1
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Smith BA, Hakimov S, Jenkins DM, Vogiatzis KD. Ligand engineering of tetra N-heterocyclic carbenes for boosting catalytic aziridination. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39157935 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive computational study on the underlying reactivity of iron tetra-NHC complexes for C2 + N1 aziridination catalysis is presented. A library of 18 unique iron tetra-NHC complexes was constructed, and a computational screening was performed on the reaction barriers associated with the rate-determining step (formation of an open chain radical intermediate). Thermodynamic barriers were computed along with a variety of steric and electronic properties, including the percentage of buried volume, orbital energies and ETS-NOCV analysis, which were used to identify key characteristics related to reactivity. The analysis performed in this study successfully identified key differences in tetracarbenes, such as linking groups (BMe2 or CH2) and the identity of the NHC groups (imidazole, imidazoline or benzimidazole) in terms of sterics, electronics and thermodynamics. Additionally, we have proposed two reaction pathways based on electronic structure arguments for the formation of the key open-chain radical intermediate. The first reaction pathway proceeds through a σ-hole channel where the Fe(IV)-imide intermediate evolves into Fe(III)-imidyl radical through electron donation into the antibonding σ* orbital, while the second involves a Fe(III)-imidyl radical formed through a π-hole channel (donation into π*). These pathways are consistent with the isoelectronic iron(IV)-oxo species for hydrogen atom abstraction mechanisms and they can be used as descriptors of the rate-determining step of the aziridination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA.
| | - Somon Hakimov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA.
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA.
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2
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Zheng T, Nöthling N, Wang Z, Mitschke B, Leutzsch M, List B. A solid noncovalent organic double-helix framework catalyzes asymmetric [6 + 4] cycloaddition. Science 2024; 385:765-770. [PMID: 39146417 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Whereas [4 + 2] cycloadditions are among the most powerful tools in the chemist's synthetic arsenal, controlling reactivity and selectivity of [6 + 4] cycloadditions has proven to be extremely challenging. Such transformations, especially if compatible with simple hydrocarbon-based substrates, could ultimately provide a general approach to highly valuable and otherwise difficult to access 10-membered rings. We report here that highly acidic and confined imidodiphosphorimidate catalysts do not catalyze this reaction under homogeneous conditions. Notably, however, they can spontaneously precipitate an insoluble and double helix-shaped noncovalent organic framework, which acts as a distinctively reactive and stereoselective catalyst of [6 + 4] cycloadditions of simple dienes with tropone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mitschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Wang X, Ligorio RF, Rüttger F, Krengel DMJ, Graw N, Herbst-Irmer R, Krawczuk A, Stalke D. Reducing hybrid ligand-based alane and chasing aluminium(I): dialane and unusual transient dialumene. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39120603 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In this work, an alane, [DNIAlH2] (1) (DNI = 3,3-dimethyl-2-[2-methyl-2-(2,6-diisopropyl-aniline)ethenyl]-3H-indolenine), stabilised by a hybrid ligand was reduced by Jones's Mg(I) ([(MesBDIMg)2]) and Roesky's Al(I) ([DippBDIAl:]). The resulting dialane compound [{DNI(H)Al}2] (2) was characterised using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, DFT calculations and single-crystal XRD experiments. The reaction of aluminium dihydride [DNIAlH2] (1) with [DippBDIAl:] at high temperatures gives an intramolecular C(sp2)-H bond-activated compound 3. To study the monomeric hybrid ligand-based Al(I), characterisations and computational calculations were performed, which elucidate that compound 5, consisting of two inequivalent aluminium atoms in an Al2CN four-membered ring, resulting from the activation of a carbon-nitrogen bond in the reaction of [DNINa] with [(Cp*Al)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Wang
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Raphael F Ligorio
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Rüttger
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David M J Krengel
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Nico Graw
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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4
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Saida AB, Mahaut D, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Champagne B, Vanthuyne N, Robiette R, Berionni G. Reactivity and Steric Parameters from 2D to 3D Bulky Pyridines: Increasing Steric Demand at Nitrogen with Chiral Azatriptycenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407503. [PMID: 38781114 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sterically hindered pyridines embedded in a three-dimensional triptycene framework have been synthesized, and their resolution by chiral HPLC enabled access to unprecedented enantiopure pyridines exceeding the known steric limits. The design principles for new axially chiral pyridine derivatives are then described. To rationalize their associations with Lewis acids and transition metals, a comprehensive determination of the steric and electronic parameters for this new class of pyridines was performed. This led to the general parameterization of the steric parameters (percent buried volume %VBur, Tolman cone angle θ, and He8_steric descriptor) for a large set of two- and three-dimensional pyridine derivatives. These parameters are shown to describe quantitatively their interactions with carbon- and boron-centered Lewis acids and were used to predict the ΔG° of association with the prototypical B(C6F5)3 Lewis acid widely used in frustrated Lewis pair catalysis. This first parameterization of pyridine sterics is a fundamental basis for the future development of predictive reactivity models and for guiding new applications of bulky and chiral pyridines in organocatalysis, frustrated Lewis pairs, and transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Saida
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1 Box L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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5
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Guo W, Jiang J, Wang J. [2.2]Benzoindenophane-Based Chiral Indenyl Ligands: Design, Synthesis, and Applications in Asymmetric C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400279. [PMID: 38781117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Development of chiral indenyl ligands for asymmetric C-H activation is a longstanding challenge, and extremely few successes have been achieved. In this paper, we describe a class of readily accessible, facilely tunable and user-friendly chiral indenyl ligands featuring a [2.2]benzoindenophane skeleton via a divergent synthesis strategy. The corresponding chiral indenyl rhodium catalysts were successfully applied in the asymmetric C-H activation reaction of O-Boc hydroxybenzamide with alkenes to give various chiral dihydroisoquinolone products (up to 97 % yield, up to 98 % ee). Moreover, the asymmetric C-H activation reaction of carboxylic acids with alkynes was also successfully accomplished, providing a range of axially chiral isocoumarins (up to 99 % yield, up to 94 % ee). Notably, this represents the first example of enantioselective transition metal catalyzed C(sp2)-H activation/oxidative coupling of benzoic acids with internal alkynes to construct isocoumarins. Given many attractive features of this class of indenyl ligands, such as convenient synthesis, high tunability and exclusive face-selectivity of coordination, its applications in more catalytic asymmetric C-H activation and in other asymmetric catalysis are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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6
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Würdemann MS, Kühn S, Bötel T, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Phospha-bicyclohexene-germylenes exhibiting unexpected reactivity. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04034a. [PMID: 39129781 PMCID: PMC11310892 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introducing phospha-bicyclohexene (BCH)-germylenes (BCHGe's) as a novel, multifunctional compound class: the title compounds 15-18 are obtained from simple salt metathesis reactions of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediides K2[1] with phosphorusdichlorides. The BCHGe's 15-18 are stabilized by homoconjugation of the germanium(ii) centre with the remote C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond. Despite substantial thermodynamic stabilization, phospha-BCHGe's are reactive and undergo a reductive elimination of elemental germanium to give the corresponding phospholes. The elimination is a nucleophilic, bimolecular process and is prevented by large substituents. The reaction of phospha-BCHGe's with small electrophiles gives the corresponding phosphonium salts. Oxidation with chalcogens takes place at both the germanium and the phosphorus atom, and after elimination of germanium chalcogenides the corresponding phosphole chalcogenides were isolated. The introduced germylenes exhibit strong nucleophilic but also non-neglectable electrophilic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sophie Würdemann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Steffen Kühn
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Tobias Bötel
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
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7
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Li F, Lv K, Liu X, Zhou Y, Liu K. Accurately Computing the Interacted Volume of Molecules over Their 3D Mesh Models. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5535-5546. [PMID: 38962905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
For quickly predicting the rational arrangement of catalysts and substrates, we previously proposed a method to calculate the interacted volumes of molecules over their 3D point cloud models. However, the nonuniform density in molecular point clouds may lead to incomplete contours in some slices, reducing the accuracy of the previous method. In this paper, we propose a two-step method for more accurately computing molecular interacted volumes. First, by employing a prematched mesh slicing method, we layer the 3D triangular mesh models of the electrostatic potential isosurfaces of two molecules globally, transforming the volume calculation into finding the intersecting areas in each layer. Next, by subdividing polygonal edges, we accurately identify intersecting parts within each layer, ensuring precise calculation of interacted volumes. In addition, we present a concise overview for computing intersecting areas in cases of multiple contour intersections and for improving computational efficiency by incorporating bounding boxes at three stages. Experimental results demonstrate that our method maintains high accuracy in different experimental data sets, with an average relative error of 0.16%. On the same experimental setup, our average relative error is 0.07%, which is lower than the previous algorithm's 1.73%, improving the accuracy and stability in calculating interacted volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Li
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Kun Lv
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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8
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Ghana P, Xiong S, Tekpor A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Henderson BS, Agapie T. Catalyst Editing via Post-Synthetic Functionalization by Phosphonium Generation and Anion Exchange for Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene/Acrylate Copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18797-18803. [PMID: 38967615 PMCID: PMC11258788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Rapid, efficient development of homogeneous catalysts featuring desired performance is critical to numerous catalytic transformations but remains a key challenge. Typically, this task relies heavily on ligand design that is often based on trial and error. Herein, we demonstrate a "catalyst editing" strategy in Ni-catalyzed ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. Specifically, alkylation of a pendant phosphine followed by anion exchange provides a high yield strategy for a large number of cationic Ni phosphonium catalysts with varying electronic and steric profiles. These catalysts are highly active in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization, and their behaviors are correlated with the electrophile and the anion used in late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Ghana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shuoyan Xiong
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Adjeoda Tekpor
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C. Bailey
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A. Spinney
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S. Henderson
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Wittwer B, Heim F, Wurst K, Hohloch S. A bridging bis-phosphanido-phosphinidene complex of lanthanum supported by a sterically encumbering PN ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7299-7302. [PMID: 38842222 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of a bulky anilidophosphine ligand (short PNTerph) and its lanthanum complexes 1 and 3 is reported. When exposed to KPHMes, both complexes form the first example of a bis-phosphanido-phosphinidene complex 2. This complex undergoes Phospha-Wittig type reactions and its reactivity towards strong bases is further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wittwer
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - F Heim
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - K Wurst
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - S Hohloch
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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10
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Wang C, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang X, Ding K. Nickel Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,4-Hydroamination of 1,3-Dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18440-18450. [PMID: 38949166 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective hydroamination of 1,3-dienes provides a direct methodology for the construction of chiral allylamines. So far, all of the reported examples used nucleophilic amines and proceeded with 3,4-regioselectivity. Herein, we describe the first example of nickel-catalyzed enantioselective 1,4-hydroamination of 1,3-dienes using trimethoxysilane and hydroxylamines with a structurally adaptable aromatic spiroketal based chiral diphosphine (SKP) as the ligand, affording a wide array of α-substituted chiral allylamines in high yields with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities. This operationally simple protocol demonstrated a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility, significantly expanding the chemical space for chiral allylamines. Experimental and DFT studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism and to rationalize the regio- and enantioselectivities of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xingheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Esteve F, Rieu T, Lehn JM. Key structural features to favour imines over hydrates in water: pyridoxal phosphate as a muse. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10408-10415. [PMID: 38994419 PMCID: PMC11234862 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Imination reactions in water represent a challenge not only because of the high propensity of imines to be hydrolysed but also as a result of the competing hydrate formation through H2O addition to the aldehyde. In the present work we report a successful approach that allows for favouring imitation reactions while silencing hydrate formation. Such remarkable reactivity and selectivity can be attained by fine-tuning the electronic and steric structural features of the ortho-substituents of the carbonyl groups. It resulted from studying the structure-reactivity relationships in a series of condensation reactions between different amines and aldehydes, comparing the results to the ones obtained in the presence of the biologically-relevant pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). The key role of negatively-charged and sterically-crowding units (i.e., sulfonate groups) in disfavouring hydrate formation was corroborated by DFT and steric-hindrance calculations. Furthermore, the best-performing aldehyde leads to higher imine yields, selectivity and stability than those of PLP itself, allowing for the inhibition of a PLP-dependent enzyme (transaminase) through dynamic aldimine exchange. These results will increase the applicability of imine-based dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) under physiological conditions and will pave the way for the design of new carbonyl derivatives that might be used in the dynamic modification of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Tanguy Rieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
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12
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Nayab S, Jan K, Kim SH, Kim SH, Shams DF, Son Y, Yoon M, Lee H. Insight into the inhibitory potential of metal complexes supported by ( E)-2-morpholino- N-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)ethanamine: synthesis, structural properties, biological evaluation and docking studies. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11295-11309. [PMID: 38898716 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00362d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A thiophene-derived Schiff base ligand (E)-2-morpholino-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)ethanamine was used for the synthesis of M(II) complexes, [TEM(M)X2] (M = Co, Cu, Zn; X = Cl; M = Cd, X = Br). Structural characterization of the synthesized complexes revealed distorted tetrahedral geometry around the M(II) center. In vitro investigation of the synthesized ligand and its M(II) complexes showed considerable anti-urease and leishmanicidal potential. The synthesized complexes also exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on urease, with IC50 values in the range of 3.50-8.05 μM. In addition, the docking results were consistent with the experimental results. A preliminary study of human colorectal cancer (HCT), hepatic cancer (HepG2), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines showed marked anticancer activities of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Nayab
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir (U) 18050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kalsoom Jan
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Seung-Hyeon Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Hyun Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dilawar Farhan Shams
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Maradan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - Younghu Son
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyosun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Huang FR, Yao QJ, Zhang P, Teng MY, Chen JH, Jiang LC, Shi BF. Cobalt-Catalyzed Domino Transformations via Enantioselective C-H Activation/Nucleophilic [3 + 2] Annulation toward Chiral Bridged Bicycles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15576-15586. [PMID: 38753821 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Selective synthesis of chiral bridged (hetero)bicyclic scaffolds via asymmetric C-H activation constitutes substantial challenges due to the multiple reactivities of strained bicyclic structures. Herein, we develop the domino transformations through an unprecedented cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation/nucleophilic [3 + 2] annulation with symmetrical bicyclic alkenes. The methods offer straightforward access to a wide range of chiral molecules bearing [2.2.1]-bridged bicyclic cores with four and five consecutive stereocenters in a single step. Two elaborate salicyloxazoline (Salox) ligands were synthesized based on the rational design and mechanistic understanding. The well-defined chiral pockets generated from asymmetric coordination around the trivalent cobalt catalyst direct the orientation of bicyclic alkenes, leading to excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Rui Huang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qi-Jun Yao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ming-Ya Teng
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jia-Hao Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lu-Chen Jiang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China
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14
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Kulyabin PS, Sharikov MI, Izmer VV, Kononovich DS, Goryunov GP, Alexeev NV, Uborsky DV, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Ehm C, Budzelaar PHM, Cipullo R, Busico V, Voskoboynikov AZ. Triptycene as a scaffold in metallocene catalyzed olefin polymerization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9516-9525. [PMID: 38767874 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A set of metallocene olefin polymerization catalysts bearing triptycene moieties in either position 4-5 (complexes Ty1-Ty5) or in position 5-6 (complexes Ty6-Ty8) of the basic dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(indenyl) system has been tested in propene polymerization and in ethene/1-hexene copolymerization. Comparison of the results with QSPR (quantitative structure-property relationship) predictions not parametrized for these exotic ligand variations demonstrates that trends can still be identified by extrapolation. Interestingly, Ty7, upon suitable activation, provides a highly isotactic polypropylene with an exceptional amount of 2,1 regio-errors (8%). The previously developed QSPR type models successfully predicted the low regioselectivity of this catalyst, despite the fact that the catalyst structure differs significantly from the benchmark set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Kulyabin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail I Sharikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vyatcheslav V Izmer
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry S Kononovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikita V Alexeev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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15
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Wen X, Zhang Z, Ren K, Zhang W, Zhou G, Luo Y. Theoretical investigations of 2-vinylpyridine stereoselective polymerization catalyzed by cationic yttrium complexes with different ancillary ligands. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9198-9206. [PMID: 38743042 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The polymerization mechanism of 2-vinylpyridine catalyzed by cationic yttrium complexes with diverse ancillary ligands, specifically [L1Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)]+ [L1 = (2,6-Et2C6H3)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(2,6-Et2C6H3)] (Y-1), [L2Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)]+ [L2 = (2,6-Cl2C6H3)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(2,6-Cl2C6H3)] (Y-2), and [L3Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)]+ [L3 = (2,6-C6H5)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)] (Y-3), was studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Having achieved an agreement between theory and experiment, it is found that isotactic selectivity induced by Y-1 or Y-2 results from a combination of smaller deformation of the catalyst and stronger electronic effects. Conversely, the Y-3 complex exhibits comparable energy barriers for proceeding via either isotactic or syndiotactic pathways, aligning with the production of atactic polymers as seen experimentally. To examine the steric effects on the kinetic and thermodynamic properties, a computational model of an analogue complex [L4Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)]+ [L4 = (2,6-Cl2C6H3)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N(iPr2C6H3)] (Y-4), featuring increased steric hindrance, was analyzed. Distortion-interaction and topographic steric map analyses further affirmed that steric hindrance significantly influences stereoselectivity. A direct relationship was identified between the energy barriers of isotactic insertion transition states and the bulkiness of ancillary ligands; greater distortion energy of the catalyst correlates with higher barriers for isotactic polymerization. These findings enhance the mechanistic comprehension of 2-vinylpyridine polymerization and are expected to contribute valuable insights for the improvement of catalytic polymerization systems of 2-vinylpyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhenli Zhang
- National Elite Institute of Engineering, CNPC, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Kaipai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guangli Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing, 102206, China.
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16
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Karnes JP, Kumar A, Hopkins Leseberg JA, Day VW, Blakemore JD. Trivalent Cations Slow Electron Transfer to Macrocyclic Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8710-8729. [PMID: 38669449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Incorporation of secondary redox-inactive cations into heterobimetallic complexes is an attractive strategy for modulation of metal-centered redox chemistry, but quantification of the consequences of incorporating strongly Lewis acidic trivalent cations has received little attention. Here, a family of seven heterobimetallic complexes that pair a redox-active nickel center with La3+, Y3+, Lu3+, Sr2+, Ca2+, K+, and Na+ (in the form of their triflate salts) have been prepared on a heteroditopic ligand platform to understand how chemical behavior varies across the comprehensive series. Structural data from X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrate that the positions adopted by the secondary cations in the crown-ether-like site of the ligand relative to nickel are dependent primarily on the secondary cations' ionic radii and that the triflate counteranions are bound to the cations in all cases. Electrochemical data, in concert with electron paramagnetic resonance studies, show that nickel(II)/nickel(I) redox is modulated by the secondary metals; the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate is diminished for the derivatives incorporating trivalent metals, an effect that is dependent on steric crowding about the nickel metal center and that was quantified here with a topographical free-volume analysis. As related analyses carried out here on previously reported systems bear out similar relationships, we conclude that the placement and identity of both the secondary metal cations and their associated counteranions can afford unique changes in the (electro)chemical behavior of heterobimetallic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Karnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Julie A Hopkins Leseberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Victor W Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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17
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Meng X, Ding Z, Gao H, Ma Z, Pan L, Wang B, Li Y. Chromium Catalysts for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization Featuring Binuclear PNP Ligands. Molecules 2024; 29:2158. [PMID: 38731648 PMCID: PMC11085890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel binuclear PNP ligands based on the cyclohexyldiamine scaffold were synthesized for this study. The experimental results showed that positioning the two PNP sites at the para-positions of the cyclohexyl framework led to a significant enhancement in the catalytic activity for selective tri/tetramerization of ethylene. The PNP/Cr(acac)3/MAO(methylaluminoxane) catalytic system exhibited relatively high catalytic activity (up to 3887.7 kg·g-1·h-1) in selective ethylene oligomerization with a total selectivity of 84.5% for 1-hexene and 1-octene at 40 °C and 50 bar. The relationship between the ligand structure and ethylene oligomerization performance was further explored using density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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18
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Li W, Li CQ, Leng G, Yan YK, Ma Y, Xu Z, Yang L. Theoretical Investigation on Dialumenes toward Dihydrogen Activation: Mechanism and Ligand Effect. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3273-3284. [PMID: 38635947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a computation study based on the density functional theory calculations to understand the mechanism and ligand effect of the base-stabilized dialumenes toward dihydrogen activation. Among all of the examined modes of dihydrogen activation using the base-stabilized dialumene, we found that the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond is kinetically more preferable. The concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond adopts an electron-transfer model with certain asynchrony. That is, the initial electron donation from the H-H σ bonding orbital to the empty 3p orbital of the Al1 center is followed by the backdonation from the lone pair electron of the Al2 center to the H-H σ antibonding orbital. Combined with the energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond and the topographic steric mapping analysis on the free dialumenes, we ascribe the higher reactivity of the aryl-substituted dialumene over the silyl-substituted analogue in dihydrogen activation to the stronger electron-withdrawing effect of the aryl group, which not only increases the flexibility of the Al═Al double bond but also enhances the Lewis acidity of the Al═Al core. Consequently, the aryl-substituted dialumene fragment suffers less geometric deformation, and the orbital interactions between the dialumene and dihydrogen moieties are more attractive during the 1,2-hydrogenation process. Moreover, our calculations also predict that the Al═Al double bond has a good tolerance with the stronger electron-withdrawing group (-CF3) and the weaker σ-donating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogue (e.g., triazol carbene and NHSi). The reactivity of the dialumene in dihydrogen activation can be further improved by introducing these groups as the supporting ligand and the stabilizing base on the Al═Al core, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Qin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, P. R. China
| | - Geng Leng
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
- TIianfu Co-Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610299, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Kun Yan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Xu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Lingsong Yang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
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19
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Sakaguchi D, Gotoh H. Using Three-Dimensional Information to Predict and Interpret the Facial Selectivities of Nucleophilic Additions to Cyclic Ketones. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3213-3221. [PMID: 38591731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we devised a new method to predict facial selectivity by quantifying steric and orbital factors for the nucleophile approaching both π-plane faces. Using this method, we quantified the total electron density and frontier orbital distributions of 163 cyclic ketones with various structures and quantitatively explained the surface selectivity of 323 reactions with eight nucleophiles (BH3, LiAlH4, NaBH4, LiAl(OMe)3H, MeLi, MeMgI, PhLi, and PnMgI). Importance analysis showed a large orbital effect for BH3, LiAlH4, and NaBH4 and the dominance of the steric effect for LiAl(OMe)3H, MeLi, MeMgI, PhLi, and PhMgI. Our method analyzes three-dimensional features based on Gaussian cube files, which can be easily obtained using mainstream computational chemistry software packages, and this approach should prove useful for predicting the rates and facial selectivity of other reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Hodogaya-ku 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gotoh
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Hodogaya-ku 240-8501, Japan
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20
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Gu YW, Chen M, Deng W, Xu ZY. Computational Exploration of 1,2-Carboamine Carbonylation Catalyzed by Nickel. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4484-4495. [PMID: 38470436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed carbonylation of alkenes is a stereoselective and regioselective method for the synthesis of amide compounds. Theoretical predictions with density functional theory calculations revealed the mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity and regioselectivity for the nickel-catalyzed carbonylation of norbornene. The carbonylation reaction proceeds through oxidative addition, migration insertion of alkenes, and subsequent reduction elimination to afford cis-carbonylation product. The C-N bond activation of amides is unfavorable because the oxidative addition ability of the C-C bond is stronger than that of the C-N bond. The determining step of stereoselectivity is the migratory insertion of the strained olefin. The structural analysis shows that steroselectivity is controlled by the steric hindrance of methyl groups to olefins and substituents to IMes in ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Gu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai201418, PR China
| | - Man Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai201418, PR China
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai201418, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yang Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai201418, PR China
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21
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Tomasini M, Gimferrer M, Caporaso L, Poater A. Rhenium Alkyne Catalysis: Sterics Control the Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5842-5851. [PMID: 38507560 PMCID: PMC10988556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Metathesis reactions, including alkane, alkene, and alkyne metatheses, have their origins in the fundamental understanding of chemical reactions and the development of specialized catalysts. These reactions stand as transformative pillars in organic chemistry, providing efficient rearrangement of carbon-carbon bonds and enabling synthetic access to diverse and complex compounds. Their impact spans industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. In this work, we present a detailed mechanistic study of the Re(V) catalyzed alkyne metathesis through density functional theory calculations. Our findings are in agreement with the experimental evidence from Jia and co-workers and unveil critical factors governing catalyst performance. Our work not only enhances our understanding of alkyne metathesis but also contributes to the broader landscape of catalytic processes, facilitating the design of more efficient and selective transformations in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasini
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Martí Gimferrer
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August
Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, Fisciano 84084, Italy
- CIRCC, Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis, via Celso Ulpiani 27, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Miyazaki Y, Michigami K, Ohashi M. Isolation of Cationic η 3-Allenylnickel(II) Key Intermediate Complexes: Origins of Enantioselectivity and Regioselectivity in Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylic Substitutions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8757-8767. [PMID: 38498989 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and isolation of cationic η3-allenylnickel(II) complexes that bear rac-BINAP as a bidentate ligand for the first time via Me3SiOTf-promoted C-O bond cleavage of propargylic tert-butyl carbonate. In contrast, in the presence of the monodentate phosphine ligand PEt3, treatment of propargylic tert-butyl carbonate with Ni(cod)2 resulted in a gradual C-O bond cleavage leading to η1-allenylnickel(II) complexes, i.e., trans-(PEt3)2Ni(η1-CPh═C═CHR)(OBoc). X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy studies of [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni(rac-BINAP)](OTf) revealed that the complex adopts an η3-allenyl coordination mode both in the crystal lattice and in solution. A thorough structural comparison between [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni(rac-BINAP)](OTf) and palladium and platinum analogues revealed that the η3-allenyl moiety in the nickel complex is similar to that observed in palladium and platinum complexes, albeit that each Ni-C bond is shorter than the corresponding Pd-C and Pt-C bonds due to the smaller ionic radius of nickel to that of Pd or Pt. The reactions of either N-methylaniline or sodium N-methylanilide with [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni((R)-BINAP)](OTf) furnished (R)-PhC≡CCH(NMePh)Me as an asymmetric propargylic substitution (APS) product with excellent enantioselectivity. Furthermore, when the nickel-catalyzed APS reaction of propargylic tert-butyl carbonate with N-methylaniline was conducted in DMSO at 60 °C in the presence of 5 mol % of [(η3-RCH-CCPh)Ni((R)-BINAP)](OTf) and 7.5 mol % of sodium N-methylanilide as a catalytic precursor and an additive, respectively, (R)-PhC≡CCH(NMePh)Me was obtained in 79% yield with 90% ee. The experimental results and computational calculations strongly suggest that the nickel-catalyzed APS reaction might proceed via a cationic η3-allenylnickel(II) species as the key reaction intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichi Michigami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masato Ohashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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23
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Saleh N, Besnard C, Lacour J. Concave P-Stereogenic Phosphorodiamidite Ligands for Enantioselective Rh(I) Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:2202-2206. [PMID: 38471122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The development of a new class of concave P-stereogenic phosphorodiamidite ligands, derived from Tröger's bases (TBs), is explored. These ligands, characterized by their remarkable stability and unique structural geometry around the P atom, are used in asymmetric Rh(I)-catalyzed additions of boronic acids to NH-isatins resulting in excellent reactivities and reasonable enantioselectivity (er up to 92:8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Saleh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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24
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Gillie AD, Wakeling MG, Greene BL, Male L, Davies PW. A laterally-fused N-heterocyclic carbene framework from polysubstituted aminoimidazo[5,1- b]oxazol-6-ium salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:621-627. [PMID: 38533470 PMCID: PMC10964033 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A polysubstituted 3-aminoimidazo[5,1-b]oxazol-6-ium framework has been accessed from a new nitrenoid reagent by a two-step ynamide annulation and imidazolium ring-formation sequence. Metalation with Au(I), Cu(I) and Ir(I) at the C2 position provides an L-shaped NHC ligand scaffold that has been validated in gold-catalysed alkyne hydration and arylative cyclisation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gillie
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Bethan L Greene
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Louise Male
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul W Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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25
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Hou XX, Wei D. Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity for the NHC-Catalyzed Desymmetrization Reaction for the Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryl Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3133-3142. [PMID: 38359780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Organocatalytic desymmetrization reaction is a powerful tool for constructing axial chirality, but the theoretical study on the origin of stereoselectivity still lags behind even now. In this work, the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed desymmetrization reaction of biaryl frameworks for the synthesis of axially chiral aldehydes has been selected and theoretically investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The fundamental pathway involves several steps, i.e., desymmetrization, formation of Breslow oxidation, esterification, and NHC regeneration. The desymmetrization and formation of Breslow processes have been identified as stereoselectivity-determining and rate-determining steps. Further weak interaction analyses proved that the C-H···O hydrogen bond and C-H···π interactions are responsible for the stability of the key stereoselective desymmetrization transition states. This research contributes to understanding the nature of NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization reactions for the synthesis of axially chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Hou
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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26
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Szlosek R, Niefanger AS, Balázs G, Seidl M, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Characterization of the Ligand Properties of Donor-stabilized Pnictogenyltrielanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303603. [PMID: 38131435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A general synthesis and the characterization of novel alkyl-substituted NHC-stabilized pnictogenylboranes NHC ⋅ BH2 ER2 (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene, E=P, As; R2 =Me2 , Ph2 , t BuH, Cy2 , (SiMe3 )2 ) are reported. These compounds were reacted with Ni(CO)4 to the corresponding complexes of the type [(NHC ⋅ BH2 ER2 )Ni(CO)3 ] to determine their donor strength by Tolman Electronic Parameters (TEPs) and their steric demand as ligands compared to classical phosphines, superbasic phosphines and other commonly applied donor systems. The results show that the NHC-stabilized pnictogenyltrielanes can be considered as being highly basic, while their steric influence depends strongly on the organic residues as well as the donor attached to the {BH2 } moiety. Although weaker than commonly used superbasic phosphines, the donor strength of pnictogenyltrielanes in general can be classified as of similar strength as NHCs. The steric and electronic properties can easily be modified by alkyl substitution as evident from the TEP trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General and Theoretical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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27
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Fox A, Ball LT. Development and Scale-Up of a New Sulfone-Based Bismacycle as a Universal Precursor for Bi(V)-Mediated Electrophilic Arylation. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:632-639. [PMID: 38384679 PMCID: PMC10877598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The scope and practical utility of bismuth(V)-mediated electrophilic arylation have been greatly improved by the recent development of user-friendly protocols based on modular bismacycle reagents. Here, we report the scalable synthesis of a new bench-stable bismacycle bromide and demonstrate that it can be used as a "universal precursor" in electrophilic arylation. Relative to established syntheses of related bismacycles, the new protocol benefits from improved step- and vessel-economy, reduced production time, and the complete elimination of cryogenic temperatures and undesirable solvents (Et2O and CH2Cl2). The synthesis is complemented by a robust, chromatography-free purification procedure that was developed by using design of experiments. We show that this process is highly reproducible at the 100 mmol scale, with two independent experiments giving 61 and 62% yields of isolated material. We anticipate that this efficient method for the synthesis of a new bismacycle precursor will expedite both (a) wider uptake of existing bismuth-mediated arylation methods by the synthetic community and (b) ongoing efforts to develop new bismuth-mediated transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fox
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Liam T. Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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28
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Kumar M, Gupta MK, Ansari M, Ansari A. C-H bond activation by high-valent iron/cobalt-oxo complexes: a quantum chemical modeling approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4349-4362. [PMID: 38235511 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05866b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
High-valent metal-oxo species serve as key intermediates in the activation of inert C-H bonds. Here, we present a comprehensive DFT analysis of the parameters that have been proposed as influencing factors in modeled high-valent metal-oxo mediated C-H activation reactions. Our approach involves utilizing DFT calculations to explore the electronic structures of modeled FeIVO (species 1) and CoIVO ↔ CoIII-O˙ (species 2), scrutinizing their capacity to predict improved catalytic activity. DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations predict that the iron-oxo species possesses a triplet as the ground state, while the cobalt-oxo has a doublet as the ground state. Furthermore, we have investigated the mechanistic pathways for the first C-H bond activation, as well as the desaturation of the alkanes. The mechanism was determined to be a two-step process, wherein the first hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) represents the rate-limiting step, involving the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process. However, we found that the second HAA step is highly exothermic for both species. Our calculations suggest that the iron-oxo species (Fe-O = 1.672 Å) exhibit relatively sluggish behavior compared to the cobalt-oxo species (Co-O = 1.854 Å) in C-H bond activation, attributed to a weak metal-oxygen bond. MO, NBO, and deformation energy analysis reveal the importance of weakening the M-O bond in the cobalt species, thereby reducing the overall barrier to the reaction. This catalyst was found to have a C-H activation barrier relatively smaller than that previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Mursaleem Ansari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
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29
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Grillo A, Rusconi Y, D’Alterio MC, De Rosa C, Talarico G, Poater A. Ring Opening Polymerization of Six- and Eight-Membered Racemic Cyclic Esters for Biodegradable Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1647. [PMID: 38338928 PMCID: PMC10855523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The low percentage of recyclability of the polymeric materials obtained by olefin transition metal (TM) polymerization catalysis has increased the interest in their substitution with more eco-friendly materials with reliable physical and mechanical properties. Among the variety of known biodegradable polymers, linear aliphatic polyesters produced by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters occupy a prominent position. The polymer properties are highly dependent on the macromolecule microstructure, and the control of stereoselectivity is necessary for providing materials with precise and finely tuned properties. In this review, we aim to outline the main synthetic routes, the physical properties and also the applications of three commercially available biodegradable materials: Polylactic acid (PLA), Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA), and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB), all of three easily accessible via ROP. In this framework, understanding the origin of enantioselectivity and the factors that determine it is then crucial for the development of materials with suitable thermal and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Yolanda Rusconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Christian D’Alterio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
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30
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Escayola S, Bahri-Laleh N, Poater A. % VBur index and steric maps: from predictive catalysis to machine learning. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:853-882. [PMID: 38113051 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Steric indices are parameters used in chemistry to describe the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in molecules. They are important in determining the reactivity, stability, and physical properties of chemical compounds. One commonly used steric index is the steric hindrance, which refers to the obstruction or hindrance of movement in a molecule caused by bulky substituents or functional groups. Steric hindrance can affect the reactivity of a molecule by altering the accessibility of its reactive sites and influencing the geometry of its transition states. Notably, the Tolman cone angle and %VBur are prominent among these indices. Actually, steric effects can also be described using the concept of steric bulk, which refers to the space occupied by a molecule or functional group. Steric bulk can affect the solubility, melting point, boiling point, and viscosity of a substance. Even though electronic indices are more widely used, they have certain drawbacks that might shift preferences towards others. They present a higher computational cost, and often, the weight of electronics in correlation with chemical properties, e.g. binding energies, falls short in comparison to %VBur. However, it is worth noting that this may be because the steric index inherently captures part of the electronic content. Overall, steric indices play an important role in understanding the behaviour of chemical compounds and can be used to predict their reactivity, stability, and physical properties. Predictive chemistry is an approach to chemical research that uses computational methods to anticipate the properties and behaviour of these compounds and reactions, facilitating the design of new compounds and reactivities. Within this domain, predictive catalysis specifically targets the prediction of the performance and behaviour of catalysts. Ultimately, the goal is to identify new catalysts with optimal properties, leading to chemical processes that are both more efficient and sustainable. In this framework, %VBur can be a key metric for deepening our understanding of catalysis, emphasizing predictive catalysis and sustainability. Those latter concepts are needed to direct our efforts toward identifying the optimal catalyst for any reaction, minimizing waste, and reducing experimental efforts while maximizing the efficacy of the computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Escayola
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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31
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Bücker A, Wölper C, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multiple ethylene activation by heteroleptic L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:640-646. [PMID: 38073505 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene insertion into the Ga-Ge bond of the L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylene LGa(μ-Cl)GeDMP 1 (L = HC(C(Me)NAr)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) at ambient temperature is followed by dimerization of the as-formed germylene to give the digermene 3, which further reacted with ethylene in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 4. In marked contrast, the amino-substituted germylene L(Cl)GaGeN(SiMe3)Ar 2 reacted directly to the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 5. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed the assumed reaction mechanism, hence demonstrating the crucial role of the substituent on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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32
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Michalak M, Czerwiński P, Śniady-Maciążek K, Musioł S, Danylyuk O, Wierzbicki M, Tomasini M, Poater A. Chiral NHC Ligands for Enantioselective Gold(I) Catalysis Under Aerobic Conditions: the Importance of Conformational Flexibility and Steric Hindrance of NHC Ligand on Reactivity. Chemistry 2023:e202303241. [PMID: 38126930 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Gold(I) catalysis has been recognized as a valuable tool for the unique transformation of multiple carbon-carbon bonds. Enantioselective π-catalysis based on gold(I) complexes is, however, still underdeveloped due to lack of privileged ligands. Herein, we present an accessible method to a new family of stable yet catalytically active chiral NHC-Au(I)-Cl complexes. The key to preserving a simultaneous fine balance between reactivity and stability in this newly developed family appears to be sterically hindered, but conformationally flexible NHC ligands. These could be easily accessed on a multigram scale by merging sterically hindered anilines with commercially available amino alcohols and amines via a four-steps synthetic sequence without the need for chromatographic purification. Further investigations of the catalytic activity of NHC-Au-Cl complexes identified the OH functionality incorporated into the NHC core as crucial for the level of enantioselectivity as well as the TsO- anion responsible for the activation of NHC-Au(I)-Cl. Finally, NMR studies and X-ray investigations revealed for the first time that the widely accepted ion metathesis (NHC-Au-Cl to NHC-Au-OSO2 R) responsible for the activation of NHC-Au-Cl complexes does not take place (or it is very slow) in commonly used MeNO2 in contrast to DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Michalak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Czerwiński
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Szymon Musioł
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oksana Danylyuk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wierzbicki
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michele Tomasini
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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33
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Xiong S, Hong A, Ghana P, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Bailey H, Henderson BS, Marshall S, Agapie T. Acrylate-Induced β-H Elimination in Coordination Insertion Copolymerizaton Catalyzed by Nickel. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26463-26471. [PMID: 37992227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Polar monomer-induced β-H elimination is a key elementary step in polar polyolefin synthesis by coordination polymerization but remains underexplored. Herein, we show that a bulky neutral Ni catalyst, 1Ph, is not only a high-performance catalyst in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization (activity up to ∼37,000 kg/(mol·h) at 130 °C in a batch reactor, mol % tBA ∼ 0.3) but also a suitable platform for investigation of acrylate-induced β-H elimination. 4Ph-tBu, a novel Ni alkyl complex generated after acrylate-induced β-H elimination and subsequent acrylate insertion, was identified and characterized by crystallography. A combination of catalysis and mechanistic studies reveals effects of the acrylate monomer, bidentate ligand, and the labile ligand (e.g., pyridine) on the kinetics of β-H elimination, the role of β-H elimination in copolymerization catalysis as a chain-termination pathway, and its potential in controlling the polymer microstructure in polar polyolefin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S Henderson
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Steve Marshall
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Kharitonov VB, Podyacheva E, Chusov D, Nelyubina YV, Muratov DV, Loginov DA. Planar Chiral Rhodium Complex Based on the Tetrahydrofluorenyl Core for Enantioselective Catalysis. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38051945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple four-step route to a chiral tetrahydrofluorenyl rhodium catalyst from naturally occurring (-)-α-pinene was developed. Our approach does not use multistep and time-consuming procedures such as chiral HPLC or diastereomeric resolution. The key to success lies in the face-selective coordination of rhodium to the sterically hindered tetrahydrofluorenyl ligand, giving only one diastereomeric complex. This catalyst proved to be highly efficient for asymmetric C-H annulation of aryl hydroxamates with alkenes (yield up to 95%, 91% ee) at low loading (up to 0.4 mol % based on Rh).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B Kharitonov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Podyacheva
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Denis Chusov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Muratov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Loginov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119334, Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyannyi Pereulok 36, Moscow 117997, Russia
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35
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Nobbs JD, Tay DWP, Yeap YH, Tiong YL, Ye S, Aitipamula S, Wang C, Cheong CB, van Meurs M. Dioxaphosphabicyclooctanes: small caged phosphines from tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17954-17965. [PMID: 37982283 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02577b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Dioxaphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes (L1-L4) have been prepared in a one-pot reaction from tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine and various α,β-unsaturated ketones. The non-volatile phosphines oxidise very slowly in air. They possess highly upfield 31P chemical shifts (-59 to -70 ppm), small cone angles (121-140°) and a similar electronic parameter to PPh3. Reaction of L1 with [Rh(acac)(CO)2] gave the complex [Rh(acac)(CO)(L1)] with a ν(CO) of 1981.5 cm-1, whereas reaction L1 with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 gave [Rh(CO)(L1)2Cl] with a ν(CO) of 1979.9 cm-1, remarkably similar to the CO stretching frequencies reported for analogous PPh3 complexes. The cage phosphines were explored as ligands in rhodium catalysed hydroformylation of 1-octene. All of the ligands gave a linear selectivity to n-nonanal of 68%, regardless of the substituents. However the ligand substituents had a significant effect on the catalyst activity, with increased steric bulk around the coordination environment giving a three-fold increase in aldehyde yield. The phosphines undergo ligand subsitution with [Pd(MeCN)2Cl2] forming square planar trans-[Pd(L)2Cl2] complexes. Subsequent reduction with hydrazine furnishes homoleptic tetravalent [Pd(L1)4] which was applied as a catalyst in Suzuki-Miyaura couplings, furnishing the C-C coupled products in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nobbs
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Dillon Wei Peng Tay
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Yoon Hui Yeap
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Yong Lun Tiong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Suming Ye
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Cun Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Choon Boon Cheong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Martin van Meurs
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
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36
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van der Westhuizen D, Castro AC, Hazari N, Gevorgyan A. Bulky, electron-rich, renewable: analogues of Beller's phosphine for cross-couplings. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:6733-6742. [PMID: 38026730 PMCID: PMC10680433 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy01375h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the conversion of biomass into renewable chemicals, yet the range of value-added products that can be formed from biomass remains relatively small. Herein, we demonstrate that molecules available from biomass serve as viable starting materials for the synthesis of phosphine ligands, which can be used in homogeneous catalysis. Specifically, we prepared renewable analogues of Beller's ligand (di(1-adamantyl)-n-butylphosphine, cataCXium® A), which is widely used in homogeneous catalysis. Our new renewable phosphine ligands facilitate Pd-catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura, Stille, and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions with high yields, and our catalytic results can be rationalized based on the stereoelectronic properties of the ligands. The new phosphine ligands generate catalytic systems that can be applied for the late-stage functionalization of commercial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abril C Castro
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway 9037 Tromsø Norway
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37
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Kwon HC, Lee DH, Yoon M, Nayab S, Lee H, Han JH. Novel Cu(II) complexes as DNA-destabilizing agents and their DNA nuclease activity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16802-16811. [PMID: 37902974 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a series of four novel Cu complexes, namely 2-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)quinoline copper(II) nitrate, [LACu(NO3)2] (Cu1), 4-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)morpholine copper(II) nitrate, [LBCu(NO3)2] (Cu2), 4-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)morpholine copper(II) chloride, [LBCuCl2] (Cu3), and 2-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine copper(II) chloride, [LCCu(μ-Cl)Cl]2 (Cu4). X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the geometry around the Cu(II) center could be best described as distorted octahedral in Cu1 and Cu2, whereas Cu3 and Cu4 showed distorted tetrahedral and square pyramidal geometries, respectively. DNA binding studies showed that Cu complexes Cu1-3 containing quinoline interacted via minor groove binding, whereas the Cu4 complex containing pyridine interacted via intercalation. All Cu complexes containing quinoline and pyridine caused destabilization of DNA at specific homogeneous G-C regions. The Cu1-3 complexes as groove binders destabilized the DNA structure much more than the Cu4 complex as an intercalator. Regarding groove binders, the Cu2 complex containing quinoline and morpholine caused the highest distortion and destabilization of the DNA structure, leading to high DNA cleavage efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Chang Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Andong National University, 1375 Gyeongdong-ro, Andong, Gyeongbuk, Korea, 36729.
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Andong National University, 1375 Gyeongdong-ro, Andong, Gyeongbuk, Korea, 36729.
| | - Minyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Saira Nayab
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (SBBU), Sheringal Upper Dir (18050), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - Hyosun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Andong National University, 1375 Gyeongdong-ro, Andong, Gyeongbuk, Korea, 36729.
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Kolos AV, Nelyubina YV, Podyacheva ES, Perekalin DS. Rhodium complexes with planar-chiral cyclopentadienyl ligands: synthesis from tert-butylacetylene and catalytic performance in C-H activation of arylhydroxamates. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17005-17010. [PMID: 37933526 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03279e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The rhodium complex [(C5H2tBu2CH2tBu)RhCl2]2 with an asymmetric cyclopentadienyl ligand was prepared in 95% yield by the reaction of [(cod)RhCl]2 with tert-butylacetylene in the presence of AlCl3. A similar reaction in the presence of InBr3 gave the cationic fulvene complex [(C5H2tBu2 = CHtBu)Rh(cod)]InBr4 (70%), which can add alcohols ROH and produce more bulky catalysts [(C5H2tBu2CH(OR)tBu)RhCl2]2. The enantiomers of these planar-chiral complexes were separated by thin-layer chromatography in the presence of L-phenylglycinol. The complexes catalyze the reactions of arylhydroxamates with alkenes giving dihydroisoquinolones in excellent yields (80-90%), but with moderate enantioselectivity (typically 20-50% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kolos
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - Evgeniya S Podyacheva
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 7 Vavilova str., Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Perekalin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 7 Vavilova str., Moscow, 117312, Russia
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Song Z, Wang S, Gao R, Wang Y, Gou Q, Zheng G, Feng H, Fan G, Lai J. Recent Advancements in Mechanistic Studies of Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene Copolymerization with Polar Monomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4343. [PMID: 38006069 PMCID: PMC10675468 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of polar functional groups into polyolefin chain structures creates opportunities to enhance specific properties, such as adhesion, dyeability, printability, compatibility, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity, which widen the range of potential applications for these modified materials. Transition metal catalysts, especially late transition metals, have proven to be highly effective in copolymerization processes due to their reduced Lewis acidity and electrophilicity. However, when compared to the significant progress and summary of synthetic methods, there is a distinct lack of a comprehensive summary of mechanistic studies pertaining to the catalytic systems involved in ethylene copolymerization catalyzed by palladium and nickel catalysts. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in mechanistic studies of ethylene copolymerization with polar monomers catalyzed by late-transition-metal complexes. Experimental and computational methods were employed to conduct a detailed investigation of these organic and organometallic systems. It is mainly focused on ligand substitution, changes in binding modes, ethylene/polar monomer insertion, chelate opening, and β-H elimination. Factors that control the catalytic activity, molecular weight, comonomer incorporation ratios, and branch content are analyzed, these include steric repulsions between ligands and monomers, electronic effects arising from both ligands and monomers, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Song
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (R.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.G.); (G.Z.); (G.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Shaochi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (R.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.G.); (G.Z.); (G.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (R.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.G.); (G.Z.); (G.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Qingqiang Gou
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (R.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.G.); (G.Z.); (G.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (R.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.G.); (G.Z.); (G.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Huasheng Feng
- Department of Catalytic Science, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (R.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.G.); (G.Z.); (G.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Jingjing Lai
- Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; (R.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.G.); (G.Z.); (G.F.); (J.L.)
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40
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Gawin R, Tracz A, Krajczy P, Kozakiewicz-Piekarz A, Martínez JP, Trzaskowski B. Inhibition of the Decomposition Pathways of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts: Development of Highly Efficient Catalysts for Ethenolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37916946 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based Hoveyda-type olefin metathesis catalysts bearing novel rigid spirocyclic alkyl amino carbenes (CAACs) have been developed. They are characterized by exceptional stability toward decomposition through β-elimination and bimolecular pathways, thus enabling unprecedented efficiency in the cross-metathesis of seed oil-derived fatty acid esters with ethylene (ethenolysis). Catalyst loading as low as 100 ppb was applied to the ethenolysis of the model substrate methyl oleate, leading to a remarkable turnover number (TON) of 2.6 million, significantly higher than previously reported (TON 340 000 at 1 ppm and 744 000 at 0.5 ppm catalyst loading). Ethenolysis of methyl esters derived from high oleic sunflower oil and rapeseed oil, readily available on an industrial scale, inexpensive, and renewable feedstocks, was for the first time effectively carried out with 0.5 ppm catalyst loading with TON as high as 964 000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gawin
- Apeiron Synthesis SA, Duńska 9, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tracz
- Apeiron Synthesis SA, Duńska 9, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Juan Pablo Martínez
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
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41
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Ohashi M, Ando K, Murakami S, Michigami K, Ogoshi S. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with Polyfluorinated Groups at the 4- and 5-Positions from [3 + 2] Cycloadditions between Formamidinates and cis-1,2-Difluoroalkene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23098-23108. [PMID: 37749910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the formation of fluorinated N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCFs) that bear fluorine atoms at the 4- and 5-positions of the imidazol-2-ylidene ring. Treatment of sodium N,N'-bis(aryl)formamidinates with tetrafluoroethylene followed by the addition of LiBF4 induced a [3 + 2] cycloaddition to afford 4,5-difluorinated imidazolium salts, which served as the precursors for 4,5-difluorinated NHCs. A key feature of this procedure is its applicability to other perfluorinated compounds, which enabled us to incorporate polyfluorinated functional groups at 4- and 5-positions on the imidazol-2-ylidene skeleton. Thus, employing octafluorocyclopentene and hexafluorobenzene led to the formation of 4,4,5,5,6,6-hexafluoro-1,3-diaryl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[d]imidazolium (CypIPrF·HBF4) and 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1,3-diarylbenzimidazolium (BIPrF·HBF4) salts, respectively. A thorough NMR analysis of these NHCFs, their selenium adducts, and their tricarbonyl nickel complexes, (NHCF)Ni(CO)3, demonstrated that the fluorine substituents, contrary to expectations, tend to act as electron donors owing to the considerable positive mesomeric effect, while the perfluorocyclopentene-fused and tetrafluorobenzo-fused rings are pure electron acceptors due to their strong negative inductive effect. The unique and increased π-accepting character of the perfluorocyclopentene-fused and tetrafluorobenzo-fused NHCFs in both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions is further demonstrated by employing (NHCF)Ni(CO)3 and (NHCF)AuCl species, respectively. Moreover, an analysis of the % buried volume (%Vbur) values clearly suggests that the modification of the NHC backbone with polyfluorinated groups can drastically alter the electronic properties of the NHC ligand without substantially changing its steric properties. Our experimental results were further corroborated by a series of computational calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ohashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Kota Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Michigami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
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42
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Lu H, Kang X, Yu H, Zhang W, Luo Y. Using a single complex to predict the reaction energy profile: a case study of Pd/Ni-catalyzed ethylene polymerization. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14790-14796. [PMID: 37807861 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02745g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanism-driven catalyst screening could be greatly accelerated by quantitative prediction models of the reaction energy profile. Here, we propose a novel method for molecular representation, taking palladium- and nickel-catalyzed ethylene polymerization as model reactions. The geometric parameters (GPfra) and electron occupancies (EOfra) from the non-ligand fragment of the η3-complex were extracted as the molecular descriptors, followed by constructing the reaction energy profile prediction models on the basis of various regression algorithms. The models showed great accuracy with respect to both theoretical and experimental data. More importantly, the models are convenient for training and utilization. On one hand, all the features were easily captured from the single η3-complex. On the other hand, further investigation also demonstrated that the models could be constructed with a small training sample size. We believe that our featurization method could possibly be generalized to more organometallic reactions and paves the way to efficient catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
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43
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Poater J, Escayola S, Poater A, Teixidor F, Ottosson H, Viñas C, Solà M. Single─Not Double─3D-Aromaticity in an Oxidized Closo Icosahedral Dodecaiodo-Dodecaborate Cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22527-22538. [PMID: 37728951 PMCID: PMC10591335 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
3D-aromatic molecules with (distorted) tetrahedral, octahedral, or spherical structures are much less common than typical 2D-aromatic species or even 2D-aromatic-in-3D systems. Closo boranes, [BnHn]2- (5 ≤ n ≤ 14) and carboranes are examples of compounds that are singly 3D-aromatic, and we now explore if there are species that are doubly 3D-aromatic. The most widely known example of a species with double 2D-aromaticity is the hexaiodobenzene dication, [C6I6]2+. This species shows π-aromaticity in the benzene ring and σ-aromaticity in the outer ring formed by the iodine substituents. Inspired by the hexaiodobenzene dication example, in this work, we explore the potential for double 3D-aromaticity in [B12I12]0/2+. Our results based on magnetic and electronic descriptors of aromaticity together with 11B{1H} NMR experimental spectra of boron-iodinated o-carboranes suggest that these two oxidized forms of a closo icosahedral dodecaiodo-dodecaborate cluster, [B12I12] and [B12I12]2+, behave as doubly 3D-aromatic compounds. However, an evaluation of the energetic contribution of the potential double 3D-aromaticity through homodesmotic reactions shows that delocalization in the I12 shell, in contrast to the 10σ-electron I62+ ring in the hexaiodobenzene dication, does not contribute to any stabilization of the system. Therefore, the [B12I12]0/2+ species cannot be considered as doubly 3D-aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís
Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751
20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Departament
de Química, Institut de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
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Mehmood A, Mahmood A, AlMasoud N, Hassan A, Alomar TS, El-Bahy ZM, Raza N, Tian X, Ullah N. Mechanistic Study on Steric Activity Interplay of Olefin/Polar Monomers for Industrially Selective Late Transition Metal Catalytic Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:7148. [PMID: 37894627 PMCID: PMC10609194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant issue in developing metal-catalyzed plastic polymer materials is obtaining distinctive catalytic characteristics to compete with current plastics in industrial commodities. We performed first-principle DFT calculations on the key insertion steps for industrially important monomers, vinyl fluoride (VF) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (TFP), to explain how the ligand substitution patterns affect the complex's polymerization behaviors. Our results indicate that the favorable 2,1-insertion of TFP is caused by less deformation in the catalyst moiety of the complexes in contrast to the 1,2-insertion mode. In contrast to the VF monomer, the additional interaction between the fluorine atoms of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene and the carbons of the catalyst ligands also contributed to favor the 2,1-insertion. It was found that the regioselectivity of the monomer was predominated by the progressive alteration of the catalytic geometry caused by small dihedral angles that were developed after the ligand-monomer interaction. Based on the distribution of the 1,2- and 2,1-insertion products, the activity and selectivity were influenced by the steric environment surrounding the palladium center; thus, an increased steric bulk visibly improved the selectivity of the bulkier polar monomer (TFP) during the copolymerization mechanism. In contrast, better activity was maintained through a sterically less hindered Pd metal center; the calculated moderate energy barriers showed that a catalyst with less steric hindrance might provide an opportunity for a wide range of prospective industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Mehmood
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arzoo Hassan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Taghrid S. Alomar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinhom M. El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Nadeem Raza
- Chemistry Department, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoqing Tian
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Naeem Ullah
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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45
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Müller P, Finkelstein P, Trapp N, Bismuto A, Jeschke G, Morandi B. Nickel(I)-Phenolate Complexes: The Key to Well-Defined Ni(I) Species. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16661-16668. [PMID: 37782818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine-stabilized monovalent nickel complexes play an important role in catalysis, either as catalytically active species or as decomposition products. Most routes to access these complexes are highly ligand specific or rely on strong reducing agents. Our group recently disclosed a path to access nickel(I)-phenolate complexes from bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (Ni(cod)2). Herein, we demonstrate this protocol's broad applicability by ligating a wide range of mono- and bidentate phosphine ligands. We further show the versatility of the phenolate fragment as a precursor to nickel(I)-alkyl or aryl species, which are relevant to Ni catalysis or synthetically useful nickel(I)-chloride and hydride complexes. We also demonstrate that the chloride complex can be synthesized in a one-pot procedure starting from Ni(cod)2 in good yield, making this protocol a valuable alternative to current procedures. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, and EPR (or NMR) spectroscopy were employed to characterize all of the synthesized nickel complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Finkelstein
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Institut für Anorganiche Chemie, Universität Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Institut für Organische and Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Sytniczuk A, Struzik F, Grela K, Kajetanowicz A. A tunable family of CAAC-ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts modularly derived from a large-scale produced ibuprofen intermediate. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10744-10755. [PMID: 37829018 PMCID: PMC10566500 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of tunable CAAC-based ruthenium benzylidene complexes with increased lipophilicity derived from a ketone being a large-scale produced key substrate for a popular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-ibuprofen was obtained and tested in various olefin metathesis transformations. As a group, these catalysts exhibited higher activity than their known analogues containing a smaller and less lipophilic phenyl substituent on the α-carbon atom, but in individual reactions, the size of the N-aryl moiety was revealed as a decisive factor. For example, in the cross-metathesis of methyl oleate with ethylene (ethenolysis)-a reaction with growing industrial potential-the best results were obtained when the N-aryl contained an isopropyl or tert-butyl substituent in the ortho position. At the same time, in the RCM, CM, and self-CM transformations involving larger olefinic substrates, the catalysts with smaller aryl-bearing CAAC ligands, where methyl and ethyl groups occupy ortho, ortho' positions performed better. This offers a great deal of tunability and allows for selection of the best catalyst for a given reaction while keeping the general structure (and manufacturing method) of the ibuprofen-intermediate derived CAAC ligand the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Sytniczuk
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Filip Struzik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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47
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Xu WY, Xu ZY, Zhang ZK, Gong TJ, Fu Y. Tunable Synthesis of Monofluoroalkenes and Gem-Difluoroalkenes via Solvent-Controlled Rhodium-Catalyzed Arylation of 1-Bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310125. [PMID: 37589202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Divergent synthesis of fluorine-containing scaffolds starting from a suite of raw materials is an intriguing topic. Herein, we report the solvent-controlled rhodium-catalyzed tunable arylation of 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene. The selection of the reaction solvents provides switchable defluorinated or debrominated arylation from readily available feedstock resources (both arylboronic acids/esters and 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene are commercially available). This switch is feasible because of the difference in coordination ability between the solvent (CH2 Cl2 or CH3 CN) and the rhodium center, resulting in different olefin insertion. This protocol allows the convenient synthesis of monofluoroalkenes and gem-difluoroalkenes, both of which are important scaffolds in the fields of medicine and materials. Moreover, this newly developed solvent-regulated reaction system can be applied to the site-selective dechlorinated arylation of trichloroethylene. Overall, this study provides a useful strategy for the divergent synthesis of fluorine-containing scaffolds and provides insight into the importance of solvent selection in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Zhe-Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Ze-Kuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Tian-Jun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
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48
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Minnick JL, Raincrow J, Meinders G, Latifi R, Tahsini L. Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopic Studies of 2,6-Dimethylpyridyl-Linked Cu(I)-CNC Complexes: The Electronic Influence of Aryl Wingtips on Copper Centers. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15912-15926. [PMID: 37715709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Six new Cu(I) complexes containing pincer ligands of the type 2,6-bis(3-alkyl/arylimidazol-2-ylidene) methylpyridine I(R/R'Ar) ĈN̂C, where R = trifluoroethyl (TFE) and R' = 4-CF3, 4-NO2, 4-CN, 4-H, and 4-CH3, have been synthesized. These complexes, namely, [Cu(I(TFE)ĈN̂C)]PF6, 1-TFE; [Cu(ICF3Ar ĈN̂C]PF6, 2-CF3; [Cu(INO2Ar ĈN̂C)]PF6, 3-NO2; [Cu(ICNAr ĈN̂C]PF6, 4-CN; [Cu(IHAr ĈN̂C)]2(PF6)2, 5-H; and [Cu(ICH3Ar ĈN̂C)]2(PF6)2, 6-CH3, were fully characterized by 1H, 13C, and HMBC NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrochemical studies, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The crystallographic data revealed different structures and copper nuclearities for the complexes bearing aryl wingtips with electron-withdrawing (2-CF3, 3-NO2, and 4-CN) and electron-donating (5-H and 6-CH3) substituents. The solution-phase conductivity measurements in acetonitrile revealed a mix-electrolyte behavior for these complexes, supporting the presence of both mono- and binuclear forms of each complex. The fast monomer-dimer equilibrium of the Cu-CNC complexes at room temperature is reflected in their simple 1H NMR spectra in acetonitrile. However, both mono- and binuclear forms were identifiable in 1H diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) at low temperatures. The dynamic behavior of these complexes in solution was further examined by variable-temperature 1H NMR (VT 1H NMR) experiments, and the relevant thermodynamic parameters were determined. The process was also probed by one-dimensional rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (1D ROESY) experiments to elucidate the coexisting species in solution. The 2,6-dimethylpyridyl-linked Cu-CNC complexes also presented a quasi-reversible Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple in cyclic voltammetry studies, wherein a clear influence of the aryl wingtips on the E1/2 values was observed. Furthermore, the percent buried volumes (% Vbur) of the complexes were calculated, showing a similar steric hindrance around copper in all complexes. These findings support the importance of electronic effects, induced by the aryl wingtips, on the preferred coordination geometry, copper nuclearity, and redox properties of the Cu-CNC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Minnick
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - John Raincrow
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Grace Meinders
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Reza Latifi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Laleh Tahsini
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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49
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Eitzinger A, Reitz J, Antoni PW, Mayr H, Ofial AR, Hansmann MM. Pushing the Upper Limit of Nucleophilicity Scales by Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309790. [PMID: 37540606 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of mesoionic, 1,2,3-triazole-derived N-heterocyclic olefins (mNHOs), which have an extraordinarily electron-rich exocyclic CC-double bond, was synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, in selected cases by X-ray crystallography. The kinetics of their reactions with arylidene malonates, ArCH=C(CO2 Et)2 , which gave zwitterionic adducts, were investigated photometrically in THF at 20 °C. The resulting second-order rate constants k2 (20 °C) correlate linearly with the reported electrophilicity parameters E of the arylidene malonates (reference electrophiles), thus providing the nucleophile-specific N and sN parameters of the mNHOs according to the correlation lg k2 (20 °C)=sN (N+E). With 21
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eitzinger
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Justus Reitz
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (Haus F), 81377, München, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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50
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Dall’Anese A, Kulyabin PS, Uborsky DV, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Voskoboynikov AZ, Busico V, Tensi L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Octahedral Zirconium Salan Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization: Substituent and Solvent Effects on Structure and Dynamics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16021-16037. [PMID: 37725565 PMCID: PMC10548417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Group 4 metal-Salan olefin polymerization catalysts typically have relatively low activity, being slowed down by a pre-equilibrium favoring a non-polymerization active resting state identified as a mer-mer isomer (MM); formation of the polymerization active fac-fac species (FF) requires isomerization. We now show that the chemistry is more subtle than previously realized. Salan variations bearing large, flat substituents can achieve very high activity, and we ascribe this to the stabilization of the FF isomer, which becomes lower in energy than MM. Detailed in situ NMR studies of a fast (o-anthracenyl) and a slow (o-tBu) Salan precursors, suitably activated, indicate that preferred isomers in solution are different: the fast catalyst prefers FF while the slow catalyst prefers a highly distorted MM geometry. Crystal structures of the activated o-anthracenyl substituted complex with a moderately (chlorobenzene) and, more importantly, a weakly coordinating solvent (toluene) in the first coordination sphere emphasize that the active FF isomer is preferred, at least for the benzyl species. Site epimerization (SE) barriers for the fast catalyst (ΔS > 0, dissociative) and the slow catalyst (ΔS < 0, associative) in toluene corroborate the solvent role. Diagnostic NMe 13C chemical shift differences allow unambiguous detection of FF or MM geometries for seven activated catalysts in different solvents, highlighting the role of solvent coordination strength and bulkiness of the ortho-substituent on the isomer equilibrium. For the first time, active polymeryl species of Zr-Salan catalysts were speciated. The slow catalyst is effectively trapped in the inactive MM state, as previously suggested. Direct observation of fast catalysts is hampered by their high reactivity, but the product of the first 1-hexene insertion maintains its FF geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dall’Anese
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel S. Kulyabin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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