1
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Hadlington TJ. Heavier group 14-transition metal π-complex congeners. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39189619 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Since the dawn of organometallic chemistry, transition metal complexes of unsaturated organic molecules, namely π-complexes, have remained a central focus: our thorough understanding of the electronic nature of such species, and their importance in countless reactive processes continues to drive research in their synthesis and utilisation. Since the late 1900s, research regarding the related chemistry for the heavier group 14 elements has become increasingly more fervent. Today, heavier congeners of a vast array of classical π-complexes have been realised, from alkene to arene systems, involving Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. This has given deeper insights into the bonding observed for these heavier elements, which typically involves a lessened degree of π-bonding and an increased polarisation. This review aims to summarise this field, identifying these disparities, and highlighting areas which we believe may be exciting for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
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2
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Chen H, Chen W, Wang D, Chen Y, Liu Z, Ye S, Tan G, Gao S. An Isolable One-Coordinate Lead(I) Radical with Strong g-Factor Anisotropy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402093. [PMID: 38438306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Lead-based radicals in the oxidation state of +1 are elusive species and are highly challenging to isolate in the condensed phase. In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of the first isolable free plumbylyne radical 2 bearing a one-coordinate Pb(I) atom. It reacts with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to afford a two-coordinate NHC-ligated Pb(I) radical 3. 2 and 3 represent the first isolable Pb(I)-based radicals. Theoretical calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis revealed that the unpaired electron mainly resides at the Pb 6p orbital in both radicals. Owing to the unique one-coordinate nature of the Pb atom in 2, it possesses two-fold orbital pseudo-degeneracy and substantial unquenched orbital angular momentum, and exhibits hitherto strongest g-factor anisotropy (gx,y,z=1.496, 1.166, 0.683) amongst main group radicals. Preliminary investigations into the reactivity of 2 unveiled its Pb-centered radical nature, and plumbylenes were isolated as products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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3
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Helling C, Döhler L, Kysliak O, Görls H, Liebing P, Wölper C, Kretschmer R, Schulz S. Metal-metal cooperativity boosts Lewis basicity and reduction properties of the bis(gallanediyl) CyL 2Ga 2. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4922-4929. [PMID: 38410991 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The interplay of two proximate gallium centres equips the bimetallic complex CyL2Ga2 (1, CyL2 = 1,2-trans-Cy[NC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N(Dip)]2, Dip = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) with increased Lewis basicity and higher reducing power compared to the monometallic gallanediyl LGa (2, L = HC[MeCN(Dip)]2) as evidenced by cross-over experiments. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lotta Döhler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Kysliak
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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4
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Hannah TJ, Chitnis SS. Ligand-enforced geometric constraints and associated reactivity in p-block compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:764-792. [PMID: 38099873 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The geometry at an element centre can generally be predicted based on the number of electron pairs around it using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. Strategies to distort p-block compounds away from these predicted geometries have gained considerable interest due to the unique structural outcomes, spectroscopic properties or reactivity patterns engendered by such distortion. This review presents an up-to-date group-wise summary of this exciting and rapidly growing field with a focus on understanding how the ligand employed unlocks structural features, which in turn influences the associated reactivity. Relevant geometrically constrained compounds from groups 13-16 are discussed, along with selected stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Several areas for advancement in this field are also discussed. Collectively, this review advances the notion of geometric tuning as an important lever, alongside electronic and steric tuning, in controlling bonding and reactivity at p-block centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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5
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Zheng X, Crumpton AE, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. A planar per-borylated digermene. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16591-16595. [PMID: 37961827 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A tetraboryl digermene synthesized by the reaction between a dianionic digermanide nucleophile and a boron halide electrophile is dimeric both in the solid state and in hydrocarbon solution. It features both a planar 'alkene-like' geometry for the Ge2B4 core, and an exceptionally short GeGe double bond. These structural features are consistent with the known electronic properties of the boryl group, and with lowest energy (in silico) fragmentation into two triplet bis(boryl)germylene fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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6
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Wu M, Chen W, Wang D, Chen Y, Ye S, Tan G. Triplet bismuthinidenes featuring unprecedented giant and positive zero field splittings. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad169. [PMID: 38034397 PMCID: PMC10684269 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of triplet pnictinidenes, which bear two unpaired electrons at the pnictogen centers, has long been a great challenge due to their intrinsic high reactivity. Herein, we report the syntheses and characterizations of two bismuthinidenes MsFluindtBu-Bi (3) and MsFluind*-Bi (4) stabilized by sterically encumbered hydrindacene ligands. They were facilely prepared through reductions of the corresponding dichloride precursors with 2 molar equivalents of potassium graphite. The structural analyses revealed that 3 and 4 contain a one-coordinate bismuth atom supported by a Bi-C single σ bond. As a consequence, the remaining two Bi 6p orbitals are nearly degenerate, and 3 and 4 possess triplet ground states. Experimental characterizations with multinuclear magnetic resonance, magnetometry and near infrared spectroscopy coupled to wavefunction based ab initio calculations concurred to evidence that there exist giant and positive zero field splittings (>4300 cm-1) in their S = 1 ground states. Hence even at room temperature the systems almost exclusively populate the lowest-energy nonmagnetic Ms = 0 level, which renders them seemingly diamagnetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Wu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Mears KL, Power PP. London Dispersion Effects on the Stability of Heavy Tetrel Molecules. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301247. [PMID: 37263972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
London dispersion (LD) interactions, which stem from long-range electron correlations arising from instantaneously induced dipoles can occur between neighboring atoms or molecules, for example, between H atoms within ligand C-H groups. These interactions are currently of interest as a new method of stabilizing long bonds and species with unusual oxidation states. They can also limit reactivity by installing LD enhanced groups into organic frameworks or ligand substituents. Here, we address the most recent advances in the design of LD enhanced ligands, the sterically counterintuitive structures that can be generated and the consequences that these interactions can have on the structures and reactivity of sterically crowded heavy group 14 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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8
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Hannah TJ, McCarvell WM, Kirsch T, Bedard J, Hynes T, Mayho J, Bamford KL, Vos CW, Kozak CM, George T, Masuda JD, Chitnis SS. Planar bismuth triamides: a tunable platform for main group Lewis acidity and polymerization catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4549-4563. [PMID: 37152250 PMCID: PMC10155930 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometric deformation in main group compounds can be used to elicit unique properties including strong Lewis acidity. Here we report on a family of planar bismuth(iii) complexes (cf. typically pyramidal structure for such compounds), which show a geometric Lewis acidity that can be further tuned by varying the steric and electronic features of the triamide ligand employed. The structural dynamism of the planar bismuth complexes was probed in both the solid and solution phase, revealing at least three distinct modes of intermolecular association. A modified Gutmann-Beckett method was used to assess their electrophilicity by employing trimethylphosphine sulfide in addition to triethylphosphine oxide as probes, providing insights into the preference for binding hard or soft substrates. Experimental binding studies were complemented by a computational assessment of the affinities and dissection of the latter into their intrinsic bond strength and deformation energy components. The results show comparable Lewis acidity to triarylboranes, with the added ability to bind two bases simultaneously, and reduced discrimination against soft substrates. We also study the catalytic efficacy of these complexes in the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide. The polymers obtained show excellent dispersity values and high molecular weights with low catalyst loadings used. The complexes retain their performance under industrially relevant conditions, suggesting they may be useful as less toxic alternatives to tin catalysts in the production of medical grade materials. Collectively, these results establish planar bismuth complexes as not only a novel neutral platform for main group Lewis acidity, but also a potentially valuable one for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - W Michael McCarvell
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Tamina Kirsch
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Joseph Bedard
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Toren Hynes
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jacqueline Mayho
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Karlee L Bamford
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Cyler W Vos
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Christopher M Kozak
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Tanner George
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - S S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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9
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Lee VY. Organogermanium Analogues of Alkenes, Alkynes, 1,3-Dienes, Allenes, and Vinylidenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041558. [PMID: 36838546 PMCID: PMC9960162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the latest achievements in the field of multiply bonded organogermanium derivatives, mostly reported within the last two decades, are presented. The isolable Ge-containing analogues of alkenes, alkynes, 1,3-dienes, allenes, and vinylidenes are discussed, and for each class of unsaturated organogermanium compounds, the most representative examples are given. The synthetic approaches toward homonuclear multiply bonded combinations solely consisting of germanium atoms, and their heteronuclear variants containing germanium and other group 14 elements, both acyclic and cyclic, are discussed. The peculiar structural features and nonclassical bonding nature of the abovementioned compounds are discussed based on their spectroscopic and structural characteristics, in particular their crystallographic parameters (double bond length, trans-bending at the doubly bonded centers, and twisting about the double bond). The prospects for the practical use of the title compounds in synthetic and catalytic fields are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
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10
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Obi AD, Dickie DA, Tiznado W, Frenking G, Pan S, Gilliard RJ. A Multidimensional Approach to Carbodiphosphorane–Bismuth Coordination Chemistry: Cationization, Redox-Flexibility, and Stabilization of a Crystalline Bismuth Hydridoborate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19452-19462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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11
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Wang S, Liu KY, Li HJ, Lee WC, Huang SL, Wu WC, Shi FK, Cheng YS, Lu IC, Liu HJ. Access to Monomeric Lead(II) Hydrides with Remarkable Thermostability and Their Use in Catalytic Hydroboration of Carbonyl Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13096-13103. [PMID: 35946578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the remarkable stability of unprecedented, monomeric lead(II) hydrides M+[LPb(II)H]- (M[1-H]), where L = 2,6-bis(3,5-diphenylpyrrolyl)pyridine and M = (18-crown-6)potassium or ([2.2.2]-cryptand)potassium. The half-life of [K18c6][1-H] of ∼2 days in tetrahydrofuran at 25 °C is significantly longer than those reported for dimeric lead(II) hydrides supported by bulky terphenyl ligands (few hours at low temperatures), which are the only examples known for lead(II) hydride compounds. The presence of a Pb-H bond in [1-H]- was unambiguously identified by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Remarkably, a 1H resonance of the hydride ligand was found at δ = 41.43 ppm (1JPbH = 1312 Hz). For reactivity study, [1-H]- serves as an excellent hydroboration catalyst with high turnover numbers and turnover frequencies for several carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yu Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jung Li
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ching Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Ling Huang
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Daan Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Wu
- Rezwave Technology Incorporated, 3F-5, 79, Hsin Tai Wu Rd., Sec. 1, HsiChih District, New Taipei City 22101, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Ku Shi
- Rezwave Technology Incorporated, 3F-5, 79, Hsin Tai Wu Rd., Sec. 1, HsiChih District, New Taipei City 22101, Taiwan
| | - You-Song Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd, South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ju Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
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12
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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13
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Cui ZH, Liu YQ, Wang MH. Linear Group 13 E≡E Triple Bonds in E 2 Li 6 2. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1996-2003. [PMID: 34396650 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The triply bonded heavier main-group compounds have a textbook trans-bent geometry, in contrast to a familiar linear form found for the lightest analogues. Strikingly, the unexpected linear group 13 E≡E triple bonds were herein found in the D4h -symmetry E2 Li6 2+ clusters, and they possess a large barrier (>18.0 kcal/mol) towards the dissociation of Li+ . The perfectly surrounded Li4 motifs and two linear coordinated Li atoms strongly suppress the increasing nonbonded electron density of heavier E atoms, making two degenerate π bonds and one multi-center σ bond in linear heavier main-group triple bonds. The surrounding Li6 motifs not only creates an effective electronic structure to form a linear E≡E triple bond, but the resulting electrostatic interactions account for the highly stable global E2 Li6 2+ clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
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14
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Honda S, Sugawara R, Ishida S, Iwamoto T. A Spiropentasiladiene Radical Cation: Spin and Positive Charge Delocalization across Two Perpendicular Si═Si Bonds and UV-vis-NIR Absorption in the IR-B Region. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2649-2653. [PMID: 33565866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spiroconjugation, that is, through-space orbital interactions between two perpendicular π orbitals, is a key concept in the contemporary molecular design of spirocyclic π-electron systems. We synthesized spiropentasiladiene radical cation salt 1 as a dark-green solid via the one-electron oxidation of the stable spiropentasiladiene 2. Characterization of the molecular structure combined with theoretical studies indicated that the spin and positive charge are delocalized across the two perpendicular Si═Si double bonds of 1. Two π(Si═Si) orbitals are split into HOMO and SOMO with a small energy gap owing to the second-order Jahn-Teller distortion and steric repulsion between bulky alkyl groups upon one-electron oxidation. In the UV-vis-NIR spectrum, the longest-wavelength absorption band of 1 (λmax = 1972 nm) covers the IR-B region (1400-3000 nm; 0.89-0.41 eV) despite having the smallest possible spiroconjugation motif. The unprecedented absorption band in the IR region was assigned to the HOMO → SOMO transition that arises from the delocalized π-orbitals in the spirocyclic Si5 skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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15
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Kysliak O, Görls H, Kretschmer R. Cooperative Bond Activation by a Bimetallic Main-Group Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:142-148. [PMID: 33356229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural metalloenzymes that efficiently catalyze a variety of transformations, chemists have developed large numbers of dinuclear transition-metal complexes with extraordinary properties and reactivity patterns. For main-group element compounds, however, metal-metal cooperativity is much less explored. Here we present the synthesis and characterization of a room-temperature-stable compound with two separated two-coordinated gallium(I) centers possessing both a lone pair of electrons and a vacant orbital, reminiscent of singlet carbenes. This species displays enhanced reactivity compared to its mononuclear counterpart due to bimetallic cooperativity that allows for the facile activation of strong C-F bonds across the gallium-gallium bond. Two mechanistic scenarios of the cooperative bond activation have been identified by DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kysliak
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Cui ZH, Liu YQ, Huang R, Wang MH, Yan B, Zhao L. Linear group 13 E[triple bond, length as m-dash]E triple bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11611-11615. [PMID: 33988636 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01035b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unexpected linear group 13 E[triple bond, length as m-dash]E triple bonds were herein uncovered with the D3h-symmetry E2M5+ (M = Li, Na, and K) clusters, where the linear M-E[triple bond, length as m-dash]E-M form is perfectly surrounded by M3 motifs. The increasing nonbonded electron density of the heavier main-group elements is the key issue for the trans-bent geometry, and yet it is strongly suppressed in E2M5+, creating two degenerate π bonds and one multi-center σ bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China. and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Runfeng Huang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Liu YQ, Wang MH, Huang R, Zhao L, Cui ZH. EE triple bonds (E = Group 13) promoted by charge transfer from alkali metals. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical bonding analysis shows that strong charge transfer arises from M4 (M = Li and Na) motifs to E2 (E = Group 13), further making an EE triple bond composed of two π bonds and one delocalized σ bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Runfeng Huang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong-hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
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18
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Agarwal A, Bose SK. Bonding Relationship between Silicon and Germanium with Group 13 and Heavier Elements of Groups 14-16. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3784-3806. [PMID: 33006219 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The topic of heavier main group compounds possessing multiple bonds is the subject of momentous interest in modern organometallic chemistry. Importantly, there is an excitement involving the discovery of unprecedented compounds with unique bonding modes. The research in this area is still expanding, particularly the reactivity aspects of these compounds. This article aims to describe the overall developments reported on the stable derivatives of silicon and germanium involved in multiple bond formation with other group 13, and heavier groups 14, 15, and 16 elements. The synthetic strategies, structural features, and their reactivity towards different nucleophiles, unsaturated organic substrates, and in small molecule activation are discussed. Further, their physical and chemical properties are described based on their spectroscopic and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Agarwal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
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19
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Zhang H, Yuan R, Song J, Li X, Zeng Y, Mo Y. Side-On versus End-On Binding Modes between Metal Cations and (NHC)AlAl(NHC). Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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20
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Hanusch F, Groll L, Inoue S. Recent advances of group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes in bond activation and catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2001-2015. [PMID: 34163962 PMCID: PMC8179309 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first heavy alkene analogues of germanium and tin were isolated in 1976, followed by West's disilene in 1981, the chemistry of stable group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes has advanced immensely. Recent developments in this field veered the focus from the isolation of novel bonding motifs to mimicking transition metals in their ability to activate small molecules and perform catalysis. The potential of these homonuclear multiply bonded compounds has been demonstrated numerous times in the activation of H2, NH3, CO2 and other small molecules. Hereby, the strong relationship between structure and reactivity warrants close attention towards rational ligand design. This minireview provides an overview on recent developments in regard to bond activation with group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes with the perspective of potential catalytic applications of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lisa Groll
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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21
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Abstract
Thermally-robust bismuthanylstibanes are prepared in a one-step, high yield reaction, providing the first examples of neutral Bi-Sb σ-bonds in the solid state. DFT calculations indicate that the bis(silylamino)naphthalene scaffold is well-suited for supporting otherwise labile bonds. The reaction chemistry of the Bi-Sb bond is debuted by showing fission using NH3BH3 and insertion of a sulfur atom, the latter providing the first example of a Bi-S-Sb motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Marczenko
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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22
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Power PP. An Update on Multiple Bonding between Heavier Main Group Elements: The Importance of Pauli Repulsion, Charge-Shift Character, and London Dispersion Force Effects. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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23
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Qiu Y, Winter AH. Anomalous Electronic Properties of Iodous Materials: Application to High-Spin Reactive Intermediates and Conjugated Polymers. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4145-4152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101 Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101 Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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24
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Abstract
Boragermene 3 featuring a double bond between the Ge and dicoordinate B atoms has been synthesized for the first time by reacting the cyclic (alkyl)(boryl)germylene-PMe3 adduct 1 with Cl2 BN(SiMe3 )2 followed by reductive dehalogenation with KC8 . Addition of a Lewis base (Me NHC) to 3 leads to the formation of the corresponding adduct 4, which shows double bond character between the Ge and tricoordinate B atoms. Compound 3 undergoes hydrogenation with H2 concomitant with a complete scission of the Ge=B bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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25
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Abstract
After the experimental evidence of polyynic as the stable form of cyclo[18]carbon, in the present paper, using ab initio electronic structure calculations, we show that this result is a symmetry breaking event, a consequence of the second-order Jahn-Teller effect. We show that the eigenfunctions associated with lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) and LUMO + 1, the excited states of this ring molecule, interact with the eigenfunctions associated with the ground state (occupied states), and this interaction stabilizes the less symmetric polyynic form of cyclo[18]carbon with D9h symmetry, instead of the cumulenic form. The frontier state interactions are responsible for the distortions in the symmetry in the electronic structures, lowering the energy and making the polyynic form the stable one with alternating triple and single bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenner S Pereira
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia , Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) , Campus Caraúbas , 59780000 Caraúbas , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Edison Z da Silva
- Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", UNICAMP, CP 6165 , 13083-9859 Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Link 21 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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27
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Wedler HB, Wendelboe P, Tantillo DJ, Power PP. Second order Jahn-Teller interactions at unusually high molecular orbital energy separations. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5175-5182. [PMID: 32236283 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Second order Jahn-Teller (SOJT) effects arise from interactions between filled and empty molecular orbitals of like symmetry. These interactions often lead to structural distortions whose extent is inversely proportional to the energy difference between the interacting orbitals. The main objectives of the work described here are (1) the calculation (using density functional theory methods) of the energies of the valence molecular orbitals in the species EH3 (E = N, P, As or Sb), HEEH (E = C, Si, Ge or Sn), and H2EEH2, (E = C, Si, Ge or Sn) and (2) the correlation of these energies with barriers for planarization or linearization. The calculations suggest an upper limit of about 12 eV energy separation of the interacting levels for SOJT effects to be significant, which is considerably larger than previously thought and implies that SOJT effects may be more common than currently realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B Wedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Wendelboe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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28
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Liu Y, Zhu C, Wen C, Zhang M, Geng Y, Liu X, Su Z. The AlAl triple bond in Al2X5+ and Al2X62+ (X = Li, Na) clusters with multiple alkali metal coordination. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04819d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The AlAl triple bond does not change obviously with the increase in the number of Li+ or Na+ and [AlAl]4− is the core to stabilize these clusters and its stability is hard to be affected by the numbers and positions of the Li+ or Na+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Changyan Zhu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Chaoxia Wen
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Xingman Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Ningxia University
- Yinchuan 750021
- China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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29
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Mellerup SK, Cui Y, Fantuzzi F, Schmid P, Goettel JT, Bélanger-Chabot G, Arrowsmith M, Krummenacher I, Ye Q, Engel V, Engels B, Braunschweig H. Lewis-Base Stabilization of the Parent Al(I) Hydride under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16954-16960. [PMID: 31577138 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum(III) is inherently electron deficient and therefore acts as a prototypical Lewis acid. Conversely, Al(I) is a rare, nucleophilic variant of aluminum that is thermodynamically unstable under ambient conditions. While attempts to stabilize and isolate Al(I) species have become increasingly successful, the parent Al(I) (i.e, Al-H) remains accessible only under extreme temperatures/pressures or matrix conditions. Here, we report the isolation of the parent Al(I) hydride under ambient conditions via the reduction of a Lewis-base-stabilized alkyldihaloalane. Computational and spectroscopic analyses indicate that the ground-state electronic configuration of this monomeric aluminum species is best described as an Al(I) hydride with non-negligible open-shell Al(III) singlet diradical character. These findings are also supported by reactivity studies, which reveal both the p-centered lone pair donating ability and the hydridic nature of the parent aluminene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunshu Cui
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , 518055 Shenzhen , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qing Ye
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , 518055 Shenzhen , People's Republic of China
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30
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Raghavan A, Ren T. Bisaryl Diruthenium(III) Paddlewheel Complexes: Synthesis and Characterization. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adharsh Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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31
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Lai TY, Tao L, Britt RD, Power PP. Reversible Sn-Sn Triple Bond Dissociation in a Distannyne: Support for Charge-Shift Bonding Character. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12527-12530. [PMID: 31345027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tin-tin triple bond in the distannyne AriPr4SnSnAriPr4, AriPr4 = C6H3-2,6(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2, undergoes reversible cleavage in deuterated toluene to afford two :SṅAriPr4 radicals in solution as shown by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Variable temperature data afforded an enthalpy of dissociation of ΔHdiss = 17.2 ± 1.7 kcal mol-1 via van't Hoff analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yi Lai
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Lizhi Tao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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32
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Teichmann J, Kunkel C, Georg I, Moxter M, Santowski T, Bolte M, Lerner H, Bade S, Wagner M. Tris(trichlorosilyl)tetrelide Anions and a Comparative Study of Their Donor Qualities. Chemistry 2019; 25:2740-2744. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Teichmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Chantal Kunkel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Isabelle Georg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Maximilian Moxter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Hans‐Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Stefan Bade
- Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH Untere Kanalstrasse 3 79618 Rheinfelden Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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33
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