1
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Duque-Prata A, Serpa C, Caridade PJSB. Full theoretical protocol for the design of metal-free organic electron donor-spacer-acceptor systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27854-27865. [PMID: 37814945 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A user-friendly (time-dependent) density functional theory based algorithm is proposed to design new donor-spacer-acceptor systems for electron transfer reactions. This algorithm is focused on metal-free organic compounds, most of which contain aromatic or alkene moieties. The oxidation and reduction potentials are calculated, together with the excited-state energy difference including the zero-point energy and the structural properties required to calculate an electron transfer Gibbs free energy change. The proposed algorithm has been tested on well-known systems, while two new compounds are suggested for photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer reactions using this scheme. The methodology here presented is intended to be a tool for synthetic physical-chemists, allowing them to evaluate the properties of hypothetical systems before the synthesis, enabling the study of limitless combinations of donor-spacer-acceptor arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amílcar Duque-Prata
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-545 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-545 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Pedro J S B Caridade
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-545 Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Zhao H, Hu Y, Zheng S, Yuan W. α-Tertiary Primary Amine Synthesis via Photocatalytic C(sp 3)-H Aminoalkylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6699-6704. [PMID: 37675946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Facile access to sterically hindered α-tertiary primary amines via photocatalytic radical coupling of native C(sp3)-H substrates with N-unsubstituted ketimines is reported. LiBr was used as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent to cleave C(sp3)-H bonds to get alkyl radicals. The in situ-generated HBr can then serve as a Bronsted acid to activate N-unsubstituted ketimines readily for single-electron reduction to deliver α-amino radicals. As a consequence, radical-radical coupling affords primary amines with a congested α-tertiary substituent. This reaction is highlighted by simple and mild conditions, 100% atom-economy, and broad hydrocarbon substrate scope for benzyl ethers, cyclic ethers, benzyl alcohols, alkylarenes, and carbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
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3
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Cao R, Liu Y, Shi X, Zheng J. Visible-light induced cross-electrophile coupling of imines and anhydrides to synthesize α-amino ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10668-10671. [PMID: 37581330 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino ketones are important motifs in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Efficient methods to directly access these motifs from feasible precursors are, however, limited. Herein, a visible-light mediated reductive cross-electrophile coupling of readily available imines and anhydrides was developed. Under mild reaction conditions, the umpolung reactivity of diverse imines engaged with anhydrides gives a variety of α-amino ketones with good yields and a broad functional group compatibility. Primary mechanistic studies revealed that this transformation might proceed through a radical-radical cross coupling pathway dominantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxu Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and the School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and the School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoxin Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and the School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and the School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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4
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Harris G, Trowbridge AD, Gaunt MJ. A Chiral Amine Transfer Approach to the Photocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Trialkyl-α-tertiary Amines. Org Lett 2023; 25:861-866. [PMID: 36724345 PMCID: PMC9926512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing challenge within radical chemistry is that of controlling the absolute stereochemistry of the products. Here, we report the stereocontrolled addition of α-amino radicals reductively generated from imines via visible-light-mediated photoredox-catalysis to alkenes, giving rise to enantioenriched α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amines. This process exploits a commercially available phenylglycinol derivative as a source of both nitrogen and chiral information. DFT studies support a stereochemical model whereby an intramolecular H-bond rigidifies the transition state of the enantiodetermining step.
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5
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Visible-light-Induced synthesis of imidazolidines through formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition of aromatic imines with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Singh T, Panday P, Upreti GC, Ranjan S, Gupta RK, Singh A. Visible-light-mediated synthesis of α,β-diamino esters via coupling of N, N-dimethylanilines and glyoxalic oxime ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4522-4525. [PMID: 35605977 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated synthesis of α,β-diamino esters has been developed via the cross coupling of N,N-dimethylanilines with glyoxalic oxime ethers. This protocol involves the generation of α-aminoalkyl radicals under mild reaction conditions, provides α,β-diamino esters in good to excellent yields, and can be performed on a gram-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
| | - Prabhakar Panday
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
| | - Ganesh Chandra Upreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
| | - Sudhir Ranjan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India
| | - Raju Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, U. P., 208016, India.
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7
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Shen MH, Guo B, Li C, Sun CL, Zhu YF, Zhu C, Xu HD, Xu D. Aerobic copper-catalyzed homo-coupling of azaallyl anions: a facile access to vicinal diamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Ou W, Qiu C, Su C. Photo- and electro-catalytic deuteration of feedstock chemicals and pharmaceuticals: A review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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10
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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11
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Cardinale L, Schmotz MOWS, Konev MO, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Photoredox-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Amino Acid Amides by Imine Carbamoylation. Org Lett 2022; 24:506-510. [PMID: 34967213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple protocol for the photocatalytic carbamoylation of imines is reported. Easily available, bench-stable 4-amido Hantzsch ester derivatives serve as precursors to carbamoyl radicals that undergo rapid addition to N-aryl imines. The reaction proceeds under blue light irradiation in the presence of the photocatalyst 3DPAFIPN and Brønsted/Lewis acid additives. Mechanistic studies indicated a photoredox mechanism that involves carbamoyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Cardinale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Place 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mattis-Ole W S Schmotz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Place 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail O Konev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Place 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Jacobi von Wangelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Place 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Zars E, Gravogl L, Gau M, Carroll PJ, Meyer K, Mindiola DJ. Iron(II) Mediated Deazotation of Benzyl Azide: Trapping and Subsequent Transformations of the Benzaldimine Fragment. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1079-1090. [PMID: 34978453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mono-benzaldimine (HN═CHPh) complex [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(HN═CHPh)] (1-HN═CHPh) has been prepared by reaction of [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(OEt2)] (1-OEt2) (tBupyrpyrr2 = 2,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-pyrrolyl)pyridine) with one equivalent of benzyl azide. Compound 1-HN═CHPh retains the cis-divacant octahedral coordination geometry akin to 1, as established by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. A bis-HN═CHPh complex [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(HN═CHPh)2] (2) was also prepared by the addition of two equivalents of benzyl azide to 1, and its molecular structure exhibits the two HN═CHPh ligands coordinated trans to each other, thereby forming a square pyramidal coordination geometry at the FeII center. Reaction of 1 with excess benzyl azide yields [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(HN═CHPh)2·PhCHNCH(NH2)Ph] (2-PhCHNCH(NH2)Ph), which contains an unstable benzylideneamino phenyl methanamine fragment, effectively hydrogen bonded to 2. Thermolysis of 2 or 2-PhCHNCH(NH2)Ph releases the HN═CHPh self-coupling products hydrobenzamide (A), N-benzylidine benzylamine (B), and benzonitrile (C). Under catalytic conditions, free HN═CHPh (cis/trans-HN═CHPh mixture) is produced using 2.5 mol % of 1 in 90% spectroscopic yield. These studies provide a clearer understanding for the conversion of the HN═CHPh in 2 or 2-PhCHNCH(NH2)Ph to the C-C and C-N coupled products. Reduction of 1-HN═CHPh with KC8 yields the reductively coupled benzylamide complex [K(OEt2)]2[(tBupyrpyrr2)2Fe2(μ2-NHCHPhCHPhNH)] (3) as the result of a new C-C bond formed between two radical benzylamide fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Zars
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lisa Gravogl
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Egerlandstr. 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Michael Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Egerlandstr. 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Ding W, Sheng J, Li J, Cheng X. Electroreductive 4-pyridylation of unsaturated compounds using gaseous ammonia as a hydrogen source. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
By using ammonia as a hydrogen source, electrochemical pyridylation of unsaturated compounds is achieved with more than 50 examples. In particular, the β-keto ester could be converted to the corresponding tertiary β-hydroxyl ester for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ding
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Salt Chemical Industry, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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14
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Chen J, Lim JW, Ong DY, Chiba S. Iterative addition of carbon nucleophiles to N, N-dialkyl carboxamides for synthesis of α-tertiary amines. Chem Sci 2021; 13:99-104. [PMID: 35059156 PMCID: PMC8694388 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05876b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the synthesis of α-tertiary amines was developed by iterative addition of carbon nucleophiles to N,N-dialkyl carboxamides. Nucleophilic 1,2-addition of organolithium reagents to carboxamides forms anionic tetrahedral carbinolamine (hemiaminal) intermediates, which are subsequently treated with bromotrimethylsilane (Me3SiBr) followed by organomagnesium (Grignard) reagents, organolithium reagents or tetrabutylammonium cyanide, affording α-tertiary amines. Employment of (trimethylsilyl)methylmagnesium bromide as the 2nd nucleophile allowed for aza-Peterson olefination of the resulting α-tertiary (trimethylsilyl)methylamines with acidic work-up, resulting in the formation of 1,1-diarylethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Derek Yiren Ong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
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15
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Maitland JAP, Leitch JA, Yamazaki K, Christensen KE, Cassar DJ, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Switchable, Reagent‐Controlled Diastereodivergent Photocatalytic Carbocyclisation of Imine‐Derived α‐Amino Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Andrew P. Maitland
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UCL (University College London) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | | | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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16
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Maitland JAP, Leitch JA, Yamazaki K, Christensen KE, Cassar DJ, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Switchable, Reagent-Controlled Diastereodivergent Photocatalytic Carbocyclisation of Imine-Derived α-Amino Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24116-24123. [PMID: 34449968 PMCID: PMC8597041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A reagent-controlled stereodivergent carbocyclisation of aryl aldimine-derived, photocatalytically generated, α-amino radicals possessing adjacent conjugated alkenes, affording either bicyclic or tetracyclic products, is described. Under net reductive conditions using commercial Hantzsch ester, the α-amino radical species underwent a single stereoselective cyclisation to give trans-configured amino-indane structures in good yield, whereas using a substituted Hantzsch ester as a milder reductant afforded cis-fused tetracyclic tetrahydroquinoline frameworks, resulting from two consecutive radical cyclisations. Judicious choice of the reaction conditions allowed libraries of both single and dual cyclisation products to be synthesised with high selectivity, notable predictability, and good-to-excellent yields. Computational analysis employing DFT revealed the reaction pathway and mechanistic rationale behind this finely balanced yet readily controlled photocatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Andrew P. Maitland
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUCL (University College London)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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17
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Henry Blackwell J, Harris GR, Smith MA, Gaunt MJ. Modular Photocatalytic Synthesis of α-Trialkyl-α-Tertiary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15946-15959. [PMID: 34551248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecules displaying an α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine motif provide access to an important and versatile area of biologically relevant chemical space but are challenging to access through existing synthetic methods. Here, we report an operationally straightforward, multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of a range of functionally and structurally diverse α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amines, which makes use of three readily available components: dialkyl ketones, benzylamines, and alkenes. The strategy relies on the of use visible-light-mediated photocatalysis with readily available Ir(III) complexes to bring about single-electron reduction of an all-alkyl ketimine species to an α-amino radical intermediate; the α-amino radical undergoes Giese-type addition with a variety of alkenes to forge the α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine center. The mechanism of this process is believed to proceed through an overall redox neutral pathway that involves photocatalytic redox-relay of the imine, generated from the starting amine-ketone condensation, through to an imine-derived product. This is possible because the presence of a benzylic amine component in the intermediate scaffold drives a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer step after the Giese addition to form a stable benzylic α-amino radical, which is able to close the photocatalytic cycle. These studies detail the evolution of the reaction platform, an extensive investigation of the substrate scope, and preliminary investigation of some of the mechanistic features of this distinct photocatalytic process. We believe this transformation will provide convenient access to previously unexplored α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine scaffolds that should be of considerable interest to practitioners of synthetic and medicinal chemistry in academic and industrial institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henry Blackwell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia R Harris
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Milo A Smith
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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18
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Sansano JM, de Gracia Retamosa M, Döndaş HA, Sobhani S, Nájera C, Yus MA. Photocatalytic Homocoupling Transformations. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1517-7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHomocoupling reactions promoted by photocatalysts are not very abundant in the literature. However, the products generated from such processes are very interesting. In this review, we highlight the most relevant reports concerning photocatalyzed dimerizations covering the literature until the middle of 2020. Reactions will be classified according to the type of starting material employed, with an emphasis being placed on the corresponding mechanism. 1 Introduction2 Arenes and Heteroarenes3 Alkenes4 Alkanes5 Alkynes6 Aldehydes, Ketones, Alcohols, Amines and Imines7 Carboxylic Acids8 Nitro Compounds9 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
| | - María de Gracia Retamosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
| | - Haci Ali Döndaş
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University
| | - Sara Sobhani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Birjand
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
| | - Miguel A. Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
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19
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Siewert I, Fokin I, Kuessner KT. Transition Metal Complex Catalyzed Photo- and Electrochemical (De)hydrogenations Involving C=O and C=N Bonds. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1645-3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHerein, we summarize the photo- and electrochemical protocols for dehydrogenation and hydrogenations involving carbonyl and imine functions. The three basic principles that have been explored to interconvert such moieties with transition metal complexes are discussed in detail and the substrate scope is evaluated. Furthermore, we describe some general thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of such electro- and photochemically driven reactions.1 Introduction2 Dehydrogenation Reactions2.1 Electrochemical Dehydrogenations Using High-Valent Metal Species2.2 Electrochemical Dehydrogenations Involving Metal Hydride species2.3 Photochemically Driven Dehydrogenation3 Hydrogenation Reactions3.1 Electrochemical Protocols3.2 Photochemical Protocols4 Conclusion5 Abbreviations
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Affiliation(s)
- Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
- International Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Universität Göttingen
| | - Igor Fokin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
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20
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Friestad GK, Cullen STJ. Synthesis of Chiral Amines by C–C Bond Formation with Photoredox Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1396-8343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChiral amines are key substructures of biologically active natural products and drug candidates. The advent of photoredox catalysis has changed the way synthetic chemists think about building these substructures, opening new pathways that were previously unavailable. New developments in this area are reviewed, with an emphasis on C–C bond constructions involving radical intermediates generated through photoredox processes.1 Introduction2 Radical–Radical Coupling of α-Amino Radicals2.1 Radical–Radical Coupling Involving Amine Oxidation2.2 Radical–Radical Coupling Involving Imine Reduction2.3 Couplings Involving both Amine Oxidation and Imine Reduction3 Addition Reactions of α-Amino Radicals3.1 Conjugate Additions of α-Amino Radicals3.2 Addition of α-Amino Radicals to Heteroaromatic Systems3.3 Cross Coupling via Additions to Transition Metal Complexes4 Radical Addition to C=N Bonds Using Photoredox Catalysis4.1 Intramolecular Radical Addition to C=N Bonds4.2 Intermolecular Radical Addition to C=N Bonds5 Conclusion
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21
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Shao Z, Zhou Q, Wang J, Tang R, Shen Y. Sodium Iodide-Triphenylphosphine-Mediated Photoredox Alkylation of Aldimines. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Fujita M, Kobayashi F, Ide T, Egami H, Hamashima Y. Oxidative and Redox‐Neutral Approaches to Symmetrical Diamines and Diols by Single Electron Transfer/Hydrogen Atom Transfer Synergistic Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fujita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52‐1 Yada, Suruga‐ku 422‐8526 Shizuoka Japan
| | - Fumihisa Kobayashi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52‐1 Yada, Suruga‐ku 422‐8526 Shizuoka Japan
| | - Takafumi Ide
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52‐1 Yada, Suruga‐ku 422‐8526 Shizuoka Japan
| | - Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52‐1 Yada, Suruga‐ku 422‐8526 Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Shizuoka 52‐1 Yada, Suruga‐ku 422‐8526 Shizuoka Japan
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23
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Yin Y, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Advances in the Synthesis of Imine‐Containing Azaarene Derivatives via Photoredox Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yin
- College of Bioengineering Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
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24
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Wang J, Shao Z, Tan K, Tang R, Zhou Q, Xu M, Li YM, Shen Y. Synthesis of Amino Acids by Base-Enhanced Photoredox Decarboxylative Alkylation of Aldimines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9944-9954. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ziyan Shao
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kai Tan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qingli Zhou
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ya-Min Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuehai Shen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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25
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Morisaki K, Morimoto H, Ohshima T. Recent Progress on Catalytic Addition Reactions to N-Unsubstituted Imines. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Morisaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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26
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Abstract
The innate electrophilicity of imine building blocks has been exploited in organic synthetic chemistry for decades. Inspired by the resurgence in photocatalysis, imine reactivity has now been redesigned through the generation of unconventional and versatile radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. While novel photocatalytic approaches have broadened the range and applicability of conventional radical additions to imine acceptors, the possibility to use these imines as latent nucleophiles via single-electron reduction has also been uncovered. Thus, multiple research programs have converged on this issue, delivering creative and practical strategies to achieve racemic and asymmetric α-functionalizations of imines under visible light photoredox catalysis.
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27
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Petzold D, Giedyk M, Chatterjee A, König B. A Retrosynthetic Approach for Photocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petzold
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Maciej Giedyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01‐224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anamitra Chatterjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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28
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Leitch JA, Rogova T, Duarte F, Dixon DJ. Dearomative Photocatalytic Construction of Bridged 1,3‐Diazepanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4121-4130. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Tatiana Rogova
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
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29
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Leitch JA, Rogova T, Duarte F, Dixon DJ. Dearomative Photocatalytic Construction of Bridged 1,3‐Diazepanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Tatiana Rogova
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
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30
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Leitch JA, Rossolini T, Rogova T, Maitland JAP, Dixon DJ. α-Amino Radicals via Photocatalytic Single-Electron Reduction of Imine Derivatives. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Leitch
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Rossolini
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Rogova
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - J. Andrew P. Maitland
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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31
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Nicastri MC, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, DiRocco DA, Rovis T. Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Primary Amines by Concurrent Tandem Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:987-998. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel A. DiRocco
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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32
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Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Nicastri MC, Liu J, Newman JA, Regalado EL, DiRocco DA, Rovis T. Electrochemical Synthesis of Hindered Primary and Secondary Amines via Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:468-478. [PMID: 31849221 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accessing hindered amines, particularly primary amines α to a fully substituted carbon center, is synthetically challenging. We report an electrochemical method to access such hindered amines starting from benchtop-stable iminium salts and cyanoheteroarenes. A wide variety of substituted heterocycles (pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, purine, azaindole) can be utilized in the cross-coupling reaction, including those substituted with a halide, trifluoromethyl, ester, amide, or ether group, a heterocycle, or an unprotected alcohol or alkyne. Mechanistic insight based on DFT data, as well as cyclic voltammetry and NMR spectroscopy, suggests that a proton-coupled electron-transfer mechanism is operational as part of a hetero-biradical cross-coupling of α-amino radicals and radicals derived from cyanoheteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Michael C Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jinchu Liu
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Justin A Newman
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Daniel A DiRocco
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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33
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Wang Y, Furukawa S, Fu X, Yan N. Organonitrogen Chemicals from Oxygen-Containing Feedstock over Heterogeneous Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Shinya Furukawa
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysis and Battery, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Xinpu Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Armido Studer
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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35
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Leifert D, Studer A. The Persistent Radical Effect in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:74-108. [PMID: 31116479 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radical-radical couplings are mostly nearly diffusion-controlled processes. Therefore, the selective cross-coupling of two different radicals is challenging and not a synthetically valuable transformation. However, if the radicals have different lifetimes and if they are generated at equal rates, cross-coupling will become the dominant process. This high cross-selectivity is based on a kinetic phenomenon called the persistent radical effect (PRE). In this Review, an explanation of the PRE supported by simulations of simple model systems is provided. Radical stabilities are discussed within the context of their lifetimes, and various examples of PRE-mediated radical-radical couplings in synthesis are summarized. It is shown that the PRE is not restricted to the coupling of a persistent with a transient radical. If one coupling partner is longer-lived than the other transient radical, the PRE operates and high cross-selectivity is achieved. This important point expands the scope of PRE-mediated radical chemistry. The Review is divided into two parts, namely 1) the coupling of persistent or longer-lived organic radicals and 2) "radical-metal crossover reactions"; here, metal-centered radical species and more generally longer-lived transition-metal complexes that are able to react with radicals are discussed-a field that has flourished recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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36
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Caron A, Morin É, Collins SK. Bifunctional Copper-Based Photocatalyst for Reductive Pinacol-Type Couplings. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Caron
- Département de Chimie, Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Émilie Morin
- Département de Chimie, Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Shawn K. Collins
- Département de Chimie, Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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37
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Guo X, Okamoto Y, Schreier MR, Ward TR, Wenger OS. Reductive Amination and Enantioselective Amine Synthesis by Photoredox Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mirjam R. Schreier
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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38
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Kondo Y, Morisaki K, Hirazawa Y, Morimoto H, Ohshima T. A Convenient Preparation Method for Benzophenone Imine Catalyzed by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morisaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hirazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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39
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Yang S, Zhu S, Lu D, Gong Y. Formylation of Fluoroalkyl Imines through Visible-Light-Enabled H-Atom Transfer Catalysis: Access to Fluorinated α-Amino Aldehydes. Org Lett 2019; 21:2019-2024. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shuangyu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dengfu Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Rd., Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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40
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Yang JD, Xue J, Cheng JP. Understanding the role of thermodynamics in catalytic imine reductions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2913-2926. [PMID: 31093629 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00036d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a booming growth of research activity in catalytic imine reduction, due to the ongoing motivation to find more efficient conversions of the rather unreactive C[double bond, length as m-dash]N bonds to the desired C-N segments found in many pharmaceuticals. While several timely reviews have well documented various C[double bond, length as m-dash]N reduction methodologies with respect to the type of catalyst (acid, base, or transition metal), a detailed discussion of the core role of thermodynamic driving forces in governing these catalyses is still lacking, however. Hence, this tutorial review describes some of the most practical considerations for adjusting reduction thermodynamics by choosing appropriate catalytic strategies, in order to make the target reduction energetically feasible. The combined use of relevant thermodynamic parameters of the substrate imines, hydrogen donors, and catalysts in realizing such a goal is demonstrated on the basis of the energetics of the possible elementary paths. Experimental observations from the literature that are in line with the present energetics-based analyses are exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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41
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Qiao B, Li C, Zhao X, Yin Y, Jiang Z. Enantioselective reduction of azaarene-based ketones via visible light-driven photoredox asymmetric catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7534-7537. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03661j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective reduction of azaarene-based ketones through photoredox asymmetric catalysis is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province
- Henan University
- Jinming Campus
- Kaifeng
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province
- Henan University
- Jinming Campus
- Kaifeng
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province
- Henan University
- Jinming Campus
- Kaifeng
- P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province
- Henan University
- Jinming Campus
- Kaifeng
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province
- Henan University
- Jinming Campus
- Kaifeng
- P. R. China
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42
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Rossolini T, Leitch JA, Grainger R, Dixon DJ. Photocatalytic Three-Component Umpolung Synthesis of 1,3-Diamines. Org Lett 2018; 20:6794-6798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rossolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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43
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Sawa M, Miyazaki S, Yonesaki R, Morimoto H, Ohshima T. Catalytic Enantioselective Decarboxylative Mannich-Type Reaction of N-Unprotected Isatin-Derived Ketimines. Org Lett 2018; 20:5393-5397. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Sawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi,
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shotaro Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi,
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yonesaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi,
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi,
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi,
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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