1
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Wimberger L, Ng G, Boyer C. Light-driven polymer recycling to monomers and small molecules. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2510. [PMID: 38509090 PMCID: PMC10954676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Only a small proportion of global plastic waste is recycled, of which most is mechanically recycled into lower quality materials. The alternative, chemical recycling, enables renewed production of pristine materials, but generally comes at a high energy cost, particularly for processes like pyrolysis. This review focuses on light-driven approaches for chemically recycling and upcycling plastic waste, with emphasis on reduced energy consumption and selective transformations not achievable with heat-driven methods. We focus on challenging to recycle backbone structures composed of mainly C‒C bonds, which lack functional groups i.e., esters or amides, that facilitate chemical recycling e.g., by solvolysis. We discuss the use of light, either in conjunction with heat to drive depolymerization to monomers or via photocatalysis to transform polymers into valuable small molecules. The structural prerequisites for these approaches are outlined, highlighting their advantages as well as limitations. We conclude with an outlook, addressing key challenges, opportunities, and provide guidelines for future photocatalyst (PC) development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wimberger
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Zhu R, Mao C, Gao F, Guo Z, Li M, Xin Y, Gu Z, Zhang L. Catalytic Cleavage of the C-O Bonds in Lignin and Lignin Model Compounds by Metal Triflate Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301743. [PMID: 38206879 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The effective cleavage of C-O bonds in linkages of lignin was one of the significant strategies promoting lignin valorization. Herein, the strategy of C-O bonds cleavage of lignin using metal triflate as the catalyst was developed. The carboxylic acid or alcohol could be used as the nucleophile to stabilize the reactive intermediates formed during the depolymerization of lignin, and the corresponding ester/ether compounds could be obtained. This catalytic system was suitable for the C-O bond cleavage in α-O-4 and β-O-4 linkages with excellent efficiency. Additionally, reaction conditions were optimized. The reaction mixture was detected by 1 H NMR, and no other byproducts were found. As for treated lignin samples, the cleavage of C-O bonds in linkages was determined by 2D HSQC NMR, the increased content of the phenol hydroxyl group was proved by FT-IR, and the reduced molecular weight was investigated by GPC. Furthermore, multiple phenolic compounds were detected by GC-MS in the reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Changtao Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Fang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Moying Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xin
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- JITRI Future Food Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- JITRI Future Food Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, P. R. China
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3
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Aboagye D, Djellabi R, Medina F, Contreras S. Radical-Mediated Photocatalysis for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion into Value-Added Chemicals and Hydrogen: Facts, Opportunities and Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301909. [PMID: 37162030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic biomass conversion into high-value chemicals and fuels is considered one of the hottest ongoing research and industrial topics toward sustainable development. In short, this process can cleave Cβ -O/Cα -Cβ bonds in lignin to aromatic platform chemicals, and further conversion of the polysaccharides to other platform chemicals and H2 . From the chemistry point of view, the optimization of the unique cooperative interplay of radical oxidation species (which are activated via molecular oxygen species, ROSs) and substrate-derived radical intermediates by appropriate control of their type and/or yield is key to the selective production of desired products. Technically, several challenges have been raised that face successful real-world applications. This review aims to discuss the recently reported mechanistic pathways toward selective biomass conversion through the optimization of ROSs behavior and materials/system design. On top of that, through a SWOT analysis, we critically discussed this technology from both chemistry and technological viewpoints to help the scientists and engineers bridge the gap between lab-scale and large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Aboagye
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ridha Djellabi
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Medina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sandra Contreras
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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4
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Dong DQ, Tian BL, Yang H, Wei ZH, Yang SH, Zhou MY, Ding CZ, Wang YL, Gao JH, Wang SJ, Yang WC, Liu BT, Wang ZL. Visible light induced palladium-catalyzed reactions involving halogenated hydrocarbon (RX). MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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5
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Zhang C, Xu K, Liao Y, Zhao L, Jin S, Lu X, Wang J, Ding L, Zhang J. Synthesis of 3-Oxo Quinolines by Cyclization Using Lignin Models and 2-Aminobenzyl Alcohols. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3436-3450. [PMID: 36867549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxy acetophenones were usually employed as β-O-4' lignin models for chemical conversion. Herein, an iridium-catalyzed dehydrogenative annulation between 2-aminobenzylalcohols and phenoxy acetophenones was demonstrated to prepare valuable 3-oxo quinoline derivatives, which are hard to prepare using previous methods. This operationally simple reaction tolerated a wide scope of substrates and enabled successful gram-scale preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Kejie Xu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yilei Liao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shuqi Jin
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Sinopec, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Liyuan Ding
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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6
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Xu J, Yu T, Zhao G, Wang J. Enhancing oxidation ability of graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts to promote lignin C α-C β bond cleavage in micellar aqueous media. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:124029. [PMID: 36924872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant aromatic resource, lignin is an appreciated biomass material to obtain aromatic high-value chemicals. However, the selective cleavage of lignin Cα-Cβ bonds under mild conditions constitutes a challenge. Herein, a photocatalyst having high oxidation capacity was successfully synthesized by codoping S and Cl atoms into graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The resulting S,Cl/CN-1.5 photocatalyst exhibits enhanced photogenerated electron-hole separation ability and higher valence band potential than g-C3N4. S,Cl/CN-1.5 can efficiently break lignin Cα-Cβ bonds in micellar aqueous medium to produce benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol as the main products. Mechanism studies show that the photocatalytic cleavage of lignin Cα-Cβ bonds proceeds via single-electron transfer and Cβ radical mechanisms in which hydroxyl radicals and photogenerated holes play an important role. Isotopic experiments show that the O atoms required for the photocatalytic cleavage of lignin Cα-Cβ bonds come from water in the micellar aqueous medium based on the full contact between water and substrate. Although O2 atmosphere is beneficial for the photocatalytic efficiency, O2 is not necessary for the photocatalytic cleavage of lignin Cα-Cβ bonds. This research provides a useful guide for designing efficient photocatalysts to depolymerize lignin into high-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, China.
| | - Tao Yu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, China
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7
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Li S, Park S, Sherman BD, Yoo CG, Leem G. Photoelectrochemical approaches for the conversion of lignin at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:401-413. [PMID: 36519448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective cleavage of C-C/C-O linkages represents a key step toward achieving the chemical conversion of biomass to targeted value-added chemical products under ambient conditions. Using photoelectrosynthetic solar cells is a promising method to address the energy intensive depolymerization of lignin for the production of biofuels and valuable chemicals. This feature article gives an in-depth overview of recent progress using dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthetic solar cells (DSPECs) to initiate the cleavage of C-C/C-O bonds in lignin and related model compounds. This approach takes advantage of N-oxyl mediated catalysis in organic electrolytes and presents a promising direction for the sustainable production of chemicals currently derived from fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Seongsu Park
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. .,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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8
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Liu C, Liu B, Wang X, Xie Z, Tong L, Kong X, Fan Y, Xiao R. Tandem strategy of photocatalytic preoxidation-ultrasonic cavitation depolymerization for lignin valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127880. [PMID: 36067890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tandem strategy for lignin utilization with photocatalytic preoxidation and ultrasonic cavitation depolymerization was proposed. Cornstalk residual lignin from industrial bioethanol process was first photocatalytically preoxidized under visible light by g-C3N4 and WO3/g-C3N4/h-BN (WCB) photocatalysts respectively, then obtained lignin samples were characterized to confirm the preoxidation with raw lignin as a blank. During photocatalytic preoxidation, benzyl hydroxyls in lignin was transformed to carbonyls, but a certain degree of lignin degradation and condensation was observed. In comparison, WCB-catalyzed photopreoxidation was more effective. Thereafter, lignin depolymerization was achieved by ultrasonic cavitation-assisted ethanololysis under optimal conditions. Compared with the mere ultrasonic cavitation depolymerization of pristine lignin, WCB-induced photocatalytic preoxidation improved the conversion rate by 14%, the light-oil yield by 26%, and the phenolic monomer yield by 35%. In general, the reported tandem method worked very well for the enhancement of lignin depolymerization and provided a new idea for the development of lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Bingyang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zhanghong Xie
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Bamboo Pulping and Papermaking, Yibin Paper Industry Co., Ltd., Yibin 644000, China
| | - Lili Tong
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Bamboo Pulping and Papermaking, Yibin Paper Industry Co., Ltd., Yibin 644000, China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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9
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Waste Biomass Selective and Sustainable Photooxidation to High-Added-Value Products: A Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers worldwide seek to develop convenient, green, and ecological production processes to synthesize chemical products with high added value. In this sense, lignocellulosic biomass photocatalysis is an excellent process for obtaining various outcomes for the industry. One issue of biomass transformation via heterogeneous catalysis into valuable chemicals is the selection of an adequate catalyst that ensures high conversion and selectivity at low costs. Titanium oxide (TiO2), is widely used for several applications, including photocatalytic biomass degradation, depolymerization, and transformation. Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free polymeric semiconductor with high oxidation and temperature resistance and there is a recent interest in developing this catalyst. Both catalysts are amenable to industrial production, relatively easy to dope, and suited for solar light absorption. Recent investigations also show the advantages of using heterojunctions, for biomass derivates production, due to their better solar spectrum absorption properties and, thus, higher efficiency, conversion, and selectivity over a broader spectrum. This work summarizes recent studies that maximize selectivity and conversion of biomass using photocatalysts based on TiO2 and g-C3N4 as supports, as well as the advantages of using metals, heterojunctions, and macromolecules in converting cellulose and lignin. The results presented show that heterogeneous photocatalysis is an interesting technology for obtaining several chemicals of industrial use, especially when using TiO2 and g-C3N4 doped with metals, heterojunctions, and macromolecules because these modified catalysts permit higher conversion and selectivity, milder reaction conditions, and reduced cost due to solar light utilization. In order to apply these technologies, it is essential to adopt government policies that promote the use of photocatalysts in the industry, in addition to encouraging active collaboration between photooxidation research groups and companies that process lignocellulosic biomass.
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10
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Palma B, Cheng X, Liu L, Zhong N, Zhao H, Renneckar S, Larter S, Kibria M, Hu J. Visible‐light Driven Lignin Valorization into Value‐added Chemicals and Sustainable Hydrogen Using Zn1‐xCdxS Solid Solutions as Photocatalyst. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Palma
- University of Calgary Schulich School of Engineering Chemical and Petroleum Engineering CANADA
| | - Xi Cheng
- University of Calgary Chemical and Petroleum Engineering CANADA
| | - Liyang Liu
- The University of British Columbia Department of Wood Science CANADA
| | - Na Zhong
- University of Calgary Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering CANADA
| | - Heng Zhao
- University of Calgary Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 3535 Research RD NW T2L 2K8 Calgary CANADA
| | - Scott Renneckar
- The University of British Columbia Department of Wood Science CANADA
| | | | - Md Kibria
- University of Calgary Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering CANADA
| | - Jinguang Hu
- University of Calgary Chemical and Petroleum Engineering CANADA
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11
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Skillen N, Daly H, Lan L, Aljohani M, Murnaghan CWJ, Fan X, Hardacre C, Sheldrake GN, Robertson PKJ. Photocatalytic Reforming of Biomass: What Role Will the Technology Play in Future Energy Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:33. [PMID: 35717466 PMCID: PMC9206627 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reforming of biomass has emerged as an area of significant interest within the last decade. The number of papers published in the literature has been steadily increasing with keywords such as 'hydrogen' and 'visible' becoming prominent research topics. There are likely two primary drivers behind this, the first of which is that biomass represents a more sustainable photocatalytic feedstock for reforming to value-added products and energy. The second is the transition towards achieving net zero emission targets, which has increased focus on the development of technologies that could play a role in future energy systems. Therefore, this review provides a perspective on not only the current state of the research but also a future outlook on the potential roadmap for photocatalytic reforming of biomass. Producing energy via photocatalytic biomass reforming is very desirable due to the ambient operating conditions and potential to utilise renewable energy (e.g., solar) with a wide variety of biomass resources. As both interest and development within this field continues to grow, however, there are challenges being identified that are paramount to further advancement. In reviewing both the literature and trajectory of the field, research priorities can be identified and utilised to facilitate fundamental research alongside whole systems evaluation. Moreover, this would underpin the enhancement of photocatalytic technology with a view towards improving the technology readiness level and promoting engagement between academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Skillen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AL, UK.
| | - Helen Daly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9P3AL, UK
| | - Lan Lan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9P3AL, UK
| | - Meshal Aljohani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9P3AL, UK
| | - Christopher W J Murnaghan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AL, UK
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9P3AL, UK
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9P3AL, UK
| | - Gary N Sheldrake
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AL, UK
| | - Peter K J Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AL, UK.
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12
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Zhang FL, Li B, Houk KN, Wang YF. Application of the Spin-Center Shift in Organic Synthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1032-1042. [PMID: 35647602 PMCID: PMC9131482 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Spin-center shift (SCS) is a radical process involving 1,2-radical translocation along with a two-electron ionic movement, such as elimination of an adjacent leaving group. Such a process was initially observed in some important biochemical transformations, and the unique property has also attracted considerable interest in synthetic chemistry. Experimental, kinetic, as well as computational studies have been performed, and a series of useful radical transformations have been developed and applied in organic synthesis based on SCS processes in the last 20 years. This Perspective is an overview of radical transformations involving the SCS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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13
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Guo F, Wang H, Ye X, Tan CH. Advanced Synthesis Using Photocatalysis Involved Dual Catalytic System. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Guo
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science CHINA
| | - Hong Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science CHINA
| | - Xinyi Ye
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science 18 Chaowang Road 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Nanyang Technological University School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences SINGAPORE
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14
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Li P, Ren J, Jiang Z, Huang L, Wu C, Wu W. Review on the preparation of fuels and chemicals based on lignin. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10289-10305. [PMID: 35424980 PMCID: PMC8972114 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01341j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is by far the most abundant natural renewable aromatic polymer in nature, and its reserves are second only to cellulose. In addition to the rich carbon content, the structure of lignin contains functional groups such as benzene rings, methoxyl groups, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Lignin degradation has become one of the high value, high quality and high efficiency methods to convert lignin, which is of great significance to alleviating the current energy shortage and environmental crisis. This article introduces the hydrolysis methods of lignin in acidic, alkaline, ionic liquids and supercritical fluids, reviews the heating rate, the source of lignin species and the effects of heating rate on the pyrolysis of lignin, and briefly describes the metal catalysis, oxidation methods such as electrochemical degradation and photocatalytic oxidation, and degradation reduction methods using hydrogen and hydrogen supply reagents. The lignin degradation methods for the preparation of fuels and chemicals are systematically summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods, the selectivity under different conditions and the degradation efficiency of different catalytic combination systems are compared. In this paper, a new approach to improve the degradation efficiency is envisioned in order to contribute to the efficient utilization and high value conversion of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Jianpeng Ren
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhengwei Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Lijing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Caiwen Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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15
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Yu D, Lei P, Li Y, Shen W, Zhong M, Zhang J, Guo S. Catalytic Oxidation of Veratryl Alcohol Derivatives Using RuCo/rGO Composites. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104380. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daobo Yu
- Department of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Puyi Lei
- Department of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Wenzhuo Shen
- Department of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Shouwu Guo
- Department of Electronic Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
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16
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Cao YX, Zhu G, Li Y, Le Breton N, Gourlaouen C, Choua S, Boixel J, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Soulé JF. Photoinduced Arylation of Acridinium Salts: Tunable Photoredox Catalysts for C-O Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5902-5909. [PMID: 35316065 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced arylation of N-substituted acridinium salts has been developed and has exhibited a high functional group tolerance (e.g., halogen, nitrile, ketone, ester, and nitro). A broad range of well-decorated C9-arylated acridinium-based catalysts with fine-tuned photophysical and photochemical properties, namely, excited-state lifetimes and redox potentials have been synthetized in a one-step procedure. These functionalized acridinium salts were later evaluated in the photoredox-catalyzed fragmentation of 1,2-diol derivatives (lignin models). Among them, 2-bromophenyl substituted N-methyl acridinium has outperformed all photoredox catalysts, including commercial Fukuzumi's catalyst, for the selective CβO-Ar bond cleavage of diol monoarylethers to afford 1,2-diols in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Cao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-3500 Rennes, France
| | - Gan Zhu
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-3500 Rennes, France.,Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Nolwenn Le Breton
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Choua
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Wang Z, Hao M, Li X, Zhang B, Jiao M, Chen BZ. Promising and efficient lignin degradation versatile strategy based on DFT calculations. iScience 2022; 25:103755. [PMID: 35141502 PMCID: PMC8810403 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraction of higher-value products from lignin degradations under mild conditions is a challenge. Previous research reported efficient two-step oxidation and reduction strategies for lignin degradation, which has great significance to lignin degradation. In this paper, the mechanism about the C-O bond cleavage of lignin with and without Cα oxidations has been studied systematically. Our calculation results show that the degradation of anionized lignin with Cα oxidations is kinetically and thermodynamically feasible. In addition, the calculations predict that the anionized lignin compounds without Cα oxidation also could be degraded under mild conditions. Moreover, we propose special lignin catalytic degradation systems containing the characteristic structure of "double hydrogen bonds." The double hydrogen bonds structure could further decrease the energy barriers of the C-O bond cleavage reaction. This provides a versatile strategy to design novel lignin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mingtian Hao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Jiao
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Bo-Zhen Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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18
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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19
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Lim SH, Jang H, Kim MJ, Wee KR, Lim DH, Kim YI, Cho DW. Visible-Light-Induced Selective C–C Bond Cleavage Reactions of Dimeric β-O-4 and β-1 Lignin Model Substrates Utilizing Amine-Functionalized Fullerene. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2289-2300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Hannara Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ryang Wee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
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20
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Yang C, Magallanes G, Maldonado S, Stephenson CRJ. Electro-reductive Fragmentation of Oxidized Lignin Models. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15927-15934. [PMID: 34110161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignin provides a potential sustainable source for production of electron-rich aromatic compounds. Recently, electrochemical lignin degradation via an oxidation/reduction sequence under mild conditions has garnered much attention within the lignin community, as electrochemistry simplifies redox reactions and offers an electron source/sink for synthesis without using stoichiometric oxidants or reductants. This paper describes a fundamental approach for the electrochemical fragmentation of the primary connection in native lignin, β-O-4. Potential-controlled electrolysis enables selective reduction and provides fragmentation products and/or coupling products in isolated yields of 59-92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gabriel Magallanes
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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21
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Cleavage via Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Lignin or Lignin Model Compounds into Functional Chemicals. CHEMENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering5040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer with different types of methoxylated phenylpropanoid connections, enables the sustainable supply of value-added chemicals and biofuels through its use as a feedstock. Despite the development of numerous methodologies that upgrade lignin to high-value chemicals such as drugs and organic synthesis intermediates, the variety of valuable products obtained from lignin is still very limited, mainly delivering hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Using selective oxidation and activation cleavage of lignin, we can obtain value-added aromatics, including phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acid. However, biorefineries will demand a broad spectrum of fine chemicals in the future, not just simple chemicals like aldehydes and ketones containing simple C = O groups. In particular, most n-containing aromatics, which have found important applications in materials science, agro-chemistry, and medicinal chemistry, such as amide, aniline, and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, are obtained through n-containing reagents mediating the oxidation cleavage in lignin. This tutorial review provides updates on recent advances in different classes of chemicals from the catalytic oxidation system in lignin depolymerization, which also introduces those functionalized products through a conventional synthesis method. A comparison with traditional synthetic strategies reveals the feasibility of the lignin model and real lignin utilization. Promising applications of functionalized compounds in synthetic transformation, drugs, dyes, and textiles are also discussed.
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22
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Al-Hunaiti A, Ghazzy A, Sweidan N, Mohaidat Q, Bsoul I, Mahmood S, Hussein T. Nano-Magnetic NiFe 2O 4 and Its Photocatalytic Oxidation of Vanillyl Alcohol-Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in the Valorization of Lignin. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041010. [PMID: 33920911 PMCID: PMC8071345 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on a phyto-mediated bimetallic (NiFe2O4) preparation using a Boswellia carterii extract, which was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TGA, electron microscopy, magnetic spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements. The prepared nano-catalysts were tested for oxidation of lignin monomer molecules-vanillyl alcohol and cinnamyl alcohol. In comparison with previously reported methods, the nano NiFe2O4 catalysts showed high photocatalytic activity and selectivity, under visible light irradiation with a nitroxy radical initiator (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl; TEMPO) at room temperature and aerobic conditions. The multifold advantages of the catalyst both in terms of reduced catalyst loading and ambient temperature conditions were manifested by higher conversion of the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Al-Hunaiti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Asma Ghazzy
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Nuha Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan;
| | - Qassem Mohaidat
- Department of Physics, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Ibrahim Bsoul
- Department of Physics, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq 13040, Jordan;
| | - Sami Mahmood
- Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: or
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23
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Montjoy DG, Hou H, Bahng JH, Eskafi A, Jiang R, Kotov NA. Photocatalytic Hedgehog Particles for High Ionic Strength Environments. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4226-4234. [PMID: 33606497 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High ionic strength environments can profoundly influence catalytic reactions involving charged species. However, control of selectivity and yield of heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving nano- and microscale colloids remains hypothetical because high ionic strength leads to aggregation of particle dispersions. Here we show that microscale hedgehog particles (HPs) with semiconductor nanoscale spikes display enhanced stability in solutions of monovalent/divalent salts in both aqueous and hydrophobic media. HPs enable tuning of photocatalytic reactions toward high-value products by adding concentrated inert salts to amplify local electrical fields in agreement with Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek theory. After optimization of HP geometry for a model photocatalytic reaction, we show that high salt conditions increase the yield of HP-facilitated photooxidation of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol to benzaldehyde and 2-phenoxyacetophenone by 6 and 35 times, respectively. Depending on salinity, electrical fields at the HP-media interface increase from 1.7 × 104 V/m to 8.5 × 107 V/m, with high fields favoring products generated via intermediate cation radicals rather than neutral species. Electron transfer rates were modulated by varying the ionic strength, which affords a convenient and hardly used reaction pathway for engineering a multitude of redox reactions including those involved in the environmental remediation of briny and salty water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joong Hwan Bahng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Ruiyu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Building Material and Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
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24
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Xu J, Li M, Qiu J, Zhang XF, Yao J. Photocatalytic depolymerization of organosolv lignin into valuable chemicals. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:403-410. [PMID: 33741371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic conversion of lignin to certain aromatic compounds has been extensively studied but still has great challenges. Photocatalytic depolymerizing lignin is a very promising method to obtain valuable chemicals. Herein, Zn4In2S7 (ZIS)-based photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by simply combining ZIS and graphene oxide (GO). Photocatalyst ZIS-100 can efficiently depolymerize organosolv lignin into phenols and ketones. The relative content of valuable compounds in the depolymerized product was increased by 2.5 times as compared that without photocatalyst. The photocatalyst can effectively break Cβ-O bonds in 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol (PP-ol, a model compound) and the conversion of PP-ol is 93.27%. Mechanism studies show that the thiol groups on the surface of ZIS-100 play an important role in the formation of Cα radical intermediates. Photocatalytic cleavage of Cβ-O bond mainly follows a one-step reaction mechanism through a self‑hydrogen transfer process. This study provides a new strategy for selectively breaking Cβ-O bond in lignin to form valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, China
| | - Ming Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianhao Qiu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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25
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Liu Y, Han Z, Yang Y, Zhu R, Liu C, Zhang D. DFT study on synergetic Ir/Cu-metallaphotoredox catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl bromides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Shee M, Singh NDP. Cooperative photoredox and palladium catalysis: recent advances in various functionalization reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative photoredox and palladium catalysis for various functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniklal Shee
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - N. D. Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
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27
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Crites COL, Gomes de Mendonça F, Netto-Ferreira JC, Baker RT, Hallett-Tapley GL, Tremblay L. Exploiting the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 towards the depolymerization of Kraft lignin. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a promising renewable source of aromatic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Gomes de Mendonça
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - José Carlos Netto-Ferreira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Brazil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CT, Block A, Cidade Universitária, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R. Tom Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Geniece L. Hallett-Tapley
- Department of Chemistry, St. Francis Xavier University, P. O. Box 5000, Antigonish, NS, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
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28
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Zheng M, Huang Y, Zhan LW, Hou J, Li BD. Visible-light-induced C-C bond cleavage of lignin model compounds with cyanobenziodoxolone. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Yang C, Kärkäs MD, Magallanes G, Chan K, Stephenson CRJ. Organocatalytic Approach to Photochemical Lignin Fragmentation. Org Lett 2020; 22:8082-8085. [PMID: 33001651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an organocatalytic method for photochemical C-O bond cleavage of lignin systems is reported. The use of photochemistry enabled fragmentation of the β-O-4 linkage, the primary linkage in lignin, provides the fragmentation products in good to high yields. The approach was merged with reported oxidation conditions in a one-pot, two-step platform without any intermediary purification, suggesting its high fidelity. The future utility of the organocatalytic method was illustrated by applying the visible light-mediated protocol to continuous flow processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Magallanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kimberly Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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30
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Xiang Z, Han W, Deng J, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Wang H. Photocatalytic Conversion of Lignin into Chemicals and Fuels. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4199-4213. [PMID: 32329562 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, an underutilized component of lignocellulosic biomass, is regarded as a rich reservoir for the production of aromatic chemicals and fuels. Despite extensive research in recent years, lignin's potential is far from being fully unlocked. Photocatalysis that uses sustainable solar energy to drive lignin conversion under mild conditions has been identified as a promising strategy and received growing research interest. This review aims to present a critical introduction to the photocatalytic conversion of lignin, including a summary of lignin conversion pathways and mechanisms, as well as the latest cutting-edge innovations on photocatalyst design and reactor construction. Moreover, the screening of solvents and regulation of other key factors that are involved in photocatalytic lignin conversion are also elucidated and future perspectives and challenges for photocatalytic conversion of lignin into valuable products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Xiang
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wanying Han
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jin Deng
- CAS Key Lab of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wanbin Zhu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
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31
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Lahive CW, Kamer PCJ, Lancefield CS, Deuss PJ. An Introduction to Model Compounds of Lignin Linking Motifs; Synthesis and Selection Considerations for Reactivity Studies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4238-4265. [PMID: 32510817 PMCID: PMC7540175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of fundamentally new valorization strategies for lignin plays a vital role in unlocking the true potential of lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable and economically compatible renewable carbon feedstock. In particular, new catalytic modification and depolymerization strategies are required. Progress in this field, past and future, relies for a large part on the application of synthetic model compounds that reduce the complexity of working with the lignin biopolymer. This aids the development of catalytic methodologies and in-depth mechanistic studies and guides structural characterization studies in the lignin field. However, due to the volume of literature and the piecemeal publication of methodology, the choice of suitable lignin model compounds is far from straight forward, especially for those outside the field and lacking a background in organic synthesis. For example, in catalytic depolymerization studies, a balance between synthetic effort and fidelity compared to the actual lignin of interest needs to be found. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of the model compounds available to study the chemistry of the main native linking motifs typically found in lignins from woody biomass, the synthetic routes and effort required to access them, and discuss to what extent these represent actual lignin structures. This overview can aid researchers in their selection of the most suitable lignin model systems for the development of emerging lignin modification and depolymerization technologies, maximizing their chances of successfully developing novel lignin valorization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran W. Lahive
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
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Zhang L, Feng J, Cai B, Zhu H, Zhu Y, Pan H. Efficient Ni‐Cu/AC Bimetal Catalyst for Hydrogenolysis of Lignin to Produce High‐Value‐Added Chemicals. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Bo Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yanqi Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Hui Pan
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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33
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Chen J, Yang H, Fu H, He H, Zeng Q, Li X. Electrochemical oxidation mechanisms for selective products due to C-O and C-C cleavages of β-O-4 linkages in lignin model compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11508-11518. [PMID: 32393942 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation is a promising and effective method for lignin depolymerization owing to its selective oxidation capacity and environmental friendliness. Herein, the electrooxidation of non-phenolic alkyl aryl ether monomers and β-O-4 dimers was experimentally (by cyclic voltammetry, in situ spectroelectrochemistry, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) and theoretically (by DFT calculations) explored in detail. Compared to the reported literature (T. Shiraishi, T. Takano, H. Kamitakahara and F. Nakatsubo, Holzforschung, 2012, 66(3), 303-309), 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethanol showed a distinguishable oxidation pathway, where the resulting carbonyl product surprisingly underwent a bond cleavage on alkyl-aryl ether to ultimately produce a quinoid like compound. In contrast, β-O-4 dimers, like 2-phenoxy-1-phenethanol and 2-phenoxyacetophenone also demonstrated electrochemical oxidation induced by Cβ-O and Cα-Cβ bond cleavages. For the oxidation products, the presence of the Cα-hydroxyl group in dimers was the key to selectively generate aldehyde-containing species under mild electrochemical conditions, otherwise it produces alcohol-containing products following a different mechanism compared to the Cα[double bond, length as m-dash]O containing dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
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Photocatalytic Cleavage of β- O-4 Ether Bonds in Lignin over Ni/TiO 2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092109. [PMID: 32365962 PMCID: PMC7249180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of great importance to explore the selective hydrogenolysis of β-O-4 linkages, which account for 45–60% of all linkages in native lignin, to produce valued-added chemicals and fuels from biomass employing UV light as catalyst. TiO2 exhibited satisfactory catalytic performances in various photochemical reactions, due to its versatile advantages involving high catalytic activity, low cost and non-toxicity. In this work, 20 wt.% Ni/TiO2 and oxidant PCC (Pyridinium chlorochromate) were employed to promote the cleavage of β-O-4 alcohol to obtain high value chemicals under UV irradiation at room temperature. The Ni/TiO2 photocatalyst can be magnetically recovered and efficiently reused in the following four consecutive recycling tests in the cleavage of β-O-4 ether bond in lignin. Mechanism studies suggested that the oxidation of β-O-4 alcohol to β-O-4 ketone by oxidant PCC first occurred during the reaction, and was followed by the photocatalysis of the obtained β-O-4 ketone to corresponding acetophenone and phenol derivates. Furthermore, the system was tested on a variety of lignin model substrates containing β-O-4 linkage for the generation of fragmentation products in good to excellent results.
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35
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Hofmann LE, Hofmann D, Prusko L, Altmann L, Heinrich MR. Sequential Cleavage of Lignin Systems by Nitrogen Monoxide and Hydrazine. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Hofmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Dagmar Hofmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Lea Prusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Lisa‐Marie Altmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
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Butburee T, Chakthranont P, Phawa C, Faungnawakij K. Beyond Artificial Photosynthesis: Prospects on Photobiorefinery. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teera Butburee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 111 Thailand Science Park Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Pongkarn Chakthranont
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 111 Thailand Science Park Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Chaiyasit Phawa
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 111 Thailand Science Park Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
- School of Chemistry Institute of Science Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Kajornsak Faungnawakij
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 111 Thailand Science Park Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
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Wu X, Luo N, Xie S, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Wang F, Wang Y. Photocatalytic transformations of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6198-6223. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in photocatalytic transformations of lignocellulosic biomass (polysaccharides and lignin) into chemicals (in particular organic oxygenates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols
- Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Nengchao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Shunji Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols
- Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Haikun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols
- Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols
- Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols
- Ethers and Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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38
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Wang M, Wang F. Catalytic Scissoring of Lignin into Aryl Monomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901866. [PMID: 31821648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer, which is the biggest and most sustainable reservoir for aromatics. The selective conversion of lignin polymers into aryl monomers is a promising route to provide aromatics, but it is also a challenging task. Compared to cellulose, lignin remains the most poorly utilized biopolymer due to its complex structure. Although harsh conditions can degrade lignin, the aromatic rings are usually destroyed. This article comprehensively analyzes the challenges facing the scissoring of lignin into aryl monomers and summarizes the recent progress, focusing on the strategies and the catalysts to address the problems. Finally, emphasis is given to the outlook and future directions of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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39
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Tsai Y, Chen C, Hsieh Y, Tsai M. Selective C
α
Alcohol Oxidation of Lignin Substrates Featuring a β‐O‐4 Linkage by a Dinuclear Oxovanadium Catalyst via Two‐Electron Redox Processes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ju Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Li Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
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40
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Yu X, Wei Z, Lu Z, Pei H, Wang H. Activation of lignin by selective oxidation: An emerging strategy for boosting lignin depolymerization to aromatics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121885. [PMID: 31377049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant, renewable aromatic resource on earth and holds great potential for the production of value-added chemicals. The efficient valorization of lignin requires to deal with several formidable challenges, especially to prevent it from re-condensation reactions during its depolymerization. Recently, a strategy involving the activation of lignin side chains by selective oxidation of the benzylic alcohol in β-O-4 linkages to facilitate lignin degradation to aromatic monomers has become very popular. This strategy provides great advantages for lignin selective degradation to high yields of aromatics under mild conditions, but requires an additional pre-oxidation step. The purpose of this review is to provide the latest cutting-edge innovations of this novel approach. Various catalytic systems, including those using chemo-catalytic methods, physio-chemo catalytic methods, and/or bio-catalytic methods, for the oxidative activation of lignin side chains are summarized. By analyzing the current situation of lignin depolymerization, certain promising directions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Yu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziqing Wei
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhixian Lu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haisheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Postharvest Handing Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijjing 100121, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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41
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Han G, Yan T, Zhang W, Zhang YC, Lee DY, Cao Z, Sun Y. Highly Selective Photocatalytic Valorization of Lignin Model Compounds Using Ultrathin Metal/CdS. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Tao Yan
- Syncat@Beijing, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi C. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - David Y. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Zhi Cao
- Syncat@Beijing, Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Beijing 101400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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42
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Cao Y, Chen SS, Zhang S, Ok YS, Matsagar BM, Wu KCW, Tsang DCW. Advances in lignin valorization towards bio-based chemicals and fuels: Lignin biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121878. [PMID: 31377047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most promising renewable sources for aromatic hydrocarbons, while effective depolymerization towards its constituent monomers is a particular challenge because of the structural complexity and stability. Intensive research efforts have been directed towards exploiting effective valorization of lignin for the production of bio-based platform chemicals and fuels. The present contribution aims to provide a critical review of key advances in the identification of exact lignin structure subjected to various fractionation technologies and demonstrate the key roles of lignin structures in depolymerization for unique functionalized products. Various technologies (e.g., thermocatalytic approaches, photocatalytic conversion, and mechanochemical depolymerization) are reviewed and evaluated in terms of feasibility and potential for further upgrading. Overall, advances in pristine lignin structure analysis and conversion technologies can facilitate recovery and subsequent utilization of lignin towards tailored commodity chemicals and fungible fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Babasaheb M Matsagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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43
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Zou L, Li P, Wang B, Wang L. Visible-light-induced Pd-catalyzed ortho-trifluoromethylation of acetanilides with CF 3SO 2Na under ambient conditions in the absence of an external photocatalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3737-3740. [PMID: 30855621 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced Pd-catalyzed ortho-trifluoromethylation of acetanilides with CF3SO2Na was developed. The reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature in air without any external photocatalyst or additive, providing the desired products in moderate to good yields with good functional group tolerance and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.
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44
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Zhou WJ, Cao GM, Zhang ZP, Yu DG. Visible Light-induced Palladium-catalysis in Organic Synthesis. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Mei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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45
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Magallanes G, Kärkäs MD, Bosque I, Lee S, Maldonado S, Stephenson CRJ. Selective C–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin Systems and Polymers Enabled by Sequential Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation and Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Magallanes
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Bosque
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sudarat Lee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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46
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Lindsay AC, Kudo S, Sperry J. Cleavage of lignin model compounds and ligninox using aqueous oxalic acid. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7408-7415. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous oxalic acid cleaves oxidised β-O-4 lignin model compounds by two distinct mechanisms that are dependent on the presence of the hydroxymethyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Lindsay
- Centre for Green Chemical Science
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Shinji Kudo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Kasuga 816-8580
- Japan
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
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47
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Chen K, Schwarz J, Karl TA, Chatterjee A, König B. Visible light induced redox neutral fragmentation of 1,2-diol derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13144-13147. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06904f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photo/HAT dual catalytic redox-neutral reaction no stoichiometric external reductants required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Johanna Schwarz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Anamitra Chatterjee
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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48
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Ren T, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Promising Techniques for Depolymerization of Lignin into Value-added Chemicals. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Ren
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Rongxin Su
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Zhimin He
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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Salonen HEP, Mecke CPA, Karjomaa MI, Joensuu PM, Koskinen AMP. Copper Catalyzed Alcohol Oxidation and Cleavage of β-O-4 Lignin Model Systems: From Development to Mechanistic Examination. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Eemil P. Salonen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Carsten P. A. Mecke
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Miika I. Karjomaa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Pekka M. Joensuu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Ari M. P. Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
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Zhang HH, Zhao JJ, Yu S. Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation with 4-Alkyl-1,4-dihydro-pyridines Enabled by Photoredox/Palladium Cocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16914-16919. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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