1
|
Wang Q, Wu Z, Li C, Qin G, Hu X, Guo P, Ding A, Xu W, Wang W, Xuan L. Haperforatones A-M, thirteen undescribed limonoids from Harrisonia perforata with anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107631. [PMID: 39018800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with mass defect filtering strategies were applied for the phytochemical investigation of Harrisonia perforata, leading to the isolation of thirteen undescribed limonoids named haperforatones A-M (1-13) and seventeen known compounds (14-30). Particularly, haperforatones D-E (4-5) have an unprecedented A, B, C, D-seco-6, 7-nor-C-24-limonoid skeleton, structurally stripped of the five-membered lactone ring B and formed a double bond at the C-5 and C-10 positions. Their 2D structures and relative configurations were identified using spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1, 4, and 6 were established via X-ray diffraction crystallography. All 30 compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory potential in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cell lines. Among those tested compounds, the most potent activity against LPS-induced NO generation was demonstrated by haperforatone F (6), with the IC50 value of inhibition NO production of 7.2 µM. Additionally, 6 could significantly inhibit IL-1β and IL-6 release and markedly downregulate the protein expression level of iNOS in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 10 µM. The possible mechanism of NO inhibition of 6 was also investigated using molecular docking, which revealed the interaction of compound 6 with the iNOS protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zhitao Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Chenyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Guoqing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xianggang Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Pengju Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Aoxue Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wenqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Lijiang Xuan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Luo RC, Liang ZZ, Zhang BD, Wei YL, Wen HY, Dong J, Li XY, Guo LL, Hao XJ, Li N, Zhang Y. Corydecusines A-H, new phthalideisoquinoline hemicetal alkaloids from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens inhibit Tau pathology by activating autophagy mediated by AMPK-ULK1 pathway. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107166. [PMID: 38308998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Twelve phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids including eight new ones (1-8) and one natural alkaloid characterized by an aziridine moiety with unassigned NMR data (9), were isolated and identified from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens. Their structures were established by comprehensive analyses of HRESIMS, NMR, X-ray crystallography, and ECD analyses. The unambiguously established structures of the phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids indicated that the absolute configurations of C-1, C-9, and C-7' were confusable only relied on coupling constants. A summary of their ECD spectra was concluded and provided an insight for C-1, C-9, and C-7' absolute configuration assignment. These new compounds were evaluated to induce autophagy flux through flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, compounds 2 and 6 could significantly induce autophagy and inhibit Tau pathology by AMPK-ULK1 pathway activation, which provided an avenue for anti-AD lead compounds discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Can Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, and Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yin-Ling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling-Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Harada K. Neurotrophic Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 123:1-473. [PMID: 38340248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42422-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4) can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons, which make them promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, neurotrophins have not been very effective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier owing to being high-molecular-weight proteins. Thus, neurotrophin-mimic small molecules, which stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance neurotrophic actions, may serve as promising alternatives to neurotrophins. Small-molecular-weight natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicines over the course of human history, have a great potential for the development of new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this contribution, a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection are described, and a focus is made on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai M, Bai XL, Zang HJ, Tang XH, Yan Y, Wan JJ, Peng MY, Liang H, Liu L, Guo F, Zhao PJ, Liao X, Di YT, Hao XJ. Quassinoids from Twigs of Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr and Their Anti-Parkinson's Disease Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16196. [PMID: 38003386 PMCID: PMC10671724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Six new C-20 and one new C-19 quassinoids, named perforalactones F-L (1-7), were isolated from twigs of Harrisonia perforata. Spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic experiments were conducted to identify their structures. Through oxidative degradation of perforalactone B to perforaqussin A, the biogenetic process from C-25 quassinoid to C-20 via Baeyer-Villiger oxidation was proposed. Furthermore, the study evaluated the anti-Parkinson's disease potential of these C-20 quassinoids for the first time on 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cells and a Drosophila Parkinson's disease model of PINK1B9. Perforalactones G and I (2 and 4) showed a 10-15% increase in cell viability of the model cells at 50 μM, while compounds 2 and 4 (100 μM) significantly improved the climbing ability of PINK1B9 flies and increased the dopamine level in the brains and ATP content in the thoraces of the flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao-Jing Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Xiao-Han Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Min-You Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Tong Di
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (M.C.); (H.-J.Z.); (X.-H.T.); (Y.Y.); (J.-J.W.); (M.-Y.P.); (H.L.); (L.L.); (F.G.); (X.-J.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiao WH, Li JX, Liu HY, Luo XC, Hu TY, Shi GH, Xie DD, Chen HF, Cheng BH, Lin HW. Dysambiol, an Anti-inflammatory Secomeroterpenoid from a Dysidea sp. Marine Sponge. Org Lett 2023; 25:6391-6395. [PMID: 37610094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
An unusual secomeroterpenoid, dysambiol (1), was isolated from a Dysidea sp. marine sponge collected from the South China Sea. Dysambiol features an unprecedented secomeroterpene scaffold with a rare lactone bridge. The structure of 1 was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, Mosher's method, and electronic circular dichroism calculation. Dysambiol displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 macrophages by regulating the NF-κB/MPAK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Jiao
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiang-Chao Luo
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Tian-Yong Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T., Institute of E.N.T., Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Guo-Hua Shi
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Dong-Dong Xie
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Bao-Hui Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T., Institute of E.N.T., Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li S, Han LL, Huang KP, Ma YH, Guo LL, Guo Y, Ran X, Yao YG, Hao XJ, Luo R, Zhang Y. New Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana crassa Inhibit β-Amyloid42 Production and Phospho-Tau (Thr217). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021487. [PMID: 36675001 PMCID: PMC9862887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, including three new ones, tabercrassines A-C (1-3), were isolated from the seeds of Tabernaemontana crassa. Tabercrassine A (1) is an ibogan-ibogan-type bisindole alkaloid which is formed by the polymerization of two classic ibogan-type monomers through a C3 unit aliphatic chain. Their structures were established by extensive analysis of HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD spectra. Cellular assays showed that alkaloids 1-3 all reduce Aβ42 production and inhibit phospho-tau (Thr217), a new biomarker of Alzheimer's disease [AD] associated with BACE1-, NCSTN-, GSK3β-, and CDK5-mediated pathways, suggesting these alkaloids' potential against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ling-Ling Han
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ke-Pu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ye-Han Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ling-Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yarong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ran
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan Y, Zhou Q, Ran X, Lu Q, Zhang C, Peng M, Tang L, Luo R, Di Y, Hao X. Jatrophane Diterpenoids from Euphorbia peplus Linn. as Activators of Autophagy and Inhibitors of Tau Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021088. [PMID: 36674604 PMCID: PMC9863522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten jatrophane diterpenoids were isolated from the whole plant Euphorbia peplus Linn. including seven new ones, named euphjatrophanes A-G (labeled compounds 1, 2, 4-8). Their structures were elucidated with a combination of spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray crystallography, enabling the identification of compounds 3, 9, and 10 as the previously published euphpepluones G, K, and L, respectively. All compounds were evaluated for their bioactivity with flow cytometry in assays of autophagic flux in HM Cherry-GFP-LC3 (human microglia cells stably expressing the tandem monomeric mCherry-GFP-tagged LC3) cells. Euphpepluone K (9) significantly activated autophagic flux, an effect that was verified with confocal analysis. Moreover, cellular assays showed that euphpepluone K (9) induced autophagy and inhibited Tau pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ran
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Qingyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Cuishan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Mingyou Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yingtong Di
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shen Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Deng Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Fu Y. A New Prenylated Isoflavone from the Stems of Harrisonia perforata. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
|
9
|
Chen C, Liu JW, Guo LL, Xiong F, Ran XQ, Guo YR, Yao YG, Hao XJ, Luo RC, Zhang Y. Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid dimers from Kopsia arborea inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and tau phosphorylation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113392. [PMID: 36030903 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three undescribed monoterpenoid indole alkaloid dimers (kopoffines A-C, which are connected via a methylene unit) and with nine known alkaloids were isolated and identified from the fruits of Kopsia arborea Blume. Their structures, including their absolute configurations, were established by HRESIMS, NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and ECD analyses. Kopoffines A-C showed significant inhibition against cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (IC50: 0.34-2.18 μM). Western blotting analyses showed that kopoffines A-C significantly decreased the protein levels of CDK5 and phospho-CDK5 (Tyr15) (pCDK5) at concentrations of 2.5 and 10 μM. The levels of phospho-Tau (Thr217) (pTau217, a new biomarker of AD), and phospho-Tau (Ser396) (pTau396), which play major roles in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles , were decreased by the kopoffines A-C treatment. Molecular docking studies indicated that kopoffines A-C could form stable interactions with CDK5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling-Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Ran
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, And KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Rong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, And KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China; School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, And KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; Research Unit of Chemical Biology of Natural Anti-Virus Products, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Rong-Can Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, And KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Xia H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Lin P, Lin S. Secoyanhusamine A, an Oxidatively Ring-Opened Isoquinoline Inner Salt From Corydalis yanhusuo. Front Chem 2022; 9:831173. [PMID: 35178381 PMCID: PMC8843934 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.831173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secoyanhusamine A (1), a rare rearranged seco-isoquinoline alkaloid derived from ring oxidative cleavage, was isolated from an aqueous extract of Corydalis yanhusuo tubers, together with its biosynthetic precursor dehydrocorybulbine (2). Secoyanhusamine A (1) was the first example of a highly oxidized isoquinoline inner salt resulting in a 5-(2-azanylethyl)-2-carboxylate-4-oxo-4H-pyran ring system. The biosynthetic pathway of 1 was also postulated. Secoyanhusamine A (1) exhibited potent inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 0.81 ± 0.13 μM. Molecular simulation docking demonstrated that 1 created a strong interaction with the Asp-74 residue of AChE via attractive charge of the quaternary nitrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Pengcheng Lin, ; Sheng Lin,
| | - Sheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengcheng Lin, ; Sheng Lin,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peng X, Luo RC, Su H, Zhou L, Ran XQ, Guo YR, Yao YG, Qiu M. ((±)-Spiroganoapplanin A, a complex polycyclic meroterpenoid dimer from Ganoderma applanatum displaying the potential against Alzheimer’s disease. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pair of meroterpenoid dimers, (±)-spiroganoapplanain A (1) represents a new subtype of Ganoderma meroterpenoid dimers with a 6/5/5/6/5/6 hexacyclic system were isolated from Ganoderma applanatum. Their structures were determined...
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu S, Zhang CS, Ran XQ, Tang XH, Guo YR, Yan Y, Yao YG, Hao XJ, Luo RC, Di YT. Perforalactones D and E, two new C-20 quassinoids with potential activity to induce lysosomal biogenesis from the twigs of Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9637-9640. [PMID: 34714900 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new quassinoids (1 and 2) were isolated from the twigs of Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr. Perforalactone E (2) possesses an uncommon hexacyclic 1α,12α:5α,13α-dicyclo-9βH-picrasane skeleton. Its structure was determined based on spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 could significantly induce lysosomal biogenesis through transcriptional activation of lysosomal genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Cui-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Ran
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xiao-Han Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Ya-Rong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ying Yan
- Guizhou Chemical Drug Research and Development Engineering Technical Center, Guizhou Medicinal University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Rong-Can Luo
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Ying-Tong Di
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu QY, Zhang JH, Li YY, Pu XX, Zhang CS, Liu S, Wan JJ, Di YT, Hao XJ. New Secodaphnane-Type Alkaloids with Cytotoxic Activities from Daphniphyllum angustifolium Hutch. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:453-457. [PMID: 33977511 PMCID: PMC8275811 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-021-00309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One new Daphniphyllum alkaloid, daphnioldhanol A (1), together with three known ones, were isolated from the stem part of Daphniphyllum angustifolium Hutch. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and comparing with the literature data. Compound 2 is a new natural product, but known by synthesis as a racemate. Compound 1 exhibited week cytotoxic activity against Hela cell line with IC50 of 31.9 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ying-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Xue Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Tong Di
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|