1
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Galeas DM, Tolbatov I, Colacino E, Maseras F. Computational study on the mechanism for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients nitrofurantoin and dantrolene in both solution and mechanochemical conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:24288-24293. [PMID: 39279546 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
A combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and microkinetic simulations is applied to the study of condensation between N-acyl-hydrazides and aldehydes in acidic media to produce the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) nitrofurantoin and dantrolene. Previous experimental reports have shown that the use of ball milling conditions leads to a reduction in the reaction time, which is associated with a significant reduction of waste. This result is reproduced by the current calculations, which additionally provide a detailed mechanistic explanation for this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana M Galeas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Iogann Tolbatov
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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2
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Díaz-Ruiz M, Nieto-Rodríguez M, Maseras F. Revealing the Mechanistic Features of an Electrosynthetic Catalytic Reaction and the Role of Redox Mediators through DFT Calculations and Microkinetic Modeling. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400402. [PMID: 38739104 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis is an emerging field that provides original selectivity while adding features of atom economy, sustainability, and selectivity. Electrosynthesis is often enhanced by redox mediators or electroauxiliaries. The mechanistic understanding of organic electrosynthesis is however often limited by the low lifetime of intermediates and its difficult detection. In this work, we report a computational analysis of the mechanism of an appealing reaction previously reported by Mei and co-workers which is catalyzed by copper and employs iodide as redox mediator. Our scheme combines DFT calculations with microkinetic modeling and covers both the reaction in solution and the electrodic steps. A detailed mechanistic scheme is obtained which reproduces well experimental data and opens perspectives for the general treatment of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Díaz-Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Marc Nieto-Rodríguez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països, Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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3
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Le TH, Ferro-Costas D, Fernández-Ramos A, Ortuño MA. Combined DFT and Kinetic Monte Carlo Study of UiO-66 Catalysts for γ-Valerolactone Production. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:1049-1057. [PMID: 38293690 PMCID: PMC10823797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent heterogeneous porous catalysts due to their thermal stability. Their tunability via node and linker modifications makes them amenable for theoretical studies on catalyst design. However, detailed benchmarks on MOF-based reaction mechanisms combined with kinetics analysis are still scarce. Thus, we here evaluate different computational models and density functional theory (DFT) methods followed by kinetic Monte Carlo studies for a case reaction relevant in biomass upgrading, i.e., the conversion of methyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone catalyzed by UiO-66. We show the impact of cluster versus periodic models, the importance of the DF of choice, and the direct comparison to experimental data via simulated kinetics data. Overall, we found that Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE), a widely employed method in plane-wave periodic calculations, greatly overestimates reaction rates, while M06 with cluster models better fits the available experimental data and is recommended whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Hiep
Thi Le
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade
de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Ferro-Costas
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade
de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ramos
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade
de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade
de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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4
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Sabadell-Rendón A, Kaźmierczak K, Morandi S, Euzenat F, Curulla-Ferré D, López N. Automated MUltiscale simulation environment. DIGITAL DISCOVERY 2023; 2:1721-1732. [PMID: 38054103 PMCID: PMC10694852 DOI: 10.1039/d3dd00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiscale techniques integrating detailed atomistic information on materials and reactions to predict the performance of heterogeneous catalytic full-scale reactors have been suggested but lack seamless implementation. The largest challenges in the multiscale modeling of reactors can be grouped into two main categories: catalytic complexity and the difference between time and length scales of chemical and transport phenomena. Here we introduce the Automated MUltiscale Simulation Environment AMUSE, a workflow that starts from Density Functional Theory (DFT) data, automates the analysis of the reaction networks through graph theory, prepares it for microkinetic modeling, and subsequently integrates the results into a standard open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. We demonstrate the capabilities of AMUSE by applying it to the unimolecular iso-propanol dehydrogenation reaction and then, increasing the complexity, to the pre-commercial Pd/In2O3 catalyst employed for the CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The results show that AMUSE allows the computational investigation of heterogeneous catalytic reactions in a comprehensive way, providing essential information for catalyst design from the atomistic to the reactor scale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Sabadell-Rendón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) Av. Paisos Catalans 16 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Kamila Kaźmierczak
- TotalEnergies, TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium Zone industrielle C, 7181 Feluy Belgium
| | - Santiago Morandi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) Av. Paisos Catalans 16 Tarragona 43007 Spain
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, N4 Block, C. Marcel·lí Domingo 1 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Florian Euzenat
- TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, Route Industrielle, Carrefour 4, Port 4864 76700 Rogerville France
| | - Daniel Curulla-Ferré
- TotalEnergies, TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium Zone industrielle C, 7181 Feluy Belgium
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) Av. Paisos Catalans 16 Tarragona 43007 Spain
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5
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van Dam A, van Schendel R, Gangarapu S, Zuilhof H, Smulders MMJ. DFT Study of Imine-Exchange Reactions in Iron(II)-Coordinated Pincers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301795. [PMID: 37560922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The imine bond is among the most applied motifs in dynamic covalent chemistry. Although its uses are varied and often involve coordination to a transition metal for stability, mechanistic studies on imine exchange reactions so far have not included metal coordination. Herein, we investigated the condensation and transimination reactions of an Fe2+ -coordinated diimine pyridine pincer, employing wB97XD/6-311G(2d,2p) DFT calculations in acetonitrile. We first experimentally confirmed that Fe2+ is strongly coordinated by these pincers, and is thus a justified model ion. When considering a four-membered ring-shaped transition state for proton transfers, the required activation energies for condensation and transimination reaction exceeded the values expected for reactions known to be spontaneous at room temperature. The nature of the incoming and exiting amines and the substituents on the para-position of the pincer had no effect on this. Replacing Fe2+ with Zn2+ or removing it altogether did not reduce it either. However, the addition of two ethylamine molecules lowered the energy barriers to be compatible with experiment (19.4 and 23.2 kcal/mol for condensation and transimination, respectively). Lastly, the energy barrier of condensation of a non-coordinated pincer was significantly higher than found for Fe2+ -coordinating pincers, underlining the catalyzing effect of metal coordination on imine exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke van Dam
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Schendel
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Satesh Gangarapu
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Petrus E, Garay-Ruiz D, Reiher M, Bo C. Multi-Time-Scale Simulation of Complex Reactive Mixtures: How Do Polyoxometalates Form? J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18920-18930. [PMID: 37496164 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of reactive mixtures still challenges both experiments and theory. A relevant example can be found in the chemistry of molecular metal-oxide nanoclusters, also known as polyoxometalates. The high number of species potentially involved, the interconnectivity of the reaction network, and the precise control of the pH and concentrations needed in the synthesis of such species make the theoretical/computational treatment of such processes cumbersome. This work addresses this issue relying on a unique combination of recently developed computational methods that tackle the construction, kinetic simulation, and analysis of complex chemical reaction networks. By using the Bell-Evans-Polanyi approximation for estimating activation energies, and an accurate and robust linear scaling for correcting the computed pKa values, we report herein multi-time-scale kinetic simulations for the self-assembly processes of polyoxotungstates that comprise 22 orders of magnitude, from tens of femtoseconds to months of reaction time. This very large time span was required to reproduce very fast processes such as the acid/base equilibria (at 10-12 s), relatively slow reactions such as the formation of key clusters such as the metatungstate (at 103 s), and the very slow assembly of the decatungstate (at 106 s). Analysis of the kinetic data and of the reaction network topology shed light onto the details of the main reaction mechanisms, which explains the origin of kinetic and thermodynamic control followed by the reaction. Simulations at alkaline pH fully reproduce experimental evidence since clusters do not form under those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Petrus
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avenida Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Diego Garay-Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avenida Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Markus Reiher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Carles Bo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avenida Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•li Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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7
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Essien NB, Galvácsi A, Kállay C, Al-Hilaly Y, González-Méndez R, Akien GR, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Besora M, Kostakis GE. Fluorine-based Zn salan complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4044-4057. [PMID: 36880418 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
We synthesised and characterised the racemic and chiral versions of two Zn salan fluorine-based complexes from commercially available materials. The complexes are susceptible to absorbing H2O from the atmosphere. In solution (DMSO-H2O) and at the millimolar level, experimental and theoretical studies identify that these complexes exist in a dimeric-monomeric equilibrium. We also investigated their ability to sense amines via19F NMR. In CDCl3 or d6-DMSO, strongly coordinating molecules (H2O or DMSO) are the limiting factor in using these easy-to-make complexes as chemosensory platforms since their exchange with analytes requires an extreme excess of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsikak B Essien
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Antal Galvácsi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Kállay
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Youssra Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ramón González-Méndez
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Geoffrey R Akien
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO1 71BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO1 71BJ, UK
| | - Maria Besora
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - George E Kostakis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.
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8
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Schneider FSS, Caramori GF. Overreact, an in silico lab: Automative quantum chemical microkinetic simulations for complex chemical reactions. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:209-217. [PMID: 35404515 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Today's demand for precisely predicting chemical reactions from first principles requires research to go beyond Gibbs' free energy diagrams and consider other effects such as concentrations and quantum tunneling. The present work introduces overreact, a novel Python package for propagating chemical reactions over time using data from computational chemistry only. The overreact code infers all differential equations and parameters from a simple input that consists of a set of chemical equations and quantum chemistry package outputs for each chemical species. We evaluate some applications from the literature: gas-phase eclipsed-staggered isomerization of ethane, gas-phase umbrella inversion of ammonia, gas-phase degradation of methane by chlorine radical, and three solvation-phase reactions. Furthermore, we comment on a simple solvation-phase acid-base equilibrium. We show how it is possible to achieve reaction profiles and information matching experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S S Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giovanni F Caramori
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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9
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Zhang YQ, Li YY, Maseras F, Liao RZ. Mechanism and selectivity of photocatalyzed CO 2 reduction by a function-integrated Ru catalyst. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3747-3759. [PMID: 35168249 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03825g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phosphine-substituted Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, [RuII-(tpy)(pqn)(MeCN)]2+ (RuP), was disclosed to be an efficient photocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO with excellent selectivity. In this work, density functional calculations were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and understand the origin of selectivity. The calculations showed that RuP was first excited to the singlet excited state, followed by intersystem crossing to produce a triplet species (3RuIII(L˙-)-S), which was then reduced by the sacrificial electron donor BIH to generate a RuII(L˙-) intermediate. The ligand of RuII(L˙-) was further reduced to produce a RuII(L2-) intermediate. The redox non-innocent nature of the tpy and pqn ligands endows the Ru center with an oxidation state of +2 after two one-electron reductions. RuII(L2-) nucleophilically attacks CO2, in which two electrons are delivered from the ligands to CO2, affording a RuII-COOH species after protonation. This is followed by the protonation of the hydroxyl moiety of RuII-COOH, coupled with the C-O bond cleavage, resulting in the formation of RuII-CO. Ultimately, CO is dissociated after two one-electron reductions. Protonation of RuII(L2-) to generate a RuII-hydride, a critical intermediate for the production of formate and H2, turns out to be kinetically less favorable, even though it is thermodynamically more favorable. This fact is due to the presence of a Ru2+ ion in the reduced catalyst, which disfavors its protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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10
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Buevich AV, He CQ, Pio B, Samuel K, Mitra K, Sherer EC, Cancilla MT, Chobanian HR. Driving to a Better Understanding of Acyl Glucuronide Transformations Using NMR and Molecular Modeling. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:459-474. [PMID: 35156375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronide (AG) metabolites of carboxylic acid-containing drugs and products of their transformations have long been implicated in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). To inform on the DILI risk arising from AG reactive intermediates, a comprehensive mechanistic study of enzyme-independent AG rearrangements using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and density functional theory (DFT) was undertaken. NMR spectroscopy was utilized for structure elucidation and kinetics measurements of nine rearrangement and hydrolysis products of 1β-O-acyl glucuronide of ibufenac. To extract rate constants of rearrangement, mutarotation, and hydrolysis from kinetic data, 11 different kinetic models were examined. Model selection and estimated rate constant verification were supported by measurements of H/D kinetic isotope effects. DFT calculations of ground and transition states supported the proposed kinetic mechanisms and helped to explain the unusually fast intramolecular transacylation rates found for some of the intermediates. The findings of the current study reinforce the notion that the short half-life of parent AG and slow hydrolysis rates of AG rearrangement products are the two key factors that can influence the in vivo toxicity of AGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Buevich
- Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Cyndi Qixin He
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Koppara Samuel
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Edward C Sherer
- Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Harry R Chobanian
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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11
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Morán-González L, Besora M, Maseras F. Seeking the Optimal Descriptor for S N2 Reactions through Statistical Analysis of Density Functional Theory Results. J Org Chem 2021; 87:363-372. [PMID: 34935370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution is one of the fundamental reactions in organic chemistry, yet there is still knowledge to be gained on the role of the nucleophile and the substrate. A statistical treatment of over 600 density functional theory (DFT)-computed barriers for bimolecular nucleophilic substitution at methyl derivatives (SN2@C) leads to the identification of numerical descriptors that best represent the entering and leaving ability of 26 different nucleophiles. The treatment is based on singular value decomposition (SVD) of a matrix of computed energy barriers. The current work represents the extension to a problem of reactivity of the hidden descriptor methodology that we had previously developed for the thermodynamic problem of bond dissociation energies in transition-metal complexes. The analysis of the results shows that a single descriptor is sufficient. This hidden descriptor has different values for nucleophilic and leaving abilities and, contrary to expectation, does not correlate especially well with either frontier molecular orbital descriptors or solvation descriptors. In contrast, it correlates with other thermodynamic and geometric parameters. This statistical procedure can be in principle extended to additional chemical fragments and other reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Morán-González
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Besora
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Nandi A, Alassad Z, Milo A, Kozuch S. Quantum Tunneling on Carbene Organocatalysis: Breslow Intermediate Formation via Water-Bridges. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zayed Alassad
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
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13
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Pladevall BS, de Aguirre A, Maseras F. Understanding Ball Milling Mechanochemical Processes with DFT Calculations and Microkinetic Modeling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2763-2768. [PMID: 33843150 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is an emerging field with many potential applications in sustainable chemistry. But despite the growing interest in the field, its underlying mechanistic foundations are not fully understood yet. This work presents the application of computational tools, such as DFT calculations in continuum and microkinetic modeling, to the analysis of mechanically activated procedures. Two reactions reported in previous experimental publications were studied: (i) a series of Diels-Alder reactions and (ii) the synthesis of sulfonylguanidines. Calculations succeed in reproducing experimentally reported reaction times. The procedures were mostly standard, coupled with some sensitive choices in terms of starting concentrations and dielectric constant. This means that these particular reactions accelerated by ball milling followed the same mechanism as the equivalent reactions in solution. The implications of this result on the general picture of mechanochemical processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S Pladevall
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona, 43007, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adiran de Aguirre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona, 43007, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona, 43007, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Tarannam N, Voelkel MHH, Huber SM, Kozuch S. Chalcogen vs Halogen Bonding Catalysis in a Water-Bridge-Cocatalyzed Nitro-Michael Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1661-1668. [PMID: 34181414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a tellurium-based chalcogen-bond-catalyzed nitro-Michael reaction was reported ( Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 16923), taking advantage of the strong Lewis acidity of the catalyst. This species was found to be more effective than an analogous iodine-based halogen bond organocatalyst. Herein, we present a detailed mechanistic and kinetic analysis of these catalytic cycles including the influence of the solvent (and the performance of different intrinsic solvation models). While the chalcogen bonding interaction is fundamental to activate the C-C bond formation, we found that the presence of a two-water molecular bridge is critical to allow the following, otherwise high-energy proton transfer step. Even though the iodine-based halogen bonding interaction is stronger than the tellurium-based chalcogen bonding one, which makes the former a stronger Lewis acid and hence in principle a more efficient catalyst, solvation effects explain the smaller energy span of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Martin H H Voelkel
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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15
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Pham J, Jarczyk CE, Reynolds EF, Kelly SE, Kim T, He T, Keith JM, Chianese AR. The key role of the latent N-H group in Milstein's catalyst for ester hydrogenation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8477-8492. [PMID: 35355805 PMCID: PMC8901127 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00703c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Milstein's seminal diethylamino-substituted PNN-pincer-ruthenium catalyst for ester hydrogenation is activated by dehydroalkylation of the pincer ligand, releasing ethane and eventually forming an NHEt-substituted derivative that we proposed is the active catalyst. In this paper, we present a computational and experimental mechanistic study supporting this hypothesis. Our DFT analysis shows that the minimum-energy pathways for hydrogen activation, ester hydrogenolysis, and aldehyde hydrogenation rely on the key involvement of the nascent N-H group. We have isolated and crystallographically characterized two catalytic intermediates, a ruthenium dihydride and a ruthenium hydridoalkoxide, the latter of which is the catalyst resting state. A detailed kinetic study shows that catalytic ester hydrogenation is first-order in ruthenium and hydrogen, shows saturation behavior in ester, and is inhibited by the product alcohol. A global fit of the kinetic data to a simplified model incorporating the hydridoalkoxide and dihydride intermediates and three kinetically relevant transition states showed excellent agreement with the results from DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
| | - Cole E Jarczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
| | - Eamon F Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
| | - Sophie E Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
| | - Thao Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
| | - Tianyi He
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
| | - Jason M Keith
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
| | - Anthony R Chianese
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton New York 13346 USA
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16
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Pablo‐García S, García‐Muelas R, Sabadell‐Rendón A, López N. Dimensionality reduction of complex reaction networks in heterogeneous catalysis: From l
inear‐scaling
relationships to statistical learning techniques. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pablo‐García
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
| | - Rodrigo García‐Muelas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
| | - Albert Sabadell‐Rendón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
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17
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Nijamudheen A, Kanega R, Onishi N, Himeda Y, Fujita E, Ertem MZ. Distinct Mechanisms and Hydricities of Cp*Ir-Based CO 2 Hydrogenation Catalysts in Basic Water. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Nijamudheen
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Ryoichi Kanega
- Research Institute of Energy Conservation, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Naoya Onishi
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Himeda
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Mehmed Z. Ertem
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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18
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Álvarez M, Besora M, Molina F, Maseras F, Belderrain TR, Pérez PJ. Two Copper-Carbenes from One Diazo Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4837-4843. [PMID: 33733762 PMCID: PMC8603358 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many transition-metal complexes MLn decompose diazo compounds N2═CR1R2 generating metal-carbenes LnM═CR1R2 which transfer the carbene group to other substrates, constituting an important tool in organic synthesis. All previous reports have shown that the CR1R2 fragment at the metal-carbene remains intact from the parent diazo compound. Herein we report the detection and isolation of a monosubstituted copper carbene where the CR1R2 ligand has undergone a modification from the initial diazo reagent. When TpMsCu(THF) (TpMs = hydrotris(3-mesityl)pyrazolylborate ligand) was reacted with N,N-diethyl diazoacetamide [N2═C(H)(CONEt2)], the stable copper carbene TpMsCu═C(H)(NEt2) was isolated, resulting from a decarbonylation process, with carbon monoxide being trapped as TpMsCu(CO). The simultaneous observation of products derived from the intramolecular carbene insertion reaction into C-H bonds demonstrates that the expected TpMsCu═C(H)(CONEt2) complex is also formed. Experimental data, DFT calculations, and microkinetic models allow us to propose that the latter undergoes CO loss en route to the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Maria Besora
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, Av. Països Catalans, 16, Barcelona Institut of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco Molina
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, Av. Països Catalans, 16, Barcelona Institut of Science and Technology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tomás R Belderrain
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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19
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Jorner K, Brinck T, Norrby PO, Buttar D. Machine learning meets mechanistic modelling for accurate prediction of experimental activation energies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:1163-1175. [PMID: 36299676 PMCID: PMC9528810 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of chemical reactions in solution is challenging for current state-of-the-art approaches based on transition state modelling with density functional theory. Models based on machine learning have emerged as a promising alternative to address these problems, but these models currently lack the precision to give crucial information on the magnitude of barrier heights, influence of solvents and catalysts and extent of regio- and chemoselectivity. Here, we construct hybrid models which combine the traditional transition state modelling and machine learning to accurately predict reaction barriers. We train a Gaussian Process Regression model to reproduce high-quality experimental kinetic data for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction and use it to predict barriers with a mean absolute error of 0.77 kcal mol-1 for an external test set. The model was further validated on regio- and chemoselectivity prediction on patent reaction data and achieved a competitive top-1 accuracy of 86%, despite not being trained explicitly for this task. Importantly, the model gives error bars for its predictions that can be used for risk assessment by the end user. Hybrid models emerge as the preferred alternative for accurate reaction prediction in the very common low-data situation where only 100-150 rate constants are available for a reaction class. With recent advances in deep learning for quickly predicting barriers and transition state geometries from density functional theory, we envision that hybrid models will soon become a standard alternative to complement current machine learning approaches based on ground-state physical organic descriptors or structural information such as molecular graphs or fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Jorner
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Tore Brinck
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, CBH, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Norrby
- Data Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - David Buttar
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
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20
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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. The role of carboxylic acid impurity in the mechanism of the formation of aldimines in aprotic solvents. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Sanders JN, Jun H, Yu RA, Gleason JL, Houk KN. Mechanism of an Organocatalytic Cope Rearrangement Involving Iminium Intermediates: Elucidating the Role of Catalyst Ring Size. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16877-16886. [PMID: 32865415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the organocatalytic Cope rearrangement is elucidated through a combined computational and experimental approach. As reported previously, hydrazides catalyze the Cope rearrangement of 1,5-hexadiene-2-carboxaldehydes via iminium ion formation, and seven- and eight-membered ring catalysts are more active than smaller ring sizes. In the present work, quantum mechanical computations and kinetic isotope effect experiments demonstrate that the Cope rearrangement step, rather than iminium formation, is rate-limiting. The computations further explain how the hydrazide catalyst lowers the free-energy barrier of the Cope rearrangement via an associative transition state that is stabilized by enehydrazine character. The computations also explain the catalyst ring size effect, as larger hydrazide rings are able to accommodate optimal transition-state geometries that minimize the unfavorable lone-pair repulsion between neighboring nitrogen atoms and maximize the favorable hyperconjugative donation from each nitrogen atom into neighboring electron-poor sigma bonds, with the seven-membered catalyst achieving a nearly ideal transition-state geometry that is comparable to that of an unconstrained acyclic catalyst. Experimental kinetics studies support the computations, showing that the seven-membered and acyclic hydrazide catalysts react 10 times faster than the six-membered catalyst. Unraveling the mechanism of this reaction is an important step in understanding other reactions catalyzed by hydrazides, and explaining the ring size effect is critical because cyclic catalysts provide a constrained scaffold, enabling the development of asymmetric variants of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - HyunJune Jun
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Roland A Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - James L Gleason
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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22
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DFT-Based Microkinetic Simulations: A Bridge Between Experiment and Theory in Synthetic Chemistry. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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