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Mullins JC, Yuvaraj K, Sowden MJ, Sherburn MS, Jones C. Reductive Metallation of Dendralenes and Myrcene Using Dimagnesium(I) Compounds: A Facile Route to Unsaturated Organomagnesium Compounds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303219. [PMID: 37985926 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The two-electron reduction of 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene (DMB) with β-diketiminate and guanidinate substituted dimagnesium(I) compounds has given complexes in which two bidentate amido-magnesium fragments are bridged through the π-system of the DMB dianion, viz. [(LMg)2 (μ-DMB)] (L=Xyl Nacnac, [HC(MeCNXyl)2 ]- , Xyl=2,6-xylyl; or Priso=[(DipN)2 CNPri 2 ]- , Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl). Similar double reductions of [4]dendralene (4dend) have afforded the complexes, [(LMg)2 (μ-4dend)] (L=Ar Nacnac, Ar=Xyl or mesityl (Mes); or Priso) in which the 4dend dianion is π-coordinated to the bidentate amido-magnesium fragments. Treatment of several such complexes with THF leads to Z- to E-isomerization of the dendralene fragment, and formation of purely σ-bonded Mg-C interactions in the THF coordinated products [{(Ar Nacnac)(THF)Mg}2 (μ-4dend)] (Ar=Xyl, Mes or Dip). Reaction of myrcene (Myr) with [{(Xyl Nacnac)Mg}2 ] proceeds via reductive coupling of Myr to give a previously unknown acyclic, branched C20 tetra-olefin dianion complex [{(Xyl Nacnac)(THF)Mg}2 (μ-Myr)2 ]. Preliminary reactions of [(LMg)2 (μ-DMB)] with H2 and/or CO yielded a series of products, including novel magnesium hydride compounds, products derived from couplings of CO with the reduced DMB fragment (viz. magnesium dimethylcyclohexadienediolates), and one magnesium cyclopropanetriolate complex from the magnesium(I) induced coupling of DMB with H2 and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Mullins
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Madison J Sowden
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael S Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Beaumier EP, Pearce AJ, See XY, Tonks IA. Modern applications of low-valent early transition metals in synthesis and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:15-34. [PMID: 30989127 PMCID: PMC6462221 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-valent early transition metals are often intrinsically highly reactive as a result of their strong propensity toward oxidation to more stable high-valent states. Harnessing these highly reducing complexes for productive reactivity is potentially powerful for C-C bond construction, organic reductions, small-molecule activation and many other reactions that offer orthogonal chemoselectivity and/or regioselectivity patterns to processes promoted by late transition metals. Recent years have seen many exciting new applications of low-valent metals through building new catalytic and/or multicomponent reaction manifolds out of classical reactivity patterns. In this Review, we survey new methods that employ early transition metals and invoke low-valent precursors or intermediates in order to identify common themes and strategies in synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Beaumier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam J. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xin Yi See
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian A. Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Arndt P, Reiß M, Spannenberg A, Schünemann C, Reiß F, Beweries T. A general benzylic C–H activation and C–C coupling reaction of zirconocenes mediated by C–N bond cleavage in tert-butylisocyanide – unusual formation of iminoacyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16525-16533. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03120k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the zirconocene alkyne complex [rac-(ebthi)Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3)] (rac-(ebthi) = rac-1,2-ethylene-1,1′-bis(η5-tetrahydroindenyl)) with tert-butylisocyanide and methylbenzenes were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- Rostock
- Germany
| | - Melanie Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- Rostock
- Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- Rostock
- Germany
| | - Claas Schünemann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- Rostock
- Germany
| | - Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- Rostock
- Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock
- Rostock
- Germany
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Chen J, Chen T, Norton JR, Rauch M. Insertion of Isonitriles into the Zr–CH3 Bond of Cp*2Zr(CH3)2 and Electrophilic Cleavage of the Remaining Methyl Group. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Chen J, Yassin N, Gunasekara T, Norton JR, Rauch M. Insertion of Isonitriles into the M-C Bonds of Group 4 Dialkyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8980-8989. [PMID: 29907010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The 2,3-dimethylbutadiene complexes of Group 4 metals with constrained geometry (cg) ligands have been prepared and found to adopt a supine orientation with σ2,π bonding. Treatment of cgTi(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) (1-Ti) with tBuNC leads to the formation of a titana-aziridine (3) with a coordinated cyclopentenimine that arises from the formal [4+1] addition of the diene to the isonitrile. In contrast, the reactions of cgZr(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) (1-Zr) or cgHf(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) (1-Hf) with 2 equiv of tBuNC or XyNC proceeded in a more sophisticated manner to yield unsymmetrical 2,5-diazametallacyclopentane derivatives (4, 6-Zr, and 6-Hf) or symmetrical 2,5-diazametallacyclopentene complexes (7-Zr and 7-Hf). The unsymmetrical products contain coordinated cyclopropanes; the strength of the interaction is measured by the reduction in the 1 JCC of the C-C bond that is coordinated. A detailed mechanistic analysis has been possible with the related cgM(Me)2 (M = Ti and Hf) complexes. The first insertion is too fast to monitor, but allows complete conversion to an alkyl iminoacyl intermediate. The second isonitrile (RNC) may react with that intermediate by either of two different mechanisms, reductive elimination and coordination/insertion. In the first mechanism (Ti), rate-determining C-C coupling gives a titana-aziridine, followed by fast coordination of the isonitrile. In the second mechanism (Hf), coordination is the slow step; insertion to form a bis(iminoacyl) Hf complex is rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Nadine Yassin
- Department of Chemistry , Barnard College , 3009 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Thilina Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jack R Norton
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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Du MR, Zhang XB, Yang F, Hou CM. Theoretical study on the reaction of Cp * (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(Cl)Zr(diene) with isonitriles. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cueny ES, Johnson HC, Anding BJ, Landis CR. Mechanistic Studies of Hafnium-Pyridyl Amido-Catalyzed 1-Octene Polymerization and Chain Transfer Using Quench-Labeling Methods. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11903-11912. [PMID: 28763618 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromophore quench-labeling applied to 1-octene polymerization as catalyzed by hafnium-pyridyl amido precursors enables quantification of the amount of active catalyst and observation of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of Hf-bound polymers via UV-GPC analysis. Comparison of the UV-detected MWD with the MWD of the "bulk" (all polymers, from RI-GPC analysis) provides important mechanistic information. The time evolution of the dual-detection GPC data, concentration of active catalyst, and monomer consumption suggests optimal activation conditions for the Hf pre-catalyst in the presence of the activator [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]. The chromophore quench-labeling agents do not react with the chain-transfer agent ZnEt2 under the reaction conditions. Thus, Hf-bound polymeryls are selectively labeled in the presence of zinc-polymeryls. Quench-labeling studies in the presence of ZnEt2 reveal that ZnEt2 does not influence the rate of propagation at the Hf center, and chain transfer of Hf-bound polymers to ZnEt2 is fast and quasi-irreversible. The quench-label techniques represent a means to study commercial polymerization catalysts that operate with high efficiency at low catalyst concentrations without the need for specialized equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Cueny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Heather C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bernie J Anding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clark R Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Duncan AP, Johnson AR, Nataro C. Literature-Based Teaching Strategies for Organometallic Courses. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon 97301, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Chip Nataro
- Department
of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
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Reiß F, Altenburger K, Hollmann D, Spannenberg A, Jiao H, Arndt P, Rosenthal U, Beweries T. Redox-Disproportionation of a Decamethyltitanocene(III) Isonitrile Alkynyl Complex. Chemistry 2017; 23:7891-7895. [PMID: 28418598 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kai Altenburger
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Dirk Hollmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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10
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Du MR, Zhang XB, Si SM, Yang F, Wang L. Theoretical insights into C–C bond formation through isonitrile insertion into a Cp*Ti complex. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction of Cp*(Cl)Ti(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) with isonitriles is studied using DFT, detailed elementary reaction steps and N-substitution effects of isonitrile are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ran Du
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan 232001
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Biao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan 232001
- People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Meng Si
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan 232001
- People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan 232001
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Du MR, Zhang XB, Si SM, Wang L. Theoretical insights into the reaction of Cp*(Cl)Hf(diene) with isonitriles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of Cp*(Cl)Hf(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) with isonitriles is theoretically investigated, and detailed elementary reactions and the substitution effects are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ran Du
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Biao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Meng Si
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- People's Republic of China
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