1
|
Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kischkewitz M, Marinic B, Kratena N, Lai Y, Hepburn HB, Dow M, Christensen KE, Donohoe TJ. Evolution of the Dearomative Functionalization of Activated Quinolines and Isoquinolines: Expansion of the Electrophile Scope. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204682. [PMID: 35560761 PMCID: PMC9321684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a mild protocol for the reductive functionalisation of quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts. The reaction proceeds under transition-metal-free conditions as well as under rhodium catalysis with very low catalyst loadings (0.01 mol %) and uses inexpensive formic acid as the terminal reductant. A wide range of electrophiles, including enones, imides, unsaturated esters and sulfones, β-nitro styrenes and aldehydes are intercepted by the in situ formed enamine species forming a large variety of substituted tetrahydro(iso)quinolines. Electrophiles are incorporated at the C-3 and C-4 position for quinolines and isoquinolines respectively, providing access to substitution patterns which are not favoured in electrophilic or nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Finally, this reactivity was exploited to facilitate three types of annulation reactions, giving rise to complex polycyclic products of a formal [3+3] or [4+2] cycloaddition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kischkewitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yonglin Lai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hamish B. Hepburn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Mark Dow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & DevelopmentOperations, AstraZenecaMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kischkewitz M, Marinic B, Kratena N, Lai Y, Hepburn HB, Dow M, Christensen KE, Donohoe TJ. Evolution of the Dearomative Functionalization of Activated Quinolines and Isoquinolines: Expansion of the Electrophile Scope. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202204682. [PMID: 38505668 PMCID: PMC10946825 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a mild protocol for the reductive functionalisation of quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts. The reaction proceeds under transition-metal-free conditions as well as under rhodium catalysis with very low catalyst loadings (0.01 mol %) and uses inexpensive formic acid as the terminal reductant. A wide range of electrophiles, including enones, imides, unsaturated esters and sulfones, β-nitro styrenes and aldehydes are intercepted by the in situ formed enamine species forming a large variety of substituted tetrahydro(iso)quinolines. Electrophiles are incorporated at the C-3 and C-4 position for quinolines and isoquinolines respectively, providing access to substitution patterns which are not favoured in electrophilic or nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Finally, this reactivity was exploited to facilitate three types of annulation reactions, giving rise to complex polycyclic products of a formal [3+3] or [4+2] cycloaddition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kischkewitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yonglin Lai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hamish B. Hepburn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Mark Dow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & DevelopmentOperations, AstraZenecaMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This review summaries recent synthetic developments towards spirocyclic oxindoles and applications as valuable medicinal and synthetic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen B, Liu S, Zhu L, Zhong K, Liu F, Chen H, Bai R, Lan Y. σ-Bond Migration Assisted Decarboxylative Activation of Vinylene Carbonate in Rh-Catalyzed 4 + 2 Annulation: A Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boming Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haohua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhaumik A, Azaz T, Singh V, Khatana AK, Tiwari B. Carbene/Base-Mediated Redox Alkenylation of Isatins using β-Substituted Organoselenones and Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14898-14903. [PMID: 31638798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Achieving several desired transformations in a single operation remains one of the obvious goals in the synthetic organic chemistry. Herein we developed a multicomponent reaction for the preparation of alkenylated oxyindoles, bearing a quaternary alcohol-derived ester, via an NHC-catalyzed redox reaction in the presence of β-substituted vinyl selenones and aldehydes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Bhaumik
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research , SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| | - Tazeen Azaz
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research , SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research , SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| | - Anil Kumar Khatana
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research , SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| | - Bhoopendra Tiwari
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery , Centre of Biomedical Research , SGPGIMS-Campus, Raebareli Road , Lucknow 226014 , India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen J, Han X, Lu X. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of N-Tosyl-Tethered 1,7-Enynes: Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines. Org Lett 2019; 21:8153-8157. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiuling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miura T, Oku N, Murakami M. Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of (E)-δ-Boryl-Substituted anti-Homoallylic Alcohols in Two Steps from Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14620-14624. [PMID: 31392816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the highly diastereo- and enantioselective preparation of (E)-δ-boryl-substituted anti-homoallylic alcohols in two steps from terminal alkynes. This method consists of a cobalt(II)-catalyzed 1,1-diboration reaction of terminal alkynes with B2 pin2 and a palladium(I)-mediated asymmetric allylation reaction of the resulting 1,1-di(boryl)alk-1-enes with aldehydes in the presence of a chiral phosphoric acid. Propyne, which is produced as the byproduct during petroleum refining, could be used as the starting material to construct homoallylic alcohols that are otherwise difficult to synthesize with high stereocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Miura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoki Oku
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miura T, Oku N, Murakami M. Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of (
E
)‐δ‐Boryl‐Substituted
anti
‐Homoallylic Alcohols in Two Steps from Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Miura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Naoki Oku
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu RY, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Buchwald SL. Enantioselective Allylation Using Allene, a Petroleum Cracking Byproduct. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2251-2256. [PMID: 30685967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allene (C3H4) gas is produced and separated on million-metric-ton scale per year during petroleum refining but is rarely employed in organic synthesis. Meanwhile, the addition of an allyl group (C3H5) to ketones is among the most common and prototypical reactions in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report that the combination of allene gas with inexpensive and environmentally benign hydrosilanes, such as PMHS, can serve as a replacement for stoichiometric quantities of allylmetal reagents, which are required in most enantioselective ketone allylation reactions. This process is catalyzed by copper salts and commercially available ligands, operates without specialized equipment or pressurization, and tolerates a broad range of functional groups. Furthermore, the exceptional chemoselectivity of this catalyst system enables industrially relevant C3 hydrocarbon mixtures of allene with methylacetylene and propylene to be applied directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cai Y, Zhang JW, Li F, Liu JM, Shi SL. Nickel/N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex-Catalyzed Enantioselective Redox-Neutral Coupling of Benzyl Alcohols and Alkynes to Allylic Alcohols. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Liang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Voronin VV, Ledovskaya MS, Bogachenkov AS, Rodygin KS, Ananikov VP. Acetylene in Organic Synthesis: Recent Progress and New Uses. Molecules 2018; 23:E2442. [PMID: 30250005 PMCID: PMC6222752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the leading synthetic applications of acetylene is discussed from the prospect of rapid development and novel opportunities. A diversity of reactions involving the acetylene molecule to carry out vinylation processes, cross-coupling reactions, synthesis of substituted alkynes, preparation of heterocycles and the construction of a number of functionalized molecules with different levels of molecular complexity were recently studied. Of particular importance is the utilization of acetylene in the synthesis of pharmaceutical substances and drugs. The increasing interest in acetylene and its involvement in organic transformations highlights a fascinating renaissance of this simplest alkyne molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Voronin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Peterhof 198504, Russia.
| | - Maria S Ledovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Peterhof 198504, Russia.
| | - Alexander S Bogachenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Peterhof 198504, Russia.
| | - Konstantin S Rodygin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Peterhof 198504, Russia.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Peterhof 198504, Russia.
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Denmark SE, Matesich ZD, Nguyen ST, Sephton SM. Catalytic Nucleophilic Allylation Driven by the Water-Gas Shift Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:23-48. [PMID: 29220183 PMCID: PMC6008792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ruthenium-catalyzed allylation of aldehydes with allylic pro-nucleophiles has been demonstrated to be an efficient means to form carbon-carbon bonds under mild conditions. The evolution of this reaction from the initial serendipitous discovery to its general synthetic scope is detailed, highlighting the roles of water, CO, and amine in the generation of a more complete catalytic cycle. The use of unsymmetrical allylic pro-nucleophiles was shown to give preferential product formation through the modulation of reaction conditions. Both (E)-cinnamyl acetate and vinyl oxirane were efficiently used to form the anti-branched products (up to >20:1 anti/syn) and E-linear products (up to >20:1 E/Z) in high selectivity with aromatic, α,β-unsaturated, and aliphatic aldehydes, respectively. Attempts to render the reaction enantioselective are highlighted and include enantioenrichment of up to 75:25 for benzaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zachery D. Matesich
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Donald JR, Taylor RJK, Petersen WF. Low-Temperature, Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Protocol for the Synthesis of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11288-11294. [PMID: 28926705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new low-temperature procedure for the synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted 2-oxindoles via cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) is reported. The use of a strong, nonreversible base in these reactions has been found to effect a dramatic drop in reaction temperature (to room temperature) relative to the current state-of-the-art (>100 °C) procedure. When employing iodine as an "oxidant", new evidence suggests that this transformation may occur via a transiently stable iodinated intermediate rather than by direct single-electron oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Richard J K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Wade F Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|