1
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Duan C, Cui C. Boryl-substituted low-valent heavy group 14 compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:361-379. [PMID: 38086648 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Low valent group 14 compounds exhibit diverse structures and reactivities. The employment of diazaborolyl anions (NHB anions), isoelectronic analogues to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), in group 14 chemistry leads to the exceptional structures and reactivity. The unique combination of σ-electron donation and pronounced steric hindrance impart distinct structural characteristics to the NHB-substituted low valent group 14 compounds. Notably, the modulation of the HOMO-LUMO gap in these compounds with the diazaborolyl substituents results in novel reaction patterns in the activation of small molecules and inert chemical bonds. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances in NHB-substituted low-valent heavy Group 14 compounds, emphasizing their synthesis, structural characteristics and application to small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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2
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Kong D, Li J, Dai W, Jiang L, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Fu G, Roesky HW. Geometrically Compelled Silicon(II)/Silicon(IV) Donor-Acceptor Interaction Enables the Enamination of Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315249. [PMID: 37877345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Discovering new bonding scenarios and subsequently exploring the reactivity contribute substantially to advance the main group element chemistry. Herein, we report on the isolation and characterization of an intriguing class of the hydrido-benzosiloles 2-4. These compounds exhibit a side arm of the amidinatosilylenyl group, featuring unidirectional silicon(II)/silicon(IV) donor-acceptor interaction on account of the geometric constraint. Furthermore, the reactions involving 2-4 with nitriles yield the tricyclic compounds that edge-fused of the Si-heteroimidazolidine-CN2 Si2 , silole-C4 Si, and phenyl-C6 -rings (5-13). These compounds are manifesting a unique reaction that the silicon(II)/silicon(IV) interaction enables the enamination of the α-H-bearing nitriles. The reaction mechanism involved in H-shift under oxidative addition at silylene followed by hydrosilylation of a ketenimine intermediate was revealed by density function theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Liuying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yiling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Gang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institüt für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Gilmer J, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Fantuzzi F, Wagner M. A Hydride-Substituted Homoleptic Silylborate: How Similar is it to its Diborane(6)-Dianion Isostere? Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203119. [PMID: 36210643 PMCID: PMC10100083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The B-nucleophilic 9H-9-borafluorene dianion reacts with 9-chloro-9-silafluorene to afford air- and moisture-stable silylborate salts M[Ar2 (H)B-Si(H)Ar2 ] (M[HBSiH], M=Li, Na). Li[HBSiH] and Me3 SiCl give the B-pyridine adduct Ar2 (py)B-Si(H)Ar2 ((py)BSiH) or the chlorosilane Li[Ar2 (H)B-Si(Cl)Ar2 ] (Li[HBSiCl]) in C6 H6 -pyridine or THF. In both cases, the first step is H- abstraction at the B center. The resulting free borane subsequently binds a py or thf ligand. While the py adduct is stable at room temperature, the thf adduct undergoes a 1,2-H shift via the cyclic B(μ-H)Si intermediate BHSi, which is afterwards attacked at the Si atom by a Cl- ion to give Li[HBSiCl]. DFT calculations were employed to support the proposed reaction mechanism and to characterize the electronic structure of BHSi. Treatment of Li[HBSiCl] with the N-heterocyclic carbene IMe introduces the neutral donor at the Si atom and leads to Ar2 (H)B-Si(IMe)Ar2 (HBSi(IMe)), a donor-acceptor-stabilized silylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Gilmer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Park Wood Rd, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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4
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Ding Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Cui C. Disilicon Dicarbonyl Complex: Synthesis and Protonation of CO with O–H Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20566-20570. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Synthesis of an N‐Heterocylic Boryl‐Stabilized Disilyne and Its Application to the Activation of Dihydrogen and C−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205785. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Ding Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Cui C. Synthesis of an N‐Heterocylic Boryl‐Stabilized Disilyne and its Application to the Activation of Dihydrogen and C−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Ding
- Nankai University Institute of elemento-organic chemistry CHINA
| | - Yang Li
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Institute of elemento-organic chemistry CHINA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry Institute of elemento-organic chemistry CHINA
| | - Chunming Cui
- Nankai University Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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7
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Helling C, Haak J, Wölper C, Cutsail GE, Schulz S. Sequential Reduction of Borylstibane to an Electronically Nonsymmetric Diboryldistibene Radical Anion. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5124-5132. [PMID: 35293742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the formation of metal-metal bonds and their electronic structures is still a scientific task. We herein report on the stepwise synthesis of boryl-substituted antimony compounds in which the antimony atoms adopt four different oxidation states (+III, +II, +I, +I/0). Sb-C bond homolysis of Cp*[(HCNDip)2B]SbCl (1; Cp* = C5Me5; Dip = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) gave diboryldichlorodistibane [(HCNDip)2BSbCl]2 (2), which reacted with KC8 to form diboryldistibene [(HCNDip)2BSb]2 (3) and traces of cyclotetrastibane [(HCNDip)2B]3Sb4Cl (5). One-electron reduction of 3 yielded the potassium salt of the diboryldistibene radical anion [(HCNDip)2BSb]2̇-, [K(18-c-6)(OEt2)][{(HCNDip)2BSb}2] (4), which exhibits an unprecedented inequivalent spin localization on the Sb-Sb bond and hence an unsymmetric electronic structure. Compounds 1-4 were characterized by heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H, 13C, 11B), infrared (IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy (3, 4), and single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD, 1-5), while the bonding nature of 3 and 4 was analyzed by quantum chemical calculations. EPR spectroscopy resolves the dissimilar Sb hyperfine tensors of 4, reflecting the inequivalent spin distribution, setting 4 uniquely apart from all previously characterized dipnictene radical anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Haak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.,Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Tian M, Zhang J, Guo L, Cui C. Isolation of a planar 1,2-dilithio-disilene and its conversion to a Si-B hybrid 2π-electron system and a planar tetraboryldisilene. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14635-14640. [PMID: 34881016 PMCID: PMC8580061 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium reagents have long played important roles in synthetic chemistry. However, unsaturated organosilicon lithium reagents are few in number. Herein, we describe the first isolation of a 1,2-dilithiodisilene: [(boryl)SiLi]2 (2) was prepared in 73% yield by the reduction of (boryl)tribromosilane (1, boryl = (HCArN)2B, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) with lithium in Et2O. The salt elimination reaction of 2 with dihaloboranes RBX2 afforded disilaborirenes [(boryl)Si]2BR (3a–c), whereas the reaction with two equivalents of B-bromocatecholborane ((cat)BBr) yielded the first tetraboryldisilene [(boryl)(cat)BSi]2 (4). X-ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory calculations indicated that the disilene 2 and tetraboryldisilene 4 feature an almost planar geometry and disilaborirenes 3a–c are aromatic with a silicon–boron hybrid 2π-electron delocalized structure. The results indicate that 1,2-dilithiodisilene 2 is a powerful synthetic reagent for the construction of novel silicon multiply bonded species with unique electronic structures and that the boryl substituents have significant electronic effects on the structure of silicon multiple bonding. Dianionic disilyne: reduction of boryltribromosilane yielded the 1,2-dilithio-disilene 2, which is a powerful transfer reagent for the synthesis of a novel 2π aromatic system and the first tetraboryldisilene.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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9
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Tanaka K, Akasaka N, Kosai T, Honda S, Ushijima Y, Ishida S, Iwamoto T. Dialkylboryl-Substituted Cyclic Disilenes Synthesized by Desilylation-Borylation of Trimethylsilyl-Substituted Disilenes. Molecules 2021; 26:1632. [PMID: 33804233 PMCID: PMC8001088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
π-Electron systems of silicon have attracted attention because of their narrow HOMO-LUMO gap and high reactivity, but the structural diversity remains limited. Herein, new dialkylboryl-substituted disilenes were synthesized by the selective desilylation-borylation of the corresponding trimethylsilyl-substituted disilenes. The dialkylboryl-substituted disilenes were fully characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and theoretical calculations. The longest-wavelength absorption bands of boryldisilenes were bathochromically shifted compared to the corresponding silyl-substituted disilenes, indicating a substantial conjugation between π(Si=Si) and vacant 2p(B) orbitals. In the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), the dialkylboryl groups in the boryl-substituted disilenes were easily converted to trimethylsilyl groups, suggesting the dialkylboryl-substituted disilenes in the presence of a base serve as the surrogates of disilenyl anions (disilenides).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (K.T.); (N.A.); (T.K.); (S.H.); (Y.U.); (S.I.)
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11
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Huang Y, Wu J, Qiu R, Xu F, Zhu J. Probing the tautomerization of disilenes and disilabenzenes with their isomeric silylenes: significant substituent, aromaticity and base effects. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17341-17349. [PMID: 33206739 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disilene has attracted considerable interest due to the trans-bending geometry which is significantly different from the planar alkene. However, the equilibrium between disilene and isomeric silylsilylene has not been fully understood. Here, we report a density functional theory (DFT) study on this equilibrium. Calculations reveal significant effects of substituent, aromaticity and base. Specifically, the parent disilene is thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric silylene. When the methoxy substituent is introduced, the corresponding silylene becomes thermodynamically more stable, which could be rationalized by the Bent's rule. Interestingly, disilabenzene becomes thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric silylene when the concept of aromaticity is taken into account. Finally, once the base is introduced, the silylene could become thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric disilabenzene. The kinetic effect of the tautomerization with several typical substituents (F, Me and OMe) has also been investigated. Some species with a bridged form have been found to have a higher thermodynamic stability over the nonbridged ones. All these findings could be particularly useful to develop the chemistry of disilenes and silylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
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12
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Hanusch F, Groll L, Inoue S. Recent advances of group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes in bond activation and catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2001-2015. [PMID: 34163962 PMCID: PMC8179309 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first heavy alkene analogues of germanium and tin were isolated in 1976, followed by West's disilene in 1981, the chemistry of stable group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes has advanced immensely. Recent developments in this field veered the focus from the isolation of novel bonding motifs to mimicking transition metals in their ability to activate small molecules and perform catalysis. The potential of these homonuclear multiply bonded compounds has been demonstrated numerous times in the activation of H2, NH3, CO2 and other small molecules. Hereby, the strong relationship between structure and reactivity warrants close attention towards rational ligand design. This minireview provides an overview on recent developments in regard to bond activation with group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes with the perspective of potential catalytic applications of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lisa Groll
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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