymene is employed as a solvent for the metathesis of various substrates. p-Cymene is a nontoxic compound that can be obtained in large amounts as a side product of the cellulose and citrus industry. For the cross-metathesis of estragole with methyl acrylate, this solvent prevents the consecutive double-bond isomerization of the product and affords the best yield of all solvents tested. Undesired consecutive isomerization is a major challenge for many substrates in olefin metathesis, including pharmaceutical precursors, and the use of p-cymene as a solvent may be a way to prevent it. This solvent results in a better metathesis performance than toluene for the three substrates tested in this work, matching its performance for two other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur V Granato
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandra G Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N Dos Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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29
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Santos AG, Bailey GA, dos Santos EN, Fogg DE. Overcoming Catalyst Decomposition in Acrylate Metathesis: Polyphenol Resins as Enabling Agents for PCy3-Stabilized Metathesis Catalysts. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Santos
- Departamento
de Química-ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gwendolyn A. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, and Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Eduardo N. dos Santos
- Departamento
de Química-ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, and Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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