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Lin MH, Kuo YT, Danglad-Flores J, Sletten ET, Seeberger PH. Parametric Analysis of Donor Activation for Glycosylation Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400479. [PMID: 38545936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of complex oligosaccharides relies on efficient and highly reproducible glycosylation reactions. The outcome of a glycosylation is contingent upon several environmental factors, such as temperature, acidity, the presence of residual moisture, as well as the steric, electronic, and conformational aspects of the reactants. Each glycosylation proceeds rapidly and with a high yield within a rather narrow temperature range. For better control over glycosylations and to ensure fast and reliable reactions, a systematic analysis of 18 glycosyl donors revealed the effect of reagent concentration, water content, protecting groups, and structure of the glycosyl donors on the activation temperature. With these insights, we parametrize the first step of the glycosylation reaction to be executed reliably and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Huei Lin
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- GlycoUniverseGmbH&Co.KGaA, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - José Danglad-Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Chang CW, Lin MH, Chiang TY, Wu CH, Lin TC, Wang CC. Unraveling the promoter effect and the roles of counterion exchange in glycosylation reaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk0531. [PMID: 37851803 PMCID: PMC10584349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselectivity of glycosidic bond formation continues to pose a noteworthy hurdle in synthesizing carbohydrates, primarily due to the simultaneous occurrence of SN1 and SN2 processes during the glycosylation reaction. Here, we applied an in-depth analysis of the glycosylation mechanism by using low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance and statistical approaches. A pathway driven by counterion exchanges and reaction byproducts was first discovered to outline the stereocontributions of intermediates. Moreover, the relative reactivity values, acceptor nucleophilic constants, and Hammett substituent constants (σ values) provided a general index to indicate the mechanistic pathways. These results could allow building block tailoring and reaction condition optimization in carbohydrate synthesis to be greatly facilitated and simplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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3
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Lin MH, Wolf JB, Sletten ET, Cambié D, Danglad-Flores J, Seeberger PH. Enabling Technologies in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Automated Glycan Assembly, Flow Chemistry and Data Science. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200607. [PMID: 36382494 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of defined oligosaccharides is a complex task. Several enabling technologies have been introduced in the last two decades to facilitate synthetic access to these valuable biomolecules. In this concept, we describe the technological solutions that have advanced glycochemistry using automated glycan assembly, flow chemistry and data science as examples. We highlight how the synergies between these different technologies can further advance the field, with progress toward the realization of a self-driving lab for glycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Huei Lin
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob B Wolf
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dario Cambié
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - José Danglad-Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Greis K, Leichnitz S, Kirschbaum C, Chang CW, Lin MH, Meijer G, von Helden G, Seeberger PH, Pagel K. The Influence of the Electron Density in Acyl Protecting Groups on the Selectivity of Galactose Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20258-20266. [PMID: 36289569 PMCID: PMC9650713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The stereoselective formation of 1,2-cis-glycosidic
bonds is a major bottleneck in the synthesis of carbohydrates. We
here investigate how the electron density in acyl protecting groups
influences the stereoselectivity by fine-tuning the efficiency of
remote participation. Electron-rich C4-pivaloylated galactose building
blocks show an unprecedented α-selectivity. The trifluoroacetylated
counterpart with electron-withdrawing groups, on the other hand, exhibits
a lower selectivity. Cryogenic infrared spectroscopy in helium nanodroplets
and density functional theory calculations revealed the existence
of dioxolenium-type intermediates for this reaction, which suggests
that remote participation of the pivaloyl protecting group is the
origin of the high α-selectivity of the pivaloylated building
blocks. According to these findings, an α-selective galactose
building block for glycosynthesis is developed based on rational considerations
and is subsequently employed in automated glycan assembly exhibiting
complete stereoselectivity. Based on the obtained selectivities in
the glycosylation reactions and the results from infrared spectroscopy
and density functional theory, we suggest a mechanism by which these
reactions could proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Greis
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Leichnitz
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Venkatesh R, Tiwari V, Kandasamy J. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Sandmeyer-Type S-Arylation of 1-Thiosugars with Aryldiazonium Salts under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11414-11432. [PMID: 35994736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of S-aryl thioglycosides from 1-thiosugars via S-arylation was demonstrated under mild reaction conditions. A wide range of protected and unprotected 1-thiosugars derived from glucose, glucosamine, galactose, mannose, ribose, maltose, and lactose underwent cross-coupling reactions with functionalized aryldiazonium salts in the presence of copper(I) chloride and DBU. The desired products were obtained in 55-88% yields within 5 min. Various functional groups, including halogens, were tolerated under standard reaction conditions. Synthesis of the biologically relevant antidiabetic dapagliflozin S-analogue and arbutin S-analogues (tyrosinase inhibitors) was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapelly Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Varsha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Liu X, Song Y, Liu A, Zhou Y, Zhu Q, Lin Y, Sun H, Zhu K, Liu W, Ding N, Xie W, Sun H, Yu B, Xu P, Li W. More than a Leaving Group: N-Phenyltrifluoroacetimidate as a Remote Directing Group for Highly α-Selective 1,2-cis Glycosylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201510. [PMID: 35266604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The anomeric configuration can greatly affect the biological functions and activities of carbohydrates. Herein, we report that N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidoyl (PTFAI), a well-known leaving group for catalytic glycosylation, can act as a stereodirecting group for the challenging 1,2-cis α-glycosylation. Utilizing rapidly accessible 1,6-di-OPTFAI glycosyl donors, TMSOTf-catalyzed glycosylation occurred with excellent α-selectivity and broad substrate scope, and the remaining 6-OPTFAI group can be cleaved chemoselectively. The remote participation of 6-OPTFAI is supported by the first characterization of the crucial 1,6-bridged bicyclic oxazepinium ion intermediates by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. These cations were found to be relatively stable and mainly responsible for the present stereoselectivities. Further application is highlighted in glycosylation reactions toward trisaccharide heparins as well as the convergent synthesis of chacotriose derivatives using a bulky 2,4-di-O-glycosylated donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yueer Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yetong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Kaidi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
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7
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Liu X, Song Y, Liu A, Zhou Y, Zhu Q, Lin Y, Sun H, Zhu K, Liu W, Ding N, Xie W, Sun H, Yu B, Xu P, Li W. More than a Leaving Group: N‐Phenyltrifluoroacetimidate as a Remote Directing Group for Highly α‐Selective 1,2‐cis Glycosylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yingying Song
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ao Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yueer Zhou
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qian Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yetong Lin
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Huiyong Sun
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Kaidi Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ning Ding
- Fudan University Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Weijia Xie
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Haopeng Sun
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry CHINA
| | - Biao Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Peng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wei Li
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Department of Medicinal Chemistry 639 Longmian Avenue 211198 Nanjing CHINA
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