1
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Kimber MC, Lee DS. The Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement in natural product synthesis: 25 years of innovation. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:813-833. [PMID: 38294038 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1998 up to the end of 2023Since its initial disclosure in 1951, the Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement has proved an important synthetic transformation and has been widely adopted as a biomimetic step in natural product synthesis. Utilising the base catalysed decomposition of alkyl peroxides to yield a ketone and alcohol has found use in many syntheses as well as a key strategic step, including the unmasking of furans, as a biomimetic synthetic tool, and the use of the rearrangement to install oxygen enantioselectively. Since ca. 1998, its impact as a synthetic transformation has grown significantly, especially given the frequency of use in natural product syntheses, therefore this 25 year time period will be the focus of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Kimber
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Darren S Lee
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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2
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Edwards M, Pratley MT, Gordon CM, Teixeira RI, Ali H, Mahmood I, Lester R, Love A, Hermens JGH, Freese T, Feringa BL, Poliakoff M, George MW. Process Intensification of the Continuous Synthesis of Bio-Derived Monomers for Sustainable Coatings Using a Taylor Vortex Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1917-1928. [PMID: 38783853 PMCID: PMC11110062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We describe the optimization and scale-up of two consecutive reaction steps in the synthesis of bio-derived alkoxybutenolide monomers that have been reported as potential replacements for acrylate-based coatings (Sci. Adv.2020, 6, eabe0026). These monomers are synthesized by (i) oxidation of furfural with photogenerated singlet oxygen followed by (ii) thermal condensation of the desired 5-hydroxyfuranone intermediate product with an alcohol, a step which until now has involved a lengthy batch reaction. The two steps have been successfully telescoped into a single kilogram-scale process without any need to isolate the 5-hydroxyfuranone between the steps. Our process development involved FTIR reaction monitoring, FTIR data analysis via 2D visualization, and two different photoreactors: (i) a semicontinuous photoreactor based on a modified rotary evaporator, where FTIR and 2D correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) revealed the loss of the methyl formate coproduct, and (ii) our fully continuous Taylor Vortex photoreactor, which enhanced the mass transfer and permitted the use of near-stoichiometric equivalents of O2. The use of in-line FTIR monitoring and modeling greatly accelerated process optimization in the Vortex reactor. This led to scale-up of the photo-oxidation in 85% yield with a projected productivity of 1.3 kg day-1 and a space-time yield of 0.06 mol day-1 mL-1. Higher productivities could be achieved while sacrificing yield (e.g., 4 kg day-1 at 40% yield). The use of superheated methanol at 200 °C in a pressurized thermal flow reactor accelerated the second step, the thermal condensation of 5-hydroxyfuranone, from a 20 h batch reflux reaction (0.5 L, 85 g) to a space time of <1 min in a reactor only 3 mL in volume operating with projected productivities of >700 g day-1. Proof of concept for telescoping the two steps was established with an overall two-step yield of 67%, producing a process with a projected productivity of 1.1 kg day-1 for the methoxybutenolide monomer without any purification of the 5-hydroxyfuranone intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
D. Edwards
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Matthew T. Pratley
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Charles M. Gordon
- Scale-up
Systems Ltd., 23 Shelbourne
Road, Dublin 4, D04 PY68, Ireland
| | - Rodolfo I. Teixeira
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Hamza Ali
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Irfhan Mahmood
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Reece Lester
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Ashley Love
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Johannes G. H. Hermens
- Advanced
Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Freese
- Advanced
Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Advanced
Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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3
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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4
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Wang W, Peng Y. Mechanochemical organic synthesis in a rotary evaporator beyond conventional application: Proof-of-concept reactions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2023.2188463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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5
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van Vliet S, Hermens JGH, Fu Y, Pfeifer L, Feringa BL. Hydrazone-based boron difluoride complexes as triplet photosensitizers for singlet oxygen generation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:884-887. [PMID: 36594230 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the highly selective nature of singlet oxygen as an oxidant, it has received considerable interest in various areas of (organic) chemistry. Two green light activated hydrazone-based boron difluoride triplet photosensitizers possessing high quantum yields for 1O2 formation are reported. These photostable complexes are promising in applications in synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van Vliet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G H Hermens
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Youxin Fu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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6
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Riddell A, Kvist P, Bernin D. A 3D printed photoreactor for investigating variable reaction geometry, wavelength, and fluid flow. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:084103. [PMID: 36050099 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of photochemistry, including photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, has been revitalized due to the potential that photochemical reactions show in the sustainable production of chemicals. Therefore, there is a need for flexible photoreactor equipment that allows for the evaluation of the geometry, light wavelength, and intensity of the vessel, along with the fluid flow in various photochemical reactions. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have narrow emission spectra and can be either pulsed or run continuously; being flexible, they can be arranged to fit the dimensions of various types of the reactor vessel, depending on the application. This study presents a 3D printed photoreactor with the ability to adjust distances easily and switch between high-power LED light sources. The reactor design utilizes customized printed circuit boards to mount varying numbers and types of LEDs, which enables multiple wavelengths to be used simultaneously. These LED modules, comprised of heat sinks and cooling fans, fulfill the higher heat dissipation requirements of high-power LEDs. The flexibility of the reactor design is useful for optimizing the reaction geometry, flow conditions, wavelength, and intensity of photochemical reactions on a small scale. The estimates for incident light intensity under five possible reactor configurations using ferrioxalate actinometry are reported so that comparisons with other photoreactors can be made. The performance of the photoreactor for differing vessel sizes and distances, in both the flow and batch modes, is given for a photochemical reaction on 2-benzyloxyphenol-a model substance for lignin and applicable in the production of biobased chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riddell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patric Kvist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diana Bernin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Hermens JGH, Jensma A, Feringa BL. Highly Efficient Biobased Synthesis of Acrylic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. H. Hermens
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andries Jensma
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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9
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Hermens JGH, Jensma A, Feringa BL. Highly Efficient Biobased Synthesis of Acrylic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112618. [PMID: 34783426 PMCID: PMC9299676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Petrochemical based polymers, paints and coatings are cornerstones of modern industry but our future sustainable society demands greener processes and renewable feedstock materials. A challenge is to access platform monomers from biomass resources while integrating the principles of green chemistry in their chemical synthesis. We present a synthesis route starting from biomass‐derived furfural towards the commonly used monomers maleic anhydride and acrylic acid, implementing environmentally benign photooxygenation, aerobic oxidation and ethenolysis reactions. Maleic anhydride and acrylic acid, transformed into sodium acrylate, were isolated in yields of 85 % (2 steps) and 81 % (4 steps), respectively. With minimal waste and high atom efficiency, this biobased route provides a viable alternative to access key monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G H Hermens
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Jensma
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Wu L, Abreu BL, Blake AJ, Taylor LJ, Lewis W, Argent SP, Poliakoff M, Boufroura H, George MW. Multigram Synthesis of Trioxanes Enabled by a Supercritical CO2 Integrated Flow Process. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna L. Abreu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Blake
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J. Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hamza Boufroura
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
AbstractContinuous flow photochemistry as a field has witnessed an increasing popularity over the last decade in both academia and industry. Key drivers for this development are safety, practicality as well as the ability to rapidly access complex chemical structures. Continuous flow reactors, whether home-built or from commercial suppliers, additionally allow for creating valuable target compounds in a reproducible and automatable manner. Recent years have furthermore seen the advent of new energy efficient LED lamps that in combination with innovative reactor designs provide a powerful means to increasing both the practicality and productivity of modern photochemical flow reactors. In this review article we wish to highlight key achievements pertaining to the scalability of such continuous photochemical processes.
Graphical abstract
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13
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Manning MA, Sun W, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A photochemical ring expansion of 6- to 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles by [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4556-4559. [PMID: 33956001 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new route to azocines and benzoazocines from furopyridinones is described through a photochemically induced [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The method gives access to these 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles from dimethyl squarate in four stages and with excellent atom economy by sequencing thermal and photochemical ring expansion steps under continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Manning
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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14
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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15
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Sender M, Ziegenbalg D. Radiometric measurement techniques for in-depth characterization of photoreactors – part 2: 3 dimensional and integral radiometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development and potentials of a three-dimensionally resolving radiometric scanning method, complemented by integrating sphere measurements are presented for the evaluation of the radiation field of photoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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16
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Hermens JGH, Freese T, van den Berg KJ, van Gemert R, Feringa BL. A coating from nature. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/51/eabe0026. [PMID: 33328241 PMCID: PMC7744085 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For almost a century, petrochemical-based monomers like acrylates have been widely used as the basis for coatings, resins, and paints. The development of sustainable alternatives, integrating the principles of green chemistry in starting material, synthesis process, and product function, offers tremendous challenges for science and society. Here, we report on alkoxybutenolides as a bio-based alternative for acrylates and the formation of high-performance coatings. Starting from biomass-derived furfural and an environmentally benign photochemical conversion using visible light and oxygen in a flow reactor provides the alkoxybutenolide monomers. This is followed by radical (co)polymerization, which results in coatings with tunable properties for applications on distinct surfaces like glass or plastic. The performance is comparable to current petrochemical-derived industrial coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G H Hermens
- Advanced Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Freese
- Advanced Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Keimpe J van den Berg
- Department Resin Technology, Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes BV, Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gemert
- Department Resin Technology, Akzo Nobel Car Refinishes BV, Sassenheim, 2171 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Advanced Research Centre CBBC, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands.
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17
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Poliakoff M, George MW. Manufacturing chemicals with light: any role in the circular economy? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190260. [PMID: 32623996 PMCID: PMC7422894 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We outline how recent developments in photochemistry can contribute to the realization of the 1912 vision of the pioneering Italian scientist Giacomo Ciamician, namely world-wide chemical-using industry-based chemical plants fuelled solely by the Sun. We then show how a combination of organic photochemistry and flow chemistry could contribute to the circular economy by harnessing the ability of light to provide the energy to promote reactions without the need for some of the added reagents that are necessary in more traditional chemical routes, so-called 'reagentless' chemistry. Photochemistry has a long history but recently it has undergone a renaissance, particularly with the rise in interest in photoredox chemistry. Continuous photoreactors offer a route to scaling up such reactions to a productivity needed for smaller scale pharmaceutical manufacture. We describe some reactor designs from our own laboratory and outline some of their applications. We then relate these to the requirements of the circular economy and the need to conserve the stocks of the less abundant chemical elements. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Science to enable the circular economy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - M. W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- e-mail:
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18
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Lanteri D, Quattrosoldi S, Soccio M, Basso A, Cavallo D, Munari A, Riva R, Lotti N, Moni L. Regioselective Photooxidation of Citronellol: A Way to Monomers for Functionalized Bio-Polyesters. Front Chem 2020; 8:85. [PMID: 32117900 PMCID: PMC7031484 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photooxygenation reaction of bio-based double bond-containing substrates is proposed as sustainable functionalization of terpenes and terpenoids to transform them into polyoxygenated compounds to be employed for the synthesis of new bio-based polyesters. As proof of concept, citronellol 1 has been regioselectively converted into diol 4 using singlet oxygen (1O2), a traceless reagent that can be generated from air, visible light and zeolite supported-photosensitizer (Thionine-NaY). With our synthetic approach, diol 4 has been obtained in two-steps, with good regioselectivity, using green reagents such as light and air, and finally a solvent-free oxidation step. From this compound, a citronellol-based copolyester of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) has been synthesized and fully characterized. The results obtained evidence that the proposed copolymerization of PBS with the citronellol-based building blocks allows to obtain a more flexible and functionalizable material, by exploiting a largely available natural molecule modified through a green synthetic path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deianira Lanteri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Quattrosoldi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Basso
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Munari
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Riva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Moni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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19
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Scaling continuous API synthesis from milligram to kilogram: extending the enabling benefits of micro to the plant. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Lee DS, Sharabi M, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Medhat Sharabi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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21
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Di Filippo M, Bracken C, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020356. [PMID: 31952244 PMCID: PMC7024297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a remarkable development towards improved and new photochemical transformations in response to greener and more sustainable chemical synthesis needs. Additionally, the availability of modern continuous flow reactors has enabled widespread applications in view of more streamlined and custom designed flow processes. In this focused review article, we wish to evaluate the standing of the field of continuous flow photochemistry with a specific emphasis on the generation of bioactive entities, including natural products, drugs and their precursors. To this end we highlight key developments in this field that have contributed to the progress achieved to date. Dedicated sections present the variety of suitable reactor designs and set-ups available; a short discussion on the relevance of greener and more sustainable approaches; and selected key applications in the area of bioactive structures. A final section outlines remaining challenges and areas that will benefit from further developments in this fast-moving area. It is hoped that this report provides a valuable update on this important field of synthetic chemistry which may fuel developments in the future.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology / Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
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23
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Hamami ZE, Vanoye L, Fongarland P, de Bellefon C, Favre-Réguillon A. Improved Reactor Productivity for the Safe Photo-Oxidation of Citronellol Under Visible Light LED Irradiation. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zine Eddine Hamami
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Laurent Vanoye
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Pascal Fongarland
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Claude de Bellefon
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Univ Lyon Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (UMR 5285) CPE Lyon; 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 F-69100 Villeurbanne France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers EPN7-Equipe Chimie Générale; 2 rue Conté F-75003 Paris France
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24
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Ioannou GI, Montagnon T, Kalaitzakis D, Pergantis SA, Vassilikogiannakis G. One-Pot Synthesis of Diverse γ-Lactam Scaffolds Facilitated by a Nebulizer-Based Continuous Flow Photoreactor. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018; 2:860-864. [PMID: 30393758 PMCID: PMC6197048 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of a modified prototype continuous flow reactor (CFR) as a pivotal part of a number of versatile singlet oxygen-mediated reaction sequences is presented herein. These sequences target rapid access to structural complexity and diversity. The prototype reactor achieves high conversions and productivities by attaining large specific surface areas for these biphasic reactions. In the reactor, the reaction solution is nebulized (using either oxygen or air) and the resulting aerosol is irradiated by an LED jacket that surrounds the Pyrex reaction chamber. The one pot procedures developed herein are, according to many different criteria, both highly efficient and green. The key common intermediates and the source of both the complexity and variety of the final products are N-acyl imminium ions (NAI; protonated N-acyl enamines). The initial substrates are simple and readily accessible furans and the diverse array of products is composed of different complex γ-lactams. Many of the products are of particular interest due to their close relationships to known biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CreteVasilika Vouton71003CreteGreece
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25
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Politano F, Oksdath-Mansilla G. Light on the Horizon: Current Research and Future Perspectives in Flow Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Politano
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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26
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Shvydkiv O, Jähnisch K, Steinfeldt N, Yavorskyy A, Oelgemöller M. Visible-light photooxygenation of α-terpinene in a falling film microreactor. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Combining engineering and chemistry for the selective continuous production of four different oxygenated compounds by photo-oxidation of cyclopentadiene using liquid and supercritical CO2 as solvents. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Wu L, Lee DS, Boufroura H, Poliakoff M, George MW. Photooxidation of Fulvenes in a Continuous Flow Photoreactor using Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Wu
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hamza Boufroura
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park, NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Nottingham Ningbo China; 199 Taikang East Road Ningbo 315100 China
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29
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Tambosco B, Segura K, Seyrig C, Cabrera D, Port M, Ferroud C, Amara Z. Outer-Sphere Effects in Visible-Light Photochemical Oxidations with Immobilized and Recyclable Ruthenium Bipyridyl Salts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Tambosco
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, EA 7341, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Génie des Procédés Chimiques et Energétiques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, Paris 75003, France
| | - Kevin Segura
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, EA 7341, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Génie des Procédés Chimiques et Energétiques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, Paris 75003, France
| | - Chloé Seyrig
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, EA 7341, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Génie des Procédés Chimiques et Energétiques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, Paris 75003, France
| | - Damien Cabrera
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, EA 7341, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Génie des Procédés Chimiques et Energétiques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, Paris 75003, France
| | - Marc Port
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, EA 7341, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Génie des Procédés Chimiques et Energétiques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, Paris 75003, France
| | - Clotilde Ferroud
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, EA 7341, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Génie des Procédés Chimiques et Energétiques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, Paris 75003, France
| | - Zacharias Amara
- Equipe de Chimie Moléculaire, EA 7341, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Génie des Procédés Chimiques et Energétiques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, Paris 75003, France
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30
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Clark CA, Lee DS, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. UV PhotoVap: Demonstrating How a Simple and Versatile Reactor Based on a Conventional Rotary Evaporator Can Be Used for UV Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. George
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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31
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Ioannou GI, Montagnon T, Kalaitzakis D, Pergantis SA, Vassilikogiannakis G. Synthesis of cyclopent-2-enones from furans using a nebulizer-based continuous flow photoreactor. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:10151-10155. [PMID: 29177328 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of hydroxycyclopent-2-enones and methoxycyclopent-2-enones have been synthesized in a single operation from simple furan substrates using an innovative continuous flow nebulizer system (NebPhotOX). Photooxygenation of the furan substrates takes place in an aerosol within the NebPhotOX system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Ioannou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
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32
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Vohradská N, Sánchez-Carnerero EM, Pastierik T, Mazal C, Klán P. Controlled photorelease of alkynoic acids and their decarboxylative deprotection for copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5558-5561. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A controlled photorelease of alkynoic acids from a photoremovable protecting group (PPG) facilitates their subsequent decarboxylation to deliver terminal alkynes for a CuI-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Vohradská
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Pastierik
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Ctibor Mazal
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
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33
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Lee D, Amara Z, Clark CA, Xu Z, Kakimpa B, Morvan HP, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. Continuous Photo-Oxidation in a Vortex Reactor: Efficient Operations Using Air Drawn from the Laboratory. Org Process Res Dev 2017; 21:1042-1050. [PMID: 28781513 PMCID: PMC5526652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the construction and use of a vortex reactor which uses a rapidly rotating cylinder to generate Taylor vortices for continuous flow thermal and photochemical reactions. The reactor is designed to operate under conditions required for vortex generation. The flow pattern of the vortices has been represented using computational fluid dynamics, and the presence of the vortices can be easily visualized by observing streams of bubbles within the reactor. This approach presents certain advantages for reactions with added gases. For reactions with oxygen, the reactor offers an alternative to traditional setups as it efficiently draws in air from the lab without the need specifically to pressurize with oxygen. The rapid mixing generated by the vortices enables rapid mass transfer between the gas and the liquid phases allowing for a high efficiency dissolution of gases. The reactor has been applied to several photochemical reactions involving singlet oxygen (1O2) including the photo-oxidations of α-terpinene and furfuryl alcohol and the photodeborylation of phenyl boronic acid. The rotation speed of the cylinder proved to be key for reaction efficiency, and in the operation we found that the uptake of air was highest at 4000 rpm. The reactor has also been successfully applied to the synthesis of artemisinin, a potent antimalarial compound; and this three-step synthesis involving a Schenk-ene reaction with 1O2, Hock cleavage with H+, and an oxidative cyclization cascade with triplet oxygen (3O2), from dihydroartemisinic acid was carried out as a single process in the vortex reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren
S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zacharias Amara
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Charlotte A. Clark
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zeyuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Bruce Kakimpa
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Herve P. Morvan
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical, Materials
and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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34
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Jones DB, Raston C. Improving oxidation efficiency through plasma coupled thin film processing. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09559g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma liquid processing efficiency improves by reducing the liquid film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl B. Jones
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- College of Science and Engineering
- Flinders University
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Colin L. Raston
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- College of Science and Engineering
- Flinders University
- Adelaide
- Australia
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