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Wang X, Wu L, Zhang W, Qiu S, Xu Z, Wan H, He J, Wang W, Wang M, Yin Q, Shi Y, Gao R, Xiang L, Yang W. Multi-omics analysis reveals promiscuous O-glycosyltransferases involved in the diversity of flavonoid glycosides in Periploca forrestii (Apocynaceae). Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1106-1116. [PMID: 38495554 PMCID: PMC10940802 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides are widespread in plants, and are of great interest owing to their diverse biological activities and effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases. Periploca forrestii, a renowned medicinal plant of the Apocynaceae family, contains diverse flavonoid glycosides and is clinically used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic injuries. However, the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of these flavonoid glycosides have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we used widely targeted metabolomics and full-length transcriptome sequencing to identify flavonoid diversity and biosynthetic genes in P. forrestii. A total of 120 flavonoid glycosides, including 21 C-, 96 O-, and 3 C/O-glycosides, were identified and annotated. Based on 24,123 full-length coding sequences, 99 uridine diphosphate sugar-utilizing glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were identified and classified into 14 groups. Biochemical assays revealed that four UGTs exhibited O-glycosyltransferase activity toward apigenin and luteolin. Among them, PfUGT74B4 and PfUGT92A8 were highly promiscuous and exhibited multisite O-glycosylation or consecutive glycosylation activities toward various flavonoid aglycones. These four glycosyltransferases may significantly contribute to the diversity of flavonoid glycosides in P. forrestii. Our findings provide a valuable genetic resource for further studies on P. forrestii and insights into the metabolic engineering of bioactive flavonoid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin 150006, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wanran Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin 150006, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin 150006, China
| | - Huihua Wan
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jiang He
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Medicine, Urumqi 830004, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qinggang Yin
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Medicine, Urumqi 830004, China
- Prescription Laboratory of Xinjiang Traditional Uyghur Medicine, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uyghur Medicine, Urmuqi 830000, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Medicine, Urumqi 830004, China
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Jia S, Lu C, Tong X, Li Q, Yan S, Pei J, Dai Y, Zhao L. Efficient and green production of flavone-5-O-glycosides by glycosyltransferases in Escherichia coli. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134477. [PMID: 39116985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
O-Glycosylflavonoids exhibit diverse biological activities but their low content in plants is difficult to extract and isolate, and chemical synthesis steps are cumbersome, which are harmful to the environment. Therefore, the biosynthesis of O-glycosylflavonoids represents a green and sustainable alternative strategy, with glycosyltransferases playing a crucial role in this process. However, there are few studies on flavone 5-O-glycosyltransferases, which limits the synthesis of rare flavone 5-O glycosides by microorganisms. In this study, we characterized a highly regioselectivity flavone 5-O glycosyltransferase from Panicum hallii. Site-directed mutagenesis at residue P141 switches glucosylation to xylosylation. Using a combinatorial strategy of metabolic engineering, we generated a series of Escherichia coli recombinant strains to biocatalyze glycosylation of the typical flavone apigenin. Ultimately, further optimization of transformation conditions, apigenin-5-O-glucoside and apigenin-5-O-xyloside were biosynthesized for the first time so far, and the yields were 1490 mg/L and 1210 mg/L, respectively. This study provides a biotechnological component for the biosynthesis of flavone-5-O-glycosides, and established a green and sustainable approach for the industrial production of high-value O-glycosylflavones by engineering, which lays a foundation for their further development and application in food and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Jia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changning Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinyi Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qi Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Siyang Yan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China.
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jinpu Research institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Wei J, Hu X, Yin H, Liu W, Li D, Tian W, Hao Y, He Z, Fernie AR, Chen W. Beyond pathways: Accelerated flavonoids candidate identification and novel exploration of enzymatic properties using combined mapping populations of wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2033-2050. [PMID: 38408119 PMCID: PMC11182594 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Although forward-genetics-metabolomics methods such as mGWAS and mQTL have proven effective in providing myriad loci affecting metabolite contents, they are somehow constrained by their respective constitutional flaws such as the hidden population structure for GWAS and insufficient recombinant rate for QTL. Here, the combination of mGWAS and mQTL was performed, conveying an improved statistical power to investigate the flavonoid pathways in common wheat. A total of 941 and 289 loci were, respectively, generated from mGWAS and mQTL, within which 13 of them were co-mapped using both approaches. Subsequently, the mGWAS or mQTL outputs alone and their combination were, respectively, utilized to delineate the metabolic routes. Using this approach, we identified two MYB transcription factor encoding genes and five structural genes, and the flavonoid pathway in wheat was accordingly updated. Moreover, we have discovered some rare-activity-exhibiting flavonoid glycosyl- and methyl-transferases, which may possess unique biological significance, and harnessing these novel catalytic capabilities provides potentially new breeding directions. Collectively, we propose our survey illustrates that the forward-genetics-metabolomics approaches including multiple populations with high density markers could be more frequently applied for delineating metabolic pathways in common wheat, which will ultimately contribute to metabolomics-assisted wheat crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Yazhouwan National LaboratorySanyaChina
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Huanran Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Dongqin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenfei Tian
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanfeng Hao
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
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4
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Gharabli H, Welner DH. The sugar donor specificity of plant family 1 glycosyltransferases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1396268. [PMID: 38756413 PMCID: PMC11096472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1396268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant family 1 glycosyltransferases (UGTs) represent a formidable tool to produce valuable natural and novel glycosides. Their regio- and stereo-specific one-step glycosylation mechanism along with their inherent wide acceptor scope are desirable traits in biotechnology. However, their donor scope and specificity are not well understood. Since different sugars have different properties in vivo and in vitro, the ability to easily glycodiversify target acceptors is desired, and this depends on our improved understanding of the donor binding site. In the aim to unlock the full potential of UGTs, studies have attempted to elucidate the structure-function relationship governing their donor specificity. These efforts have revealed a complex phenomenon, and general principles valid for multiple enzymes are elusive. Here, we review the studies of UGT donor specificity, and attempt to group the information into key concepts which can help shape future research. We zoom in on the family-defining PSPG motif, on two loop residues reported to interact with the C6 position of the sugar, and on the role of active site arginines in donor specificity. We continue to discuss attempts to alter and expand the donor specificity by enzyme engineering, and finally discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Xu X, Xia M, Han Y, Tan H, Chen Y, Song X, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Su P, Huang L. Highly Promiscuous Flavonoid Di- O-glycosyltransferases from Carthamus tinctorius L. Molecules 2024; 29:604. [PMID: 38338349 PMCID: PMC10856022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been recognized for its medicinal value, but there have been limited studies on the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid glycosides from safflower. In this research, we identified two highly efficient flavonoid O-glycosyltransferases, CtOGT1 and CtOGT2, from safflower performing local BLAST alignment. By constructing a prokaryotic expression vector, we conducted in vitro enzymatic reactions and discovered that these enzymes were capable of catalyzing two-step O-glycosylation using substrates such as kaempferol, quercetin, and eriodictyol. Moreover, they exhibited efficient catalytic activity towards various compounds, including flavones (apigenin, scutellarein), dihydrochalcone (phloretin), isoflavones (genistein, daidzein), flavanones (naringenin, glycyrrhizin), and flavanonols (dihydrokaempferol), leading to the formation of O-glycosides. The broad substrate specificity of these enzymes is noteworthy. This study provides valuable insights into the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoid glycosides in safflower. The discovery of CtOGT1 and CtOGT2 enhances our understanding of the enzymatic processes involved in synthesizing flavonoid glycosides in safflower, contributing to the overall comprehension of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Academician Workstation, Research Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Meng Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Honghu Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xinqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Academician Workstation, Research Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Zhang C, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zheng N, Zhou H, Su Y, Du S, Hussain A, Xia X. Directed Evolution of the UDP-Glycosyltransferase UGT BL1 for Highly Regioselective and Efficient Biosynthesis of Natural Phenolic Glycosides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1640-1650. [PMID: 38213280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The O-glycosylation of polyphenols for the synthesis of glycosides has garnered substantial attention in food research applications. However, the practical utility of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) is significantly hindered by their low catalytic efficiency and suboptimal regioselectivity. The concurrent optimization of the regioselectivity and activity during the glycosylation of polyphenols presents a formidable challenge. Here, we addressed the long-standing activity-regioselectivity tradeoff in glycosyltransferase UGTBL1 through systematic enzyme engineering. The optimal combination of mutants, N61S/I62M/D63W/A208R/P218W/R282W (SMWRW1W2), yielded a 6.1-fold improvement in relative activity and a 17.3-fold increase in the ratio of gastrodin to para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol-4'-O-β-glucoside (with 89.5% regioselectivity for gastrodin) compared to those of the wild-type enzyme and ultimately allowed gram-scale production of gastrodin (1,066.2 mg/L) using whole-cell biocatalysis. In addition, variant SMWRW1W2 exhibited a preference for producing phenolic glycosides from several substrates. This study lays the foundation for the engineering of additional UGTs and the practical applications of UGTs in regioselective retrofitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yongchao Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yumeng Su
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shuang Du
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Asif Hussain
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Pei T, Zhu S, Liao W, Fang Y, Liu J, Kong Y, Yan M, Cui M, Zhao Q. Gap-free genome assembly and CYP450 gene family analysis reveal the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in Scutellaria baicalensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad235. [PMID: 38156283 PMCID: PMC10753160 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a member of the Lamiaceae family, is a widely utilized medicinal plant. The flavones extracted from S. baicalensis contribute to numerous health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-tumor activities. However, the incomplete genome assembly hinders biological studies on S. baicalensis. This study presents the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) gap-free genome assembly of S. baicalensis through the integration of Pacbio HiFi, Nanopore ultra-long and Hi-C technologies. A total of 384.59 Mb of genome size with a contig N50 of 42.44 Mb was obtained, and all sequences were anchored into nine pseudochromosomes without any gap or mismatch. In addition, we analysed the major cyanidin- and delphinidin-based anthocyanins involved in the determination of blue-purple flower using a widely-targeted metabolome approach. Based on the genome-wide identification of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene family, three genes (SbFBH1, 2, and 5) encoding flavonoid 3'-hydroxylases (F3'Hs) and one gene (SbFBH7) encoding flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) were found to hydroxylate the B-ring of flavonoids. Our studies enrich the genomic information available for the Lamiaceae family and provide a toolkit for discovering CYP450 genes involved in the flavonoid decoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sanming Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Weizhi Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yumin Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Mengxiao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Mengying Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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8
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Rempel A, Choudhary N, Pucker B. KIPEs3: Automatic annotation of biosynthesis pathways. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294342. [PMID: 37972102 PMCID: PMC10653506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and carotenoids are pigments involved in stress mitigation and numerous other processes. Both pigment classes can contribute to flower and fruit coloration. Flavonoid aglycones and carotenoids are produced by a pathway that is largely conserved across land plants. Glycosylations, acylations, and methylations of the flavonoid aglycones can be species-specific and lead to a plethora of biochemically diverse flavonoids. We previously developed KIPEs for the automatic annotation of biosynthesis pathways and presented an application on the flavonoid aglycone biosynthesis. KIPEs3 is an improved version with additional features and the potential to identify not just the core biosynthesis players, but also candidates involved in the decoration steps and in the transport of flavonoids. Functionality of KIPEs3 is demonstrated through the analysis of the flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Nd-1, Capsella grandiflora, and Dioscorea dumetorum. We demonstrate the applicability of KIPEs to other pathways by adding the carotenoid biosynthesis to the repertoire. As a technical proof of concept, the carotenoid biosynthesis was analyzed in the same species and Daucus carota. KIPEs3 is available as an online service to enable access without prior bioinformatics experience. KIPEs3 facilitates the automatic annotation and analysis of biosynthesis pathways with a consistent and high quality in a large number of plant species. Numerous genome sequencing projects are generating a huge amount of data sets that can be analyzed to identify evolutionary patterns and promising candidate genes for biotechnological and breeding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rempel
- Genome Informatics, Faculty of Technology & Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Graduate School “Digital Infrastructure for the Life Sciences” (DILS), Bielefeld Institute for Bioinformatics Infrastructure (BIBI), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nancy Choudhary
- Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Biology & BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boas Pucker
- Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Biology & BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Qi S, He B, Wang H, Duan Y, Wang L, Gao Y, Guo M. A Muti-Substrate Flavonol O-glucosyltransferases from Safflower. Molecules 2023; 28:7613. [PMID: 38005335 PMCID: PMC10674463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the complete biosynthesis process of flavonoid glycosides in safflower, specifically the key glycosyltransferase that might be involved, as well as to develop an efficient biocatalyst to synthesize flavonoid glycosides, a glycosyltransferase CtUGT4, with flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase activity, was identified in safflower. The fusion protein of CtUGT4 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the target protein was purified. The recombinant protein can catalyze quercetin to form quercetin-7-O-glucoside, and kaempferol to form kaempferol-3-O in vitro, and a series of flavones, flavonols, dihydroflavones, chalcones, and chalcone glycosides were used as substrates to generate new products. CtUGT4 was expressed in the tobacco transient expression system, and the enzyme activity results showed that it could catalyze kaempferol to kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin to quercetin-3-O-glucoside. After overexpressing CtUGT4 in safflower, the content of quercetin-3-O-rutinoside in the safflower florets increased significantly, and the content of quercetin-3-O-glucoside also tended to increase, which preliminarily confirmed the function of CtUGT4 flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase. This work demonstrated the flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase function of safflower CtUGT4 and showed differences in the affinity for different flavonoid substrates and the regioselectivity of catalytic sites in safflower, both in vivo and in vitro, providing clues for further research regarding the function of UGT genes, as well as new ideas for the cultivation engineering of the directional improvement of effective metabolites in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Qi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Beixuan He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaqian Duan
- Chemistry Experimental Teaching Center, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Lunuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meili Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Ren C, Xi Z, Xian B, Chen C, Huang X, Jiang H, Chen J, Peng C, Pei J. Identification and Characterization of CtUGT3 as the Key Player of Astragalin Biosynthesis in Carthamus tinctorius L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16221-16232. [PMID: 37870279 PMCID: PMC10623559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose economic crop that is distributed worldwide. Flavonoid glycosides are the main bioactive components in safflower, but only a few UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) have been identified. Three differentially expressed UGT genes related with the accumulation of 9 flavonoid O-glycosides were screened from metabolomics and transcriptome analysis. Safflower corolla protoplasts were used to confirm the glycosylation ability of UGT candidates in vivo for the first time. The astragalin content was significantly increased only when CtUGT3 was overexpressed. CtUGT3 also showed flavonoid 3-OH and 7-OH glycosylation activities in vitro. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that G15, T136, S276, and E384 were critical catalytic residues for the glycosylation ability of CtUGT3. These results demonstrate that CtUGT3 has a flavonoid 3-OH glycosylation function and is involved in the biosynthesis of astragalin in safflower. This study provides a reference for flavonoid biosynthesis genes research in nonmodel plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ziqing Xi
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bin Xian
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xulong Huang
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Huajuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory
of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- The State Bank of Chinese
Drug Germplasm Resources, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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11
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Wang HT, Wang ZL, Chen K, Yao MJ, Zhang M, Wang RS, Zhang JH, Ågren H, Li FD, Li J, Qiao X, Ye M. Insights into the missing apiosylation step in flavonoid apiosides biosynthesis of Leguminosae plants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6658. [PMID: 37863881 PMCID: PMC10589286 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apiose is a natural pentose containing an unusual branched-chain structure. Apiosides are bioactive natural products widely present in the plant kingdom. However, little is known on the key apiosylation reaction in the biosynthetic pathways of apiosides. In this work, we discover an apiosyltransferase GuApiGT from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. GuApiGT could efficiently catalyze 2″-O-apiosylation of flavonoid glycosides, and exhibits strict selectivity towards UDP-apiose. We further solve the crystal structure of GuApiGT, determine a key sugar-binding motif (RLGSDH) through structural analysis and theoretical calculations, and obtain mutants with altered sugar selectivity through protein engineering. Moreover, we discover 121 candidate apiosyltransferase genes from Leguminosae plants, and identify the functions of 4 enzymes. Finally, we introduce GuApiGT and its upstream genes into Nicotiana benthamiana, and complete de novo biosynthesis of a series of flavonoid apiosides. This work reports an efficient phenolic apiosyltransferase, and reveals mechanisms for its sugar donor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ming-Ju Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rong-Shen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jia-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fu-Dong Li
- National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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12
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Zou J, Li H, Wang Z, Ye M. Functional characterization of two efficient glycosyltransferases catalysing the formation of rutin from Sophora japonica L. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7913-7916. [PMID: 37752877 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Two efficient and selective glycosyltransferases were identified from Sophora japonica L. Sj3GT could regio-selectively catalyse 3-O-glucosylation of quercetin to produce isoquercitrin, and Sj6''RhaT could further catalyse its 6''-O-rhamnosylation to generate rutin. It is particularly noteworthy that Sj6''RhaT shows high sugar donor selectivity towards UDP-rhamnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Fang S, Qiu S, Chen K, Lv Z, Chen W. The transcription factors SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 regulate flavone biosynthesis in Scutellaria baicalensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107794. [PMID: 37257409 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is an important Chinese medicinal plant that is rich in the flavones baicalin, wogonoside, and wogonin, providing it with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, although the biosynthetic pathways of baicalin and its derivates have been elucidated, the regulation of flavone biosynthesis in S. baicalensis is poorly understood. Here, we found that the contents of baicalin and its derivates increased and that baicalin biosynthetic pathway genes were induced in response to light, and baicalin and baicalein are not exclusively produced in the roots of S. baicalensis. Based on the fact that MYB transcription factors are known to play important roles in flavone biosynthesis, we identified SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 in S. baicalensis and determined that they bind to the promoter of the flavone biosynthesis gene SbCHI to enhance its transcription. Moreover, overexpressing SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 enhanced the accumulation of baicalin in S. baicalensis leaves. We demonstrate that SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 bind to the cis-acting element MBSII in the promoter of CHI to redundantly induce its expression upon light exposure. These findings indicate that SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 transcriptionally activate SbCHI in response to light and enhance flavone contents in S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Fang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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14
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Wu Y, Yang Y, Du L, Zhuang Y, Liu T. Identification of a highly promiscuous glucosyltransferase from Penstemon barbatus for natural product glycodiversification. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4445-4454. [PMID: 37190792 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation reactions mediated by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are common post-modifications involved in plant secondary metabolism and significantly improve the solubility and bioactivity of aglycones. Penstemon barbatus is rich in phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), such as echinacoside and verbascoside. In this study, a promiscuous glycosyltransferase UGT84A95 was identified from P. barbatus. In vitro enzyme assays showed that UGT84A95 catalyzed the glucosylation of the phenol hydroxyl group of PhGs efficiently as well as other structurally diverse phenolic glycosides, including flavonoids, terpenoids, stilbene glycosides, coumarins, and simple polyphenols. By using UGT84A95, 12 glycosylated products were prepared and structurally identified by NMR spectroscopy, among which 7 are new compounds. These findings suggest that UGT84A95 could be a potential biocatalyst to synthesize multi-glycosylated glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Liping Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yibin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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15
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UDP-Glycosyltransferases in Edible Fungi: Function, Structure, and Catalytic Mechanism. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are the most studied glycosyltransferases, and belong to large GT1 family performing the key roles in antibiotic synthesis, the development of bacterial glycosyltransferase inhibitors, and in animal inflammation. They transfer the glycosyl groups from nucleotide UDP-sugars (UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-xylose, and UDP-rhamnose) to the acceptors including saccharides, proteins, lipids, and secondary metabolites. The present review summarized the recent of UDP-glycosyltransferases, including their structures, functions, and catalytic mechanism, especially in edible fungi. The future perspectives and new challenges were also summarized to understand of their structure–function relationships in the future. The outputs in this field could provide a reference to recognize function, structure, and catalytic mechanism of UDP-glycosyltransferases for understanding the biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites, such as hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, and polysaccharides in edible fungi.
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16
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Jung YS, Kim HG, Oh SM, Lee DY, Park CS, Kim DO, Baek NI. Synthesis of Alpha-Linked Glucosides from Soybean Isoflavone Aglycones Using Amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2430-2437. [PMID: 36701419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean isoflavone aglycones (SIAs) have many biological activities but are poorly water-soluble in the human body. Glycosylation provides structural diversity to SIAs and can alter their physicochemical properties, including water solubility. An alpha-linked glucosylation of SIA was achieved using amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis. A total of 13 alpha-linked glucosyl SIAs were obtained, and their colors in solution were confirmed. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by mass spectrometry and multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The amylosucrase transglycosylation formed new isoflavone glycosides with alpha glycosidic bonds at C-7 and/or C-4' of SIAs, followed by the production of isoflavone glycosides with alpha (1 → 6) glycosidic bonds. The products with a glucosyl moiety attached to the C-4' of SIAs were found to be more water-soluble than their counterparts attached to the C-7 and/or beta-linkages. This study suggests a strategy for the synthesis of bioactive compounds with enhanced water solubility through alpha-linked glucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sung Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Geun Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Min Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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17
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Li H, Lyv Y, Zhou S, Yu S, Zhou J. Microbial cell factories for the production of flavonoids-barriers and opportunities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127538. [PMID: 35777639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are natural plant products with important nutritional value, health-promoting benefits, and therapeutic potential. The use of microbial cell factories to generate flavonoids is an appealing option. The microbial biosynthesis of flavonoids is compared to the classic plant extract approach in this review, and the pharmaceutical applications were presented. This paper summarize approaches for effective flavonoid biosynthesis from microorganisms, and discuss the challenges and prospects of microbial flavonoid biosynthesis. Finally, the barriers and strategies for industrial bio-production of flavonoids are highlighted. This review offers guidance on how to create robust microbial cell factories for producing flavonoids and other relevant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yunbin Lyv
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shenghu Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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18
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Yan Y, Mo T, Huang W, Xu X, Tian W, Wang Y, Song Y, Li J, Shi S, Liu X, Tu P. Glycosylation of Aromatic Glycosides by a Promiscuous Glycosyltransferase UGT71BD1 from Cistanche tubulosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1826-1836. [PMID: 35791759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple-glycosylated glycosides are a major source of bioactive leads. However, most of the currently reported glycosyltransferases (GTases) mainly catalyze glycosylation of aglycones without sugar group substitution. GTases accepting diverse glycosides as substrates are rarely reported. In this article, a new GTase UGT71BD1 was identified from Cistanche tubulosa, a desert herb plant abundant with various phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs). Interestingly, UGT71BD1 showed no activity toward the aglycone of PhGs. Instead, it could catalyze the further glycosylation of PhG compounds to produce new phenylethanoid multiglycosylated glycosides, including the natural rarely separated tetraglycoside PhGs. Extensive assays found the unprecedented substrate promiscuity of UGT71BD1 toward diverse glycosides including flavonoid glycosides, stilbene glycosides, and coumarin glycosides, performing further mono- or diglycosylation with efficient conversion rates. Using UGT71BD1, six multiglycosylated glycosides were prepared and structurally identified by NMR spectroscopy. These products showed enhanced pharmacological activities compared with the substrates. Docking, dynamic simulation, and mutagenesis studies identified key residues for UGT71BD1's activity and revealed that the sugar modules in glycosides play crucial roles in substrate recognition, thus partly illuminating the unusual substrate preference of UGT71BD1 toward diverse glycosides. UGT71BD1 could be a potential enzyme tool for glycosylation of diverse glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Mo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shepo Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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19
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Dorjjugder N, Taguchi G. Production of Flavonoid 7-O-glucosides by Bioconversion Using Escherichia coli Expressing a 7-O-glucosyltransferase from Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3320-3329. [PMID: 35347669 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid 7-O-glucosides exhibit various biological activities; however, some are not abundant in nature. Therefore, a method to produce flavonoid 7-O-glucosides was investigated. Escherichia coli expressing tobacco-derived glucosyltransferase (Ec-NtGT2) converted several flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and naringenin) to their 7-O-glucosides with conversion rates of 67-98%. In scaled-up production, Ec-NtGT2 yielded 24 mg/L of apigenin 7-O-glucoside, 41 mg/L of luteolin 7-O-glucoside, 118 mg/L of quercetin 7-O-glucoside, 40 mg/L of kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, and 75 mg/L of naringenin 7-O-glucoside through sequential administration of substrates in 4-9 h. The conversion rates of apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and naringenin were 97%, 72%, 77%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. These results indicated that Ec-NtGT2 is a simple and efficient bioconversion system for the production of flavonoid 7-O-glucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasanjargal Dorjjugder
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Goro Taguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan.
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20
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Jiang Z, Gao H, Liu R, Xia M, Lu Y, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li D, Tong Y, Liu P, Liu Y, Luo Y, Gao J, Yin Y, Huang L, Gao W. Key Glycosyltransferase Genes of Panax notoginseng: Identification and Engineering Yeast Construction of Rare Ginsenosides. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2394-2404. [PMID: 35687875 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most famous valuable medical plants in China, and its broad application in clinical treatment has an inseparable relationship with the active molecules, ginsenosides. Ginsenosides are glycoside compounds that have varied structures for the diverse sugar chain. Although extensive work has been done, there are still unknown steps in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. Here, we screened candidate glycosyltransferase genes based on the previous genome and transcriptome data of P. notoginseng and cloned the full length of 27 UGT genes successfully. Among them, we found that PnUGT33 could catalyze different ginsenoside substrates to produce higher polarity rare ginsenosides by extending the sugar chain. We further analyzed the enzymatic kinetics and predicted the catalytic mechanism of PnUGT33 by simulating molecular docking. After that, we reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of rare ginsenoside Rg3 and gypenoside LXXV in yeast. By combining the Golden Gate method and overexpressing the UDPG biosynthetic genes, we further improved the yield of engineering yeast strain. Finally, the shake-flask culture yield of Rg3 reached 51 mg/L and the fed-batch fermentation yield of gypenoside LXXV reached 94.5 mg/L, which was the first and highest record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Panting Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yin
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sun W, Sun S, Xu H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xu X, Yi Y, Ju Z. Characterization of Two Key Flavonoid 3- O-Glycosyltransferases Involved in the Formation of Flower Color in Rhododendron Delavayi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863482. [PMID: 35651780 PMCID: PMC9149423 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flower color, largely determined by anthocyanin, is one of the most important ornamental values of Rhododendron delavayi. However, scant information of anthocyanin biosynthesis has been reported in R. delavayi. We found that anthocyanidin 3-O-glycosides were the predominant anthocyanins detected in R. delavayi flowers accounting for 93.68-96.31% of the total anthocyanins during its development, which indicated the key role of flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (3GT) on R. delavayi flower color formation. Subsequently, based on correlation analysis between anthocyanins accumulation and Rd3GTs expressions during flower development, Rd3GT1 and Rd3GT6 were preliminarily identified as the pivotal 3GT genes involved in the formation of color of R. delavayi flower. Tissue-specific expressions of Rd3GT1 and Rd3GT6 were examined, and their function as 3GT in vivo was confirmed through introducing into Arabidopsis UGT78D2 mutant and Nicotiana tabacum plants. Furthermore, biochemical characterizations showed that both Rd3GT1 and Rd3GT6 could catalyze the addition of UDP-sugar to the 3-OH of anthocyanidin, and preferred UDP-Gal as their sugar donor and cyanidin as the most efficient substrate. This study not only provides insights into the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in R. delavayi, but also makes contribution to understand the mechanisms of its flower color formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaorong Xu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yin Yi
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhigang Ju
- Pharmacy College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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22
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Xu Z, Hong LL, Liu CS, Kong JQ. Protein Engineering of PhUGT, a Donor Promiscuous Glycosyltransferase, for the Improved Enzymatic Synthesis of Antioxidant Quercetin 3- O- N-Acetylgalactosamine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4076-4085. [PMID: 35321541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin 3-O-N-acetylgalactosamine (Q3GalNAc), a derivative of dietary hyperoside, had never been enzymatically synthesized due to the lack of well-identified N-acetylgalactosamine-transferase (GalNAc-T). Herein, PhUGT, an identified flavonoid 3-O-galactosyltransferase from Petunia hybrida, was demonstrated to display quercetin GalNAc-T activity, transferring a N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) to the 3-OH of quercetin to form Q3GalNAc with a low conversion of 11.7% at 40 °C for 2 h. Protein engineering was thus performed, and the resultant PhUGT variant F368T got an enhanced conversion of 75.5% toward UDP-GalNAc. The enzymatically synthesized Q3GalNAc exhibited a comparable antioxidant activity with other quercetin 3-O-glycosides. Further studies revealed that PhUGT was a donor promiscuous glycosyltransferase (GT), recognizing seven sugar donors. This finding overturned a previous notion that PhUGT exclusively recognized UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal). The reason why PhUGT was mistaken for a UDP-Gal-specific GT was demonstrated to be a shorter reaction time, in which many quercetin 3-O-glycosides, except hyperoside, could not be effectively synthesized. The fact that the microbial cell factory expressing PhUGT could yield an array of Q3Gs further confirmed the donor promiscuity of PhUGT. This study laid a foundation for the scale production of Q3GalNAc and provided a potent biocatalyst capable of glycodiversifying quercetin as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li-Li Hong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing 100050, China
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23
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Pucker B, Selmar D. Biochemistry and Molecular Basis of Intracellular Flavonoid Transport in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070963. [PMID: 35406945 PMCID: PMC9002769 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a biochemically diverse group of specialized metabolites in plants that are derived from phenylalanine. While the biosynthesis of the flavonoid aglycone is highly conserved across species and well characterized, numerous species-specific decoration steps and their relevance remained largely unexplored. The flavonoid biosynthesis takes place at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), but accumulation of various flavonoids was observed in the central vacuole. A universal explanation for the subcellular transport of flavonoids has eluded researchers for decades. Current knowledge suggests that a glutathione S-transferase-like protein (ligandin) protects anthocyanins and potentially proanthocyanidin precursors during the transport to the central vacuole. ABCC transporters and to a lower extend MATE transporters sequester anthocyanins into the vacuole. Glycosides of specific proanthocyanidin precursors are sequestered through MATE transporters. A P-ATPase in the tonoplast and potentially other proteins generate the proton gradient that is required for the MATE-mediated antiport. Vesicle-mediated transport of flavonoids from the ER to the vacuole is considered as an alternative or additional route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dirk Selmar
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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24
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Pei T, Yan M, Li T, Li X, Yin Y, Cui M, Fang Y, Liu J, Kong Y, Xu P, Zhao Q. Characterization of UDP-glycosyltransferase family members reveals how major flavonoid glycoside accumulates in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:169. [PMID: 35232374 PMCID: PMC8888134 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonoid glycosides extracted from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis exhibit strong pharmaceutical antitumor, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) family members are responsible for the transfer of a glycosyl moiety from UDP sugars to a wide range of acceptor flavonoids. Baicalin is the major flavonoid glycoside found in S. baicalensis roots, and its aglycone baicalein is synthesized from a specially evolved pathway that has been elucidated. However, it is necessary to carry out a genome-wide study of genes involved in 7-O-glucuronidation, the final biosynthesis step of baicalin, which might elucidate the relationship between the enzymes and the metabolic accumulation patterns in this medicinal plant. Results We reported the phylogenetic analysis, tissue-specific expression, biochemical characterization and evolutionary analysis of glucosyltransferases (SbUGTs) and glucuronosyltransferases (SbUGATs) genes based on the recently released genome of S. baicalensis. A total of 124 UGTs were identified, and over one third of them were highly expressed in roots. In vitro enzyme assays showed that 6 SbUGTs could use UDP-glucose as a sugar donor and convert baicalein to oroxin A (baicalein 7-O-glucoside), while 4 SbUGATs used only UDP-glucuronic acid as the sugar donor and catalyzed baicalein to baicalin. SbUGAT4 and SbUGT2 are the most highly expressed SbUGAT and SbUGT genes in root tissues, respectively. Kinetic measurements revealed that SbUGAT4 had a lower Km value and higher Vmax/Km ratio to baicalein than those of SbUGT2. Furthermore, tandem duplication events were detected in SbUGTs and SbUGATs. Conclusions This study demonstrated that glucosylation and glucuronidation are two major glycosylated decorations in the roots of S. baicalensis. Higher expression level and affinity to substrate of SbUGAT4, and expansion of this gene family contribute high accumulation of baicalin in the root of S. baicalensis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08391-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mengxiao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Tian Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yijia Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Mengying Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yumin Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China. .,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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25
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He B, Bai X, Tan Y, Xie W, Feng Y, Yang GY. Glycosyltransferases: Mining, engineering and applications in biosynthesis of glycosylated plant natural products. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:602-620. [PMID: 35261926 PMCID: PMC8883072 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the transfer of nucleotide-activated sugars to specific acceptors, among which the GT1 family enzymes are well-known for their function in biosynthesis of natural product glycosides. Elucidating GT function represents necessary step in metabolic engineering of aglycone glycosylation to produce drug leads, cosmetics, nutrients and sweeteners. In this review, we systematically summarize the phylogenetic distribution and catalytic diversity of plant GTs. We also discuss recent progress in the identification of novel GT candidates for synthesis of plant natural products (PNPs) using multi-omics technology and deep learning predicted models. We also highlight recent advances in rational design and directed evolution engineering strategies for new or improved GT functions. Finally, we cover recent breakthroughs in the application of GTs for microbial biosynthesis of some representative glycosylated PNPs, including flavonoid glycosides (fisetin 3-O-glycosides, astragalin, scutellarein 7-O-glucoside), terpenoid glycosides (rebaudioside A, ginsenosides) and polyketide glycosides (salidroside, polydatin).
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26
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Zhang LJ, Wang DG, Zhang P, Wu C, Li YZ. Promiscuity Characteristics of Versatile Plant Glycosyltransferases for Natural Product Glycodiversification. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:812-819. [PMID: 35076210 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycodiversification can optimize the properties of pharmaceutical compounds, and versatile glycosyltransferases (GTs) are the key enzymatic toolkits to achieve this goal. Plant GTs in the GT1 family (GT1-pGTs) have attracted much attention due to their promising substrate promiscuity, but previous investigations on GT1-pGTs were mainly conducted sporadically and without systematic phylogenetic comparisons. In this study, we exemplified the phylogeny-guided characterization of highly promiscuous GT1-pGTs from the contemporary surge of genomic information. All the available GT1-pGT sequences in the database were analyzed to explore the relationships between the substrate promiscuity and the phylogeny of GT1-pGTs. This systematic phylogenetic analysis directed us to choose 29 anonymous GT sequences from different evolutionary branches to probe their substrate promiscuity toward 10 aromatic compounds differing in chemical scaffolds. We found that promiscuous plant GTs (PPGTs) active toward ≥3 substrates were widely distributed in different clades but particularly enriched in the one containing the known promiscuous enzyme GuGT10. Ten highly promiscuous plant GTs were found to tolerate a wide spectrum (≥8) of substrates and inclusively catalyze the formation of O-, N-, and S-glycosidic bonds. The promiscuity of these 10 PPGTs was further tested using 15 sugar donors. Finally, we characterized FiGT2 that simultaneously exhibited pronounced promiscuity in terms of both the sugar acceptor and sugar donor. All in all, this study paves the way to unearth many more PPGTs and thus strengthen the enzymatic toolkit for the sustainable production of valuable glycosides through a synthetic biological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, P. R. China
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27
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Huang W, He Y, Jiang R, Deng Z, Long F. Functional and Structural Dissection of a Plant Steroid 3-O-Glycosyltransferase Facilitated the Engineering Enhancement of Sugar Donor Promiscuity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Renwang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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28
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Docking-guided rational engineering of a macrolide glycosyltransferase glycodiversifies epothilone B. Commun Biol 2022; 5:100. [PMID: 35087210 PMCID: PMC8795383 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases typically display acceptor substrate flexibility but more stringent donor specificity. BsGT-1 is a highly effective glycosyltransferase to glycosylate macrolides, including epothilones, promising antitumor compounds. Here, we show that BsGT-1 has three major regions significantly influencing the glycodiversification of epothilone B based on structural molecular docking, "hot spots" alanine scanning, and site saturation mutagenesis. Mutations in the PSPG-like motif region and the C2 loop region are more likely to expand donor preference; mutations of the flexible N3 loop region located at the mouth of the substrate-binding cavity produce novel epothilone oligosaccharides. These "hot spots" also functioned in homologues of BsGT-1. The glycosides showed significantly enhanced water solubility and decreased cytotoxicity, although the glycosyl appendages of epothilone B also reduced drug permeability and attenuated antitumor efficacy. This study laid a foundation for the rational engineering of other GTs to synthesize valuable small molecules.
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29
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Guo S, Wang M, Xu W, Zou F, Lin J, Peng Q, Xu W, Xu S, Shi X. Rapid screening of glycosyltransferases in plants using a linear DNA expression template based cell-free transcription-translation system. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113007. [PMID: 34768185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have an extensively large number of enzymes including glycosyltransferases that are important in the biosynthesis of natural products. However, it is time-consuming and challenging to study these enzymes and only a small percentage of them have been well-characterized. Here, we report a rapid method to screen plant glycosyltransferases using a linear DNA expression template (LET) based cell-free transcription-translation system (TX-TL). As a proof of concept, we amplified and tested glycosyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and showed that the catalytic activity results of these glycosyltransferases from LET-based-TX-TL were consistent with previous studies. We then chose a local medicinal plant Anoectochilus roxburghii, acquired its transcriptome sequences, and applied this method to study its glycosyltransferases. We rapidly expressed all the putative UDP-glucose glycosyltransferases using LET-based-TX-TL and discovered 6 unreported active glycosyltransferases which can catalyze the glycosylation of quercetin into isoquercitrin. Thus, LET-based-TX-TL was shown to be a powerful tool for researchers to rapidly screen plant glycosyltransferases for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Guo
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
| | - Mingdi Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Fuxian Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Qin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Xianai Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
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30
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Wen Z, Zhang ZM, Zhong L, Fan J, Li M, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Guo B, Chen B, Wang JB. Directed Evolution of a Plant Glycosyltransferase for Chemo- and Regioselective Glycosylation of Pharmaceutically Significant Flavonoids. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqian Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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Yuan JC, Xiong RL, Zhu TT, Ni R, Fu J, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Cloning and functional characterization of three flavonoid O-glucosyltransferase genes from the liverworts Marchantia emarginata and Marchantia paleacea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:495-504. [PMID: 34166976 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides are important plant secondary metabolites with broad pharmacological activities. Flavonoid glycosides are generated from aglycones, in reactions catalyzed by typical uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Liverworts produce various types of flavonoid glycosides; however, only two UGTs have been characterized from liverworts to date. Here, we isolated three genes encoding UGTs (MeUGT1, MeUGT2, and MpalUGT1) from the liverwort species Marchantia emarginata and Marchantia paleacea through transcriptome sequencing. Recombinant MeUGT1, MeUGT2, and MpalUGT1 proteins heterologously produced in Escherichia coli exhibited catalytic activity towards multiple flavonoids. MeUGT1 and MpalUGT1 catalyzed the glycosylation of flavonols into the corresponding 3-O-glucosides with UDP-glucose as the sugar donor, while MeUGT2 exhibited a wider substrate specificity that included flavonols, flavones, and flavanones. When MeUGT2 was expressed in E. coli, the yield of flavonol 3-O-glucosides reached to 40-60% with feeding of the substrates kaempferol or quercetin under optimal conditions. Furthermore, heterologous expression of MeUGT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased the flavonol glycoside contents in the plants. Therefore, the UGTs characterized in this study could provide new data that will be useful for examining flavonoid biosynthesis in liverworts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Cong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Rui-Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Kuang Y, Chai Y, Xu L, Wang Z, Liang L, Qiao X, Ye M. Glabrone as a specific UGT1A9 probe substrate and its application in discovering the inhibitor glycycoumarin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105786. [PMID: 33684484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) is one of the most important UGT isoforms, and plays an important role in the metabolic elimination of therapeutic drugs via glucuronidation. Herbal medicines affecting the activity of UGT1A9 may influence the metabolism of related drugs, thus causing herb-drug interactions and even adverse effects. However, few methods are available to evaluate the activity of UGT1A9. In this study, a natural product glabrone was discovered as an isoform-specific probe substrate for UGT1A9. The Vmax and Km values of glabrone were 362.6 nmol/min/mg protein and 17.2 μM for human liver microsomes (HLMs), and 382.3 nmol/min/mg protein and 16.6 μM for recombinant human UGT1A9, respectively. Glabrone 7-O-glucuronide, the UGT1A9 metabolite of glabrone, was prepared by using a plant glucuronosyltransferase UGT88D1, and the structure was identified by NMR spectroscopy. Using glabrone as a probe, we established a rapid HPLC method to screen UGT1A9 inhibitors from 54 natural products isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine licorice. Among them, glycycoumarin was found as a potent UGT1A9 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6.04 μM. In rats, the pretreatment of glycycoumarin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days could remarkably increase the plasma concentrations of dapagliflozin while decrease the concentrations of dapagliflozin-O-glucuronide after administration of dapagliflozin (1 mg/kg, i.v.), which is mainly metabolized by UGT1A9. The results indicated the potential risk of herb-drug interactions between licorice and UGT1A9-metabolizing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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33
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Promiscuity and specificity of eukaryotic glycosyltransferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:891-900. [PMID: 32539082 PMCID: PMC7329348 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are a large family of enzymes responsible for covalently linking sugar monosaccharides to a variety of organic substrates. These enzymes drive the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides known as glycans, which play key roles in inter-cellular interactions across all the kingdoms of life; they also catalyze sugar attachment during the synthesis of small-molecule metabolites such as plant flavonoids. A given glycosyltransferase enzyme is typically responsible for attaching a specific donor monosaccharide, via a specific glycosidic linkage, to a specific moiety on the acceptor substrate. However these enzymes are often promiscuous, able catalyze linkages between a variety of donors and acceptors. In this review we discuss distinct classes of glycosyltransferase promiscuity, each illustrated by enzymatic examples from small-molecule or glycan synthesis. We highlight the physical causes of promiscuity, and its biochemical consequences. Structural studies of glycosyltransferases involved in glycan synthesis show that they make specific contacts with ‘recognition motifs’ that are much smaller than the full oligosaccharide substrate. There is a wide range in the sizes of glycosyltransferase recognition motifs: highly promiscuous enzymes recognize monosaccharide or disaccharide motifs across multiple oligosaccharides, while highly specific enzymes recognize large, complex motifs found on few oligosaccharides. In eukaryotes, the localization of glycosyltransferases within compartments of the Golgi apparatus may play a role in mitigating the glycan variability caused by enzyme promiscuity.
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Ye J, Ye Z, Zhu R, Xie G, Zhao Y, Qin M. Iris domestica (iso)flavone 7- and 3'-O-Glycosyltransferases Can Be Induced by CuCl 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:632557. [PMID: 33633770 PMCID: PMC7900552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In many plants, isoflavones are the main secondary metabolites that have various pharmacological activities, but the low water solubility of aglycones limits their usage. The O-glycosylation of (iso)flavones is a promising way to overcome this barrier. O-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of (iso)flavonoid O-glycosides in plants. However, limited investigations on isoflavonoid O-UGTs have been reported, and they mainly focused on legumes. Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt et Mabberley is a non-legume plant rich in various isoflavonoid glycosides. However, there are no reports regarding its glycosylation mechanism, despite the I. domestica transcriptome previously being annotated as having non-active isoflavone 7-O-UGTs. Our previous experiments indicated that isoflavonoid glycosides were induced by CuCl2 in I. domestica calli; therefore, we hypothesized that isoflavone O-UGTs may be induced by Cu2+. Thus, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed using I. domestica seedlings treated with CuCl2, and eight new active BcUGTs were obtained. Biochemical analyses showed that most of the active BcUGTs had broad substrate spectra; however, substrates lacking 5-OH were rarely catalyzed. Real-time quantitative PCR results further indicated that the transcriptional levels of BcUGTs were remarkably induced by Cu2+. Our study increases the understanding of UGTs and isoflavone biosynthesis in non-legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoyong Xie
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjian Qin
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Traditional Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Dissection of the general two-step di- C-glycosylation pathway for the biosynthesis of (iso)schaftosides in higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30816-30823. [PMID: 33199630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012745117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schaftoside and isoschaftoside are bioactive natural products widely distributed in higher plants including cereal crops and medicinal herbs. Their biosynthesis may be related with plant defense. However, little is known on the glycosylation biosynthetic pathway of these flavonoid di-C-glycosides with different sugar residues. Herein, we report that the biosynthesis of (iso)schaftosides is sequentially catalyzed by two C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs), i.e., CGTa for C-glucosylation of the 2-hydroxyflavanone aglycone and CGTb for C-arabinosylation of the mono-C-glucoside. The two enzymes of the same plant exhibit high homology but remarkably different sugar acceptor and donor selectivities. A total of 14 CGTa and CGTb enzymes were cloned and characterized from seven dicot and monocot plants, including Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica, and Zea mays, and the in vivo functions for three enzymes were verified by RNA interference and overexpression. Through transcriptome analysis, we found homologous genes in 119 other plants, indicating this pathway is general for the biosynthesis of (iso)schaftosides. Furthermore, we resolved the crystal structures of five CGTs and realized the functional switch of SbCGTb to SbCGTa by structural analysis and mutagenesis of key amino acids. The CGT enzymes discovered in this paper allow efficient synthesis of (iso)schaftosides, and the general glycosylation pathway presents a platform to study the chemical defense mechanisms of higher plants.
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37
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Huang W, He Q, Zhou ZR, He HB, Jiang RW. Enzymatic Synthesis of Puerarin Glucosides Using Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase with Enhanced Antiosteoporosis Activity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12251-12258. [PMID: 32548408 PMCID: PMC7271355 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin (PU) is the most abundant isoflavone from the root of Pueraria lobata and exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability limit its use. Enzymatic transglycosylation is emerging as a new strategy to improve the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of natural products for drug development. In this study, three PU glucosides (PU-G, PU-2G, and PU-3G) were synthesized by using a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus licheniformis with PU as the acceptor and α-cyclodextrin as the sugar donor. The transglycosylation products were isolated and structurally identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The water solubilities of PU-G, PU-2G, and PU-3G were 15.6, 100.9, and 179.1 times higher than that of PU, respectively. Moreover, the antiosteoporosis activities of these glucosides were tested, and PU-G was found to show much more potent antiosteoporosis activity as compared to the original PU.
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38
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Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Lee EY. Flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyketide antibiotics: Role of glycosylation and biocatalytic tactics in engineering glycosylation. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107550. [PMID: 32360984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyketides are structurally diverse secondary metabolites used widely as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Most of these molecules exist in nature as glycosides, in which sugar residues act as a decisive factor in their architectural complexity and bioactivity. Engineering glycosylation through selective trimming or extension of the sugar residues in these molecules is a prerequisite to their commercial production as well to creating novel derivatives with specialized functions. Traditional chemical glycosylation methods are tedious and can offer only limited end-product diversity. New in vitro and in vivo biocatalytic tools have emerged as outstanding platforms for engineering glycosylation in these three classes of secondary metabolites to create a large repertoire of versatile glycoprofiles. As knowledge has increased about secondary metabolite-associated promiscuous glycosyltransferases and sugar biosynthetic machinery, along with phenomenal progress in combinatorial biosynthesis, reliable industrial production of unnatural secondary metabolites has gained momentum in recent years. This review highlights the significant role of sugar residues in naturally occurring flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyketide antibiotics. General biocatalytic tools used to alter the identity and pattern of sugar molecules are described, followed by a detailed illustration of diverse strategies used in the past decade to engineer glycosylation of these valuable metabolites, exemplified with commercialized products and patents. By addressing the challenges involved in current bio catalytic methods and considering the perspectives portrayed in this review, exceptional drugs, flavors, and aromas from these small molecules could come to dominate the natural-product industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Qiu F, Zeng J, Wang J, Huang JP, Zhou W, Yang C, Lan X, Chen M, Huang SX, Kai G, Liao Z. Functional genomics analysis reveals two novel genes required for littorine biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1906-1914. [PMID: 31705812 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Some medicinal plants of the Solanaceae produce pharmaceutical tropane alkaloids (TAs), such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Littorine is a key biosynthetic intermediate in the hyoscyamine and scopolamine biosynthetic pathways. However, the mechanism underlying littorine formation from the precursors phenyllactate and tropine is not completely understood. Here, we report the elucidation of littorine biosynthesis through a functional genomics approach and functional identification of two novel biosynthesis genes that encode phenyllactate UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT1) and littorine synthase (LS). UGT1 and LS are highly and specifically expressed in Atropa belladonna secondary roots. Suppression of either UGT1 or LS disrupted the biosynthesis of littorine and its TA derivatives (hyoscyamine and scopolamine). Purified His-tagged UGT1 catalysed phenyllactate glycosylation to form phenyllactylglucose. UGT1 and LS co-expression in tobacco leaves led to littorine synthesis if tropine and phenyllactate were added. This identification of UGT1 and LS provides the missing link in littorine biosynthesis. The results pave the way for producing hyoscyamine and scopolamine for medical use by metabolic engineering or synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Junlan Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China
| | - Chunxian Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Tibetan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi of Tibet, 860000, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Jung YS, Kim YJ, Kim AT, Jang D, Kim MS, Seo DH, Nam TG, Rha CS, Park CS, Kim DO. Enrichment of Polyglucosylated Isoflavones from Soybean Isoflavone Aglycones Using Optimized Amylosucrase Transglycosylation. Molecules 2020; 25:E181. [PMID: 31906359 PMCID: PMC6982859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones in soybeans are well-known phytoestrogens. Soy isoflavones present in conjugated forms are converted to aglycone forms during processing and storage. Isoflavone aglycones (IFAs) of soybeans in human diets have poor solubility in water, resulting in low bioavailability and bioactivity. Enzyme-mediated glycosylation is an efficient and environmentally friendly way to modify the physicochemical properties of soy IFAs. In this study, we determined the optimal reaction conditions for Deinococcus geothermalis amylosucrase-mediated α-1,4 glycosylation of IFA-rich soybean extract to improve the bioaccessibility of IFAs. The conversion yields of soy IFAs were in decreasing order as follows: genistein > daidzein > glycitein. An enzyme quantity of 5 U and donor:acceptor ratios of 1000:1 (glycitein) and 400:1 (daidzein and genistein) resulted in high conversion yield (average 95.7%). These optimal reaction conditions for transglycosylation can be used to obtain transglycosylated IFA-rich functional ingredients from soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sung Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.S.J.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (D.J.); (C.-S.P.)
| | - Aaron Taehwan Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.S.J.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Davin Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (D.J.); (C.-S.P.)
| | - Mi-Seon Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (D.J.); (C.-S.P.)
| | - Dong-Ho Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Tae Gyu Nam
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Chan-Su Rha
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.S.J.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (D.J.); (C.-S.P.)
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.S.J.); (A.T.K.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (D.J.); (C.-S.P.)
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Yi S, Kuang T, Miao Y, Xu Y, Wang Z, Dong LB, Tan N. Discovery and characterization of four glycosyltransferases involved in anthraquinone glycoside biosynthesis in Rubia yunnanensis. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four new glycosyltransferases, which were discovered from Rubia yunnanensis for mediating anthraquinone glycoside biosynthesis, were identified through the analysis of broad substrates, sugar promiscuous, and regioselective glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Tongdong Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Yuanyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Yanqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
| | - Ninghua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
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42
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Harwoko H, Hartmann R, Daletos G, Ancheeva E, Frank M, Liu Z, Proksch P. Biotransformation of Host Plant Flavonoids by the Fungal Endophyte
Epicoccum nigrum. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harwoko Harwoko
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine University Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jalan dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal 53123 Purwokerto Indonesia
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems: Strukturbiochemie (ICS-6)Forschungszentrum Jülich Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse 52428 Juelich Germany
| | - Georgios Daletos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine University Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Elena Ancheeva
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine University Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Marian Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine University Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine University Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine University Universitaetsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23 40225 Duesseldorf Germany
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Comparative Analysis of Radical Adduct Formation (RAF) Products and Antioxidant Pathways between Myricetin-3- O-Galactoside and Myricetin Aglycone. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152769. [PMID: 31366105 PMCID: PMC6696482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological process, 3-O-galactosylation, is important in plant cells. To understand the mechanism of the reduction of flavonol antioxidative activity by 3-O-galactosylation, myricetin-3-O-galactoside (M3OGa) and myricetin aglycone were each incubated with 2 mol α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and subsequently comparatively analyzed for radical adduct formation (RAF) products using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) technology. The analyses revealed that M3OGa afforded an M3OGa–DPPH adduct (m/z 873.1573) and an M3OGa–M3OGa dimer (m/z 958.1620). Similarly, myricetin yielded a myricetin–DPPH adduct (m/z 711.1039) and a myricetin–myricetin dimer (m/z 634.0544). Subsequently, M3OGa and myricetin were compared using three redox-dependent antioxidant analyses, including DPPH•-trapping analysis, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-trapping analysis, and •O2 inhibition analysis. In the three analyses, M3OGa always possessed higher IC50 values than those of myricetin. Conclusively, M3OGa and its myricetin aglycone could trap the free radical via a chain reaction comprising of a propagation step and a termination step. At the propagation step, both M3OGa and myricetin could trap radicals through redox-dependent antioxidant pathways. The 3-O-galactosylation process, however, could limit these pathways; thus, M3OGa is an inferior antioxidant compared to its myricetin aglycone. Nevertheless, 3-O-galactosylation has a negligible effect on the termination step. This 3-O-galactosylation effect has provided novel evidence that the difference in the antioxidative activities of phytophenols exists at the propagation step rather than the termination step.
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