1
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Lin Z, Oliveira JC, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Palladium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative Double C-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:228-239. [PMID: 38150013 PMCID: PMC10785825 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative reaction has emerged as a promising platform to achieve a sustainable and atom-economic organic synthesis that avoids hazardous oxidants and minimizes undesired byproducts and circuitous functional group operations. However, a poor mechanistic understanding still prevents the widespread adoption of this strategy. In this regard, we herein present an electrochemical palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling strategy to access biaryls in the absence of a stoichiometric chemical oxidant. The robust palladaelectrocatalysis considerably suppresses the occurrence of homocoupling and oxygenation, being compatible even with electron-deficient arenes. Late-stage functionalization and Boscalid precursor synthesis further highlighted the practical importance of our electrolysis. Remarkably, mechanistic studies including the evaluation of the reaction order of each component by variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) and initial rate analysis, H/D exchange experiment, kinetic isotope effect, and stoichiometric organometallic experiments provided strong support for the involvement of transmetalation between two organopalladium complexes in the turnover limiting step. Therefore, matching the concentrations or lifetimes of two distinct organopalladium intermediates is revealed to be a pivot to the success of electrooxidative catalysis. Moreover, the presence of cationic copper(II) seems to contribute to the stabilization of the palladium(0) catalyst instead of playing a role in the oxidation of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C.
A. Oliveira
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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3
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Murtaza A, Ulhaq Z, Shirinfar B, Rani S, Aslam S, Martins GM, Ahmed N. Arenes and Heteroarenes C-H Functionalization Under Enabling Conditions: Electrochemistry, Photoelectrochemistry & Flow Technology. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300119. [PMID: 37255348 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
C-H bond functionalization generates molecular complexity in single-step transformation. However, the activation of C-H bonds requires expensive metals or stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species. In many cases, they often require pre-functionalization of starting molecules. Such pre-activating measures cause waste generation and their separation from the final product is also troublesome. In such a scenario, reactions activating elements generating from renewable energy resources such as electricity and light would be more efficient, green, and cost-effective. Further, incorporation of growing flow technology in chemical transformation processes will accelerate the safer accesses of valuable products. Arenes & heteroarenes are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, natural products, medicinal compounds, and other biologically important molecules. Herein, we discussed enabling tools and technologies used for the recent C-H bonds functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ulhaq
- Chemical Engineering Department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, Bath, United Kingdom
- West Herts College, Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFS Car, 13565-905, São Carlos -SP, Brazil
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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4
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Baroliya PK, Dhaker M, Panja S, Al-Thabaiti SA, Albukhari SM, Alsulami QA, Dutta A, Maiti D. Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization Through Electrocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202202201. [PMID: 36881013 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically promoted transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization has emerged as a promising area of research over the last few decades. However, development in this field is still at an early stage compared to traditional functionalization reactions using chemical-based oxidizing agents. Recent reports have shown increased attention on electrochemically promoted metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization. From the standpoint of sustainability, environmental friendliness, and cost effectiveness, electrochemically promoted oxidation of a metal catalyst offers a mild, efficient, and atom-economical alternative to traditional chemical oxidants. This Review discusses advances in the field of transition metal-electrocatalyzed C-H functionalization over the past decade and describes how the unique features of electricity enable metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization in an economic and sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Baroliya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Mukesh Dhaker
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shaeel Ahmed Al-Thabaiti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha M Albukhari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qana A Alsulami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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5
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Silver-Free C-H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C-H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210825. [PMID: 36062882 PMCID: PMC9828228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds is considered as one of the most attractive techniques in synthetic organic chemistry because it bears the potential to shorten synthetic routes as well as to produce complementary product scopes compared to traditional synthetic strategies. However, many current methods employ silver salts as additives, leading to stoichiometric metal waste and thereby preventing the full potential of C-H activation to be exploited. Therefore, the development of silver-free protocols has recently received increasing attention. Mechanistically, silver can serve various roles in C-H activation and thus, avoiding the use of silver requires different approaches based on the role it serves in a given process. In this Review, we present the comparison of silver-based and silver-free methods. Focusing on the strategic approaches to develop silver-free C-H activation, we provide the reader with the means to develop sustainable methods for C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
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6
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Zhang J, Das B, Verho O, Bäckvall J. Electrochemical Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation‐Cyclization of Enallenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212131. [PMID: 36222322 PMCID: PMC10098644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidative palladium-catalyzed carbonylation-carbocyclization of enallenols to afford γ-lactones and spirolactones, which proceeds with excellent chemoselectivity. Interestingly, electrocatalysis was found to have an accelerating effect on the rate of the tandem process, leading to a more efficient reaction than that under chemical redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Biswanath Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala Biomedical Center, BMC Uppsala University 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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7
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Panja S, Ahsan S, Pal T, Kolb S, Ali W, Sharma S, Das C, Grover J, Dutta A, Werz DB, Paul A, Maiti D. Non-directed Pd-catalysed electrooxidative olefination of arenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9432-9439. [PMID: 36093017 PMCID: PMC9383708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fujiwara-Moritani reaction is a powerful tool for the olefination of arenes by Pd-catalysed C-H activation. However, the need for superstoichiometric amounts of toxic chemical oxidants makes the reaction unattractive from an environmental and atom-economical view. Herein, we report the first non-directed and regioselective olefination of simple arenes via an electrooxidative Fujiwara-Moritani reaction. The versatility of this operator-friendly approach was demonstrated by a broad substrate scope which includes arenes, heteroarenes and a variety of olefins. Electroanalytical studies suggest the involvement of a Pd(ii)/Pd(iv) catalytic cycle via a Pd(iii) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Panja
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Salman Ahsan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Tanay Pal
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Simon Kolb
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Wajid Ali
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sulekha Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Chandan Das
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Amit Paul
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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8
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Abstract
C−H methylation of sp2 and sp3 carbon centers is significant in many biological processes. Methylated drug candidates show unique properties due to the change in solubility, conformation and metabolic activities. Several photo-catalyzed, electrochemical, mechanochemical and metal-free techniques that are widely utilized strategies in medicinal chemistry for methylation of arenes and heteroarenes have been covered in this review.
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9
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Yang QL, Liu Y, Liang L, Li ZH, Qu GR, Guo HM. Facilitating Rh-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation of (Hetero)arenes and 6-Arylpurine Nucleosides (Nucleotides) with Electrochemistry. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6161-6178. [PMID: 35438486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach to promote the ortho-C-H alkylation of (hetero)arenes via rhodium catalysis under mild conditions is described. This approach features mild conditions with high levels of regio- and monoselectivity that tolerate a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic groups and offers a widely applicable method for late-stage diversification of complex molecular architectures including tryptophan, estrone, diazepam, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Alkyl boronic acids and esters and alkyl trifluoroborates are demonstrated as suitable coupling partners. The isolation of key rhodium intermediates and mechanistic studies provided strong support for a rhodium(III/IV or V) regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ying Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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10
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Tahara K, Takezaki S, Ozawa Y, Abe M. Synthesis of an Organometallic Alkyl-Co(III) Complex with Amidoquinoline Directing Groups via C(sp3)-H Activation and its UV-vis/NMR Spectroscopic, Crystallographic, DFT, and Electrochemical Studies. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Shun Takezaki
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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11
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Kuciński K, Simon H, Ackermann L. Rhoda-Electrocatalyzed C-H Methylation and Paired Electrocatalyzed C-H Ethylation and Propylation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103837. [PMID: 34714563 PMCID: PMC9299020 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity over traditional stoichiometric oxidants is a promising strategy for sustainable molecular assembly. Herein, we describe the rhoda-electrocatalyzed C-H activation/alkylation of several N-heteroarenes. This catalytic approach has been successfully applied to several arenes, including biologically relevant purines, diazepam, and amino acids. The versatile C-H alkylation featured water as a co-solvent and user-friendly trifluoroborates as alkylating agents. Finally, the rhoda-electrocatalysis with unsaturated organotrifluoroborates proceeded by paired electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kuciński
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable ChemistryGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
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12
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Wang Z, Ma C, Fang P, Xu H, Mei T. Advances in Organic Electrochemical Synthesis. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu ZR, Xu SS, Xu K, Cheng X, Lei A, Xu HC, Zeng C, Mei TS. Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis employing transition metal complexes as electrocatalysts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2412-2429. [PMID: 36654127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has been widely used as an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional methods for redox reactions because it utilizes electric current as a traceless redox agent instead of chemical redox agents. Indirect electrolysis employing a redox catalyst has received tremendous attention, since it provides various advantages compared to direct electrolysis. With indirect electrolysis, overpotential of electron transfer can be avoided, which is inherently milder, thus wide functional group tolerance can be achieved. Additionally, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity can be tuned by the redox catalysts used in indirect electrolysis. Furthermore, electrode passivation can be avoided by preventing the formation of polymer films on the electrode surface. Common redox catalysts include N-oxyl radicals, hypervalent iodine species, halides, amines, benzoquinones (such as DDQ and tetrachlorobenzoquinone), and transition metals. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of indirect organic electrosynthesis using transition metals as redox catalysts for reaction classes including C-H functionalization, radical cyclization, and cross-coupling of aryl halides-each owing to the diverse reactivity and accessible oxidation states of transition metals. Although various reviews of organic electrosynthesis are available, there is a lack of articles that focus on recent research progress in the area of indirect electrolysis using transition metals, which is the impetus for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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14
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Gafurov ZN, Kantyukov AO, Kagilev AA, Sinyashin OG, Yakhvarov DG. Electrochemical methods for synthesis and in situ generation of organometallic compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Vantourout JC. From Bench to Plant: An Opportunity for Transition Metal Paired Electrocatalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien C. Vantourout
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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16
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Tóth BL, Monory A, Egyed O, Domján A, Bényei A, Szathury B, Novák Z, Stirling A. The ortho effect in directed C-H activation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5152-5163. [PMID: 34163752 PMCID: PMC8179598 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of transition metal-catalysed ortho-directed C-H activation is often plagued by the effects of undesirable interactions between the directing group (DG) and other groups introduced into the aromatic core of the substrate. In particular, when these groups are in neighbouring positions, their interactions can affect profoundly the efficacy of the C-H activation by transition metals. In this work we introduce a simple substrate-only-based model to interpret the influence of steric hindrance of a group in ortho position to the DG in directed ortho-C-H bond activation reactions, and coined the term Ortho Effect (OE) for such situations. We consider simple descriptors such as torsion angle and torsional energy to predict and explain the reactivity of a given substrate in directed C-H activation reactions. More than 250 examples have been invoked for the model, and the nature of the ortho effect was demonstrated on a wide variety of structures. In order to guide organic chemists, we set structural and energetic criteria to evaluate a priori the efficiency of the metalation step which is usually the rate-determining event in C-H activations, i.e. we provide a simple and general protocol to estimate the reactivity of a potential substrate in C-H activation. For borderline cases these criteria help set the minimum reaction temperature to obtain reasonable reaction rates. As an example for the practical applicability of the model, we performed synthetic validations via palladium-catalysed 2,2,2-trifluoroethylation reactions in our lab. Furthermore, we give predictions for the necessary reaction conditions for several selected DGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs L Tóth
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Monory
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Orsolya Egyed
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Domján
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Bényei
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Egyetem Tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Bálint Szathury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Rd Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Zoltán Novák
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly University Leányka u. 6 H-3300 Eger Hungary
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17
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Panda P, Pal K, Chakroborty S. Robust molecular trends in Pd-catalyzed C(sp2/sp3)-H activation reactions – A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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18
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Aynetdinova D, Callens MC, Hicks HB, Poh CYX, Shennan BDA, Boyd AM, Lim ZH, Leitch JA, Dixon DJ. Installing the “magic methyl” – C–H methylation in synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5517-5563. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following notable cases of remarkable potency increases in methylated analogues of lead compounds, this review documents the state-of-the-art in C–H methylation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniya Aynetdinova
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Mia C. Callens
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Harry B. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Charmaine Y. X. Poh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Alistair M. Boyd
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Zhong Hui Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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19
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Dhawa U, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Green strategies for transition metal-catalyzed C–H activation in molecular syntheses. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable strategies for the activation of inert C–H bonds towards improved resource-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Kakiuchi F, Kochi T. New Strategy for Catalytic Oxidative C–H Functionalization: Efficient Combination of Transition-metal Catalyst and Electrochemical Oxidation. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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21
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Xu Z, Li Y, Mo G, Zheng Y, Zeng S, Sun PH, Ruan Z. Electrochemical Oxidative Phosphorylation of Aldehyde Hydrazones. Org Lett 2020; 22:4016-4020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Yueheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Guangquan Mo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shaogao Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Hua Sun
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
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22
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Wu H, An Q, He C, Fan X, Guo W, Zuo M, Xu C, Guo R, Chu W, Sun Z. Synthesis of 2‐(2‐Hydroxyaryl)‐4
H
‐benzo[
e
][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones by Palladium‐Catalyzed C(
sp
2
)−H Hydroxylation via Electro‐chemical Oxidation. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi An
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyin He
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Weihao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunzhao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Chu
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHeilongjiang University Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency ConversionCollege of Heilongjiang Province Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
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23
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Jiao KJ, Xing YK, Yang QL, Qiu H, Mei TS. Site-Selective C-H Functionalization via Synergistic Use of Electrochemistry and Transition Metal Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:300-310. [PMID: 31939278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds has emerged as an attractive and environmentally benign alternative to conventional approaches for oxidation and reduction of organic compounds that utilizes electric current instead of chemical oxidants and reductants. As such, many useful transformations have been developed, including the Kolbe reaction, the Simons fluorination process, the Monsanto adiponitrile process, and the Shono oxidation, to name a few. Electrochemical C-H functionalization represents one of the most promising reaction types among many electrochemical transformations, since this process avoids prefunctionalization of substrates and provides novel retrosynthetic disconnections. However, site-selective anodic oxidation of C-H bonds is still a fundamental challenge due to the high oxidation potentials of C-H bonds compared to organic solvents and common functional groups. To overcome this issue, indirect electrolysis via the action of a mediator (a redox catalyst) is regularly employed, by which the selectivity can be controlled following reaction of said mediator with the substrate. Since the redox potentials of transition metal complexes can be easily tuned by modification of the ligand, the synergistic use of electrochemistry and transition metal catalysis to achieve site-selective C-H functionalization is an attractive strategy. In this Account, we summarize and contextualize our recent efforts toward transition metal-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalization proximal to a suitable directing group. We have developed C-H oxygenation, acylation, alkylation, and halogenation reactions in which a Pd(II) species is oxidized to a Pd(III) or Pd(IV) intermediate by anodic oxidation, followed by reductive elimination to form the corresponding C-O, C-C, and C-X bonds. Importantly, improved monofunctionalization selectivity is achieved in the Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)-H oxygenation compared to conventional approaches using PhI(OAc)2 as the chemical oxidant. Physical separators are sometimes used to prevent the electrochemical deposition of Pd black on the cathode resulting from reduction of high valent Pd species. We skirted this issue through the development a Cu-catalyzed electrochemical C(sp2)-H amination using n-Bu4NI as a redox cocatalyst in an undivided cell. In addition, we developed Ir-catalyzed electrochemical vinylic C-H functionalization of acrylic acids with alkynes in an undivided cell, affording various substituted α-pyrones in good to excellent yield. More importantly, chemical oxidants, including Ag2CO3, Cu(OAc)2, and PhI(OAc)2, resulted in much lower yields in the absence of electrical current under otherwise identical conditions. As elaborated below, progress in the area of electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed synthesis provides an effective platform for environmentally friendly and sustainable selective chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Kang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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24
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Yang QL, Xing YK, Wang XY, Ma HX, Weng XJ, Yang X, Guo HM, Mei TS. Electrochemistry-Enabled Ir-Catalyzed Vinylic C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18970-18976. [PMID: 31714747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic use of electrochemistry and organometallic catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for site-selective C-H functionalization, yet this type of transformation has thus far mainly been limited to arene C-H functionalization. Herein, we report the development of electrochemical vinylic C-H functionalization of acrylic acids with alkynes. In this reaction an iridium catalyst enables C-H/O-H functionalization for alkyne annulation, affording α-pyrones with good to excellent yields in an undivided cell. Preliminary mechanistic studies show that anodic oxidation is crucial for releasing the product and regeneration of an Ir(III) intermediate from a diene-Ir(I) complex, which is a coordinatively saturated, 18-electron complex. Importantly, common chemical oxidants such as Ag(I) or Cu(II) did not give significant amounts of the desired product in the absence of electrical current under otherwise identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , China
| | - Yi-Kang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hong-Xing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xin-Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
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25
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Dwivedi V, Kalsi D, Sundararaju B. Electrochemical‐/Photoredox Aspects of Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Directed C−H Bond Activation. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Dwivedi
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208 016 India
| | - Deepti Kalsi
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208 016 India
| | - Basker Sundararaju
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208 016 India
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26
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Tian C, Dhawa U, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Cupraelectro-Catalyzed Alkyne Annulation: Evidence for Distinct C–H Alkynylation and Decarboxylative C–H/C–C Manifolds. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Yuan Y, Qiao J, Cao Y, Tang J, Wang M, Ke G, Lu Y, Liu X, Lei A. Exogenous-oxidant-free electrochemical oxidative C-H phosphonylation with hydrogen evolution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4230-4233. [PMID: 30899925 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a versatile and environmentally friendly electrochemical oxidative C-H phosphonylation protocol. This protocol features a broad substrate scope; not only C(sp2)-H phosphonylation, but also C(sp3)-H phosphonylation is tolerated well under exogenous-oxidant-free and metal catalyst-free electrochemical oxidation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China.
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28
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Yang QL, Wang XY, Wang TL, Yang X, Liu D, Tong X, Wu XY, Mei TS. Palladium-Catalyzed Electrochemical C–H Bromination Using NH4Br as the Brominating Reagent. Org Lett 2019; 21:2645-2649. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tong-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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29
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Yu Y, Zheng P, Wu Y, Ye X. Electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed C-H or N-H oxidation: a facile route to synthesis of substituted oxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:8917-8921. [PMID: 30427366 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two comparable protocols for the electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed C-H/N-H oxidation have been exploited for the synthesis of substituted oxindoles via radical pathways. The electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed system was demonstrated to be efficient and eco-friendly and avoided the use of stoichiometric oxidants to afford the arylation or alkylation products in good yields at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, P. R. China.
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