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Jin Z, Wang Y, Han M, Wang L, Lin F, Jia Q, Ren W, Xu J, Yang W, Zhao GA, Sun X, Jing C. Tumor microenvironment-responsive size-changeable and biodegradable HA-CuS/MnO 2 nanosheets for MR imaging and synergistic chemodynamic therapy/phototherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 238:113921. [PMID: 38631280 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive size-changeable and biodegradable nanoplatforms for multimodal therapy possess huge advantages in anti-tumor therapy. Hence, we developed a hyaluronic acid (HA) modified CuS/MnO2 nanosheets (HCMNs) as a multifunctional nanoplatform for synergistic chemodynamic therapy (CDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT). The prepared HCMNs exhibited significant NIR light absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency because of the densely deposited ultra-small sized CuS nanoparticles on the surface of MnO2 nanosheet. They could precisely target the tumor cells and rapidly decomposed into small sized nanostructures in the TME, and then efficiently promote intracellular ROS generation through a series of cascade reactions. Moreover, the local temperature elevation induced by photothermal effect also promote the PDT based on CuS nanoparticles and the Fenton-like reaction of Mn2+, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficiency. Furthermore, the T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was significantly enhanced by the abundant Mn2+ ions from the decomposition process of HCMNs. In addition, the CDT/PTT/PDT synergistic therapy using a single NIR light source exhibited considerable anti-tumor effect via in vitro cell test. Therefore, the developed HCMNs will provide great potential for MR imaging and multimodal synergistic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jin
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Xinxiang Neural Sensor and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Yunkai Wang
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Miaomiao Han
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Fei Lin
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Qianfang Jia
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Wu Ren
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Guo-An Zhao
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Xuming Sun
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Xinxiang Neural Sensor and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Changqin Jing
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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Di Y, Deng R, Liu Z, Mao Y, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Wang S. Optimized strategies of ROS-based nanodynamic therapies for tumor theranostics. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122391. [PMID: 37995457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of tumor growth, metastasis, death and other biological processes. ROS-based nanodynamic therapies (NDTs) are becoming attractive due to non-invasive, low side effects and tumor-specific advantages. NDTs have rapidly developed into numerous branches, such as photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy and so on. However, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and the limitations of existing sensitizers have greatly restricted the therapeutic effects of NDTs, which heavily rely on ROS levels. To address the limitations of NDTs, various strategies have been developed to increase ROS yield, which is an urgent aspect for the positive development of NDTs. In this review, the nanodynamic potentiation strategies in terms of unique properties and universalities of NDTs are comprehensively outlined. We mainly summarize the current dilemmas faced by each NDT and the respective solutions. Meanwhile, the NDTs universalities-based potentiation strategies and NDTs-based combined treatments are elaborated. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the key issues and challenges faced in the development and clinical transformation of NDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Di
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Ruizhu Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Yuling Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Yikun Gao
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qinfu Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
| | - Siling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
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Xia D, Zhang X, Hao H, Jiang W, Chen C, Li H, Feng L, Li J, Wu Y, Zhang L, Hu Y. Strategies to prolong drug retention in solid tumors by aggregating Endo-CMC nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 360:705-717. [PMID: 37423525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a highly effective nano-drug delivery system with sufficient drug permeability and retention in tumors is still a major challenge for oncotherapy. Herein, a tumor microenvironment responsive, aggregable nanocarriers embedded hydrogel (Endo-CMC@hydrogel) was developed to inhibit the tumoral angiogenesis and hypoxia for enhanced radiotherapy. The antiangiogenic drug (recombinant human endostatin, Endo) loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (Endo-CMC NPs) was wrapped by 3D hydrogel to comprise the Endo-CMC@hydrogel. After peritumoral injection, the Endo-CMC NPs were released, invaded deeply into the solid tumor, and cross-linked with intratumoral calcium ions. The cross-linking process enabled these Endo-CMC NPs to form larger particles, leading to long retention in tumor tissue to minimize premature clearance. This Endo-CMC@hydrogel, integrating the abilities of good tumoral penetration, long retention of anti-drug, and alleviation of hypoxia in tumor tissue, greatly improved the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy. This work provides a proof-of-concept of tumor microenvironment-responding and an aggregable nano-drug delivery system as promising antitumor drug carriers for effective tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Xia
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China; College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226362, China
| | - Huang Hao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China; School of Health Medicine, Nantong Institute of Technology, Nantong, Jiangsu 226002, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Haoming Li
- Medical school, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Linzi Feng
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nantong Geriatric Rehabilitation Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
| | - Yong Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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Yan W, Guo B, Wang Z, Yang J, Zhong Z, Meng F. RGD-directed 24 nm micellar docetaxel enables elevated tumor-liver ratio, deep tumor penetration and potent suppression of solid tumors. J Control Release 2023; 360:304-315. [PMID: 37356754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines while showing a great potential in improving the performance of chemotherapeutics like docetaxel (DTX) are distressed by a high liver deposition and poor tumor penetration, which might not only cause liver toxicity but also moderate therapeutic effect. Herein, we report that cRGD-directed 24 nm disulfide-crosslinked micellar docetaxel (cRGD-MDTX) presents low liver accumulation, high tumor uptake, and deep tumor penetration, leading to the potent suppression of different solid tumors. cRGD-MDTX was optimized with a cRGD density of 4% and DTX loading of 10 wt%. Interestingly, cRGD-MDTX enabled an extraordinary tumor-liver ratio of 2.8/1 with a DTX uptake of 8.3 %ID/g in αvβ3 over-expressing PC3 prostate tumor. The therapeutic studies demonstrated striking antitumor effects of cRGD-MDTX toward PC3 prostate tumor, prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX), orthotopic A549-Luc lung cancer and orthotopic SKOV3-Luc ovarian tumor models, in which tumor growth was effectually inhibited and 6-8 times better improvement of median survival time over free DTX was observed. This small disulfide-crosslinked micellar drug capable of relegating liver deposition opens a new avenue to nanomedicines for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Yan
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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5
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Overcoming tumor and mucosal barriers through active-loaded nanocarriers: nanoparticles and exosomes. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Tong L, Zhang S, Huang R, Yi H, Wang JW. Extracellular vesicles as a novel photosensitive drug delivery system for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1032318. [PMID: 36237218 PMCID: PMC9550933 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1032318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive therapeutic approach that utilizes photosensitizers (PSs) to generate highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, for removal of targeted cells. PDT has been proven efficacious for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetic ocular disease. However, the therapeutic efficacy of PDT is limited and often accompanied by side effects, largely due to non-specific delivery of PSs beyond the desired lesion site. Over the past decade, despite various nanoparticular drug delivery systems developed have markedly improved the treatment efficacy while reducing the off-target effects of PSs, concerns over the safety and toxicity of synthetic nanomaterials following intravenous administration are raised. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a type of nanoparticle released from cells, are emerging as a natural drug delivery system for PSs in light of EV's potentially low immunogenicity and biocompatibility compared with other nanoparticles. This review aims to provide an overview of the research progress in PS delivery systems and propose EVs as an alternative PS delivery system for PDT. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives of EVs for PS delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Tong
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rong Huang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Wang H, Monroe M, Leslie F, Flexner C, Cui H. Supramolecular nanomedicines through rational design of self-assembling prodrugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:510-521. [PMID: 35459589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the development of nanomaterials have led to the creation of a plethora of functional constructs as drug delivery vehicles to address many dire medical needs. The emerging prodrug strategy provides an alternative solution to create nanomedicines of extreme simplicity by directly using the therapeutic agents as molecular building blocks. This Review outlines different prodrug-based drug delivery systems, highlights the advantages of the prodrug strategy for therapeutic delivery, and demonstrates how combinations of different functionalities - such as stimuli responsiveness, targeting propensity, and multidrug conjugation - can be incorporated into designed prodrug delivery systems. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges facing this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maya Monroe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Faith Leslie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Charles Flexner
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Center of Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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8
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Zhou Y, Liu R, Shevtsov M, Gao H. When imaging meets size-transformable nanosystems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114176. [PMID: 35227872 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging techniques, including magnetic, optical, acoustic and nuclear imaging, are gaining popularity as a research tool and clinical diagnostics. The advent of imaging agents-incorporated nanosystems (NSs), with sufficient contrast and high resolution, facilitates better monitoring of disease progression, targeted delivery and therapeutic process. Of note, the size of NSs remarkably affects imaging performance, while both large and small NSs enjoy respective features and superiority for imaging aspect, including penetration depth, signal-to-background ratio and spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, after a systematic summary of the basic knowledge of imaging techniques and its relation with size-tunable strategies, we further provide insights into the opportunities and challenges facing size-transformable NSs of the future for bio-imaging application and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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9
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Luan S, Xie R, Yang Y, Xiao X, Zhou J, Li X, Fang P, Zeng X, Yu X, Chen M, Gao H, Yuan Y. Acid-Responsive Aggregated Gold Nanoparticles for Radiosensitization and Synergistic Chemoradiotherapy in the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer. SMALL 2022; 18:e2200115. [PMID: 35261151 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are limited by insufficient therapeutic efficacy of low-dose radiation and nonspecific drug biodistribution. Herein, an acid-responsive aggregated nanosystem (AuNPs-D-P-DA) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) is designed for radiosensitization and synergistic chemoradiotherapy. In response to the acid microenvironment of esophageal cancer (EC), small-sized AuNPs-D-P-DA forms large-sized gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) aggregates in tumor tissues to hinder the backflow of AuNPs to the circulation, resulting in enhanced tumor accumulation and retention. Simultaneously, the AuNPs-based radiosensitization is significantly improved because of the high concentration and large size of intratumoral AuNPs, while DOX are delivered and released specifically into tumor cells triggered by the acid microenvironment for chemo-radio synergistic therapy. Acid-responsive AuNPs exacerbate radiation-induced DNA damage, cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and low colony formation ability in vitro and enhance anti-tumor efficacy in vivo compared to un-responsive control. When combined with acid-responsive DOX, the therapeutic efficacy of the formulation is further improved by their synergistic effect. After the treatment of acid-responsive AuNPs plus radiotherapy, fatty acid metabolism is reprogrammed in xenograft models, which provides potential targets for further improvement of radiosensitization. In summary, the acid-responsive AuNPs-D-P-DA nanosystem leverages the radio- and chemotherapeutic synergies of AuNPs-sensitized X-ray irradiation and acid-responsive DOX in the treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Luan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Rou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yushang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Pinhao Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Zeng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrong Yu
- Department of Radiology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, P. R. China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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Jia W, Liu R, Wang Y, Hu C, Yu W, Zhou Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Gao H, Gao X. Dual-responsive nanoparticles with transformable shape and reversible charge for amplified chemo-photodynamic therapy of breast cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3354-3366. [PMID: 35967278 PMCID: PMC9366228 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we designed a dual-response shape transformation and charge reversal strategy with chemo-photodynamic therapy to improve the blood circulation time, tumor penetration and retention, which finally enhanced the anti-tumor effect. In the system, hydrophobic photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), hydrophilic chemotherapeutic drug berberrubine (BBR) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) response peptide (PLGVRKLVFF) were coupled by linkers to form a linear triblock molecule BBR-PLGVRKLVFF-Ce6 (BPC), which can self-assemble into nanoparticles. Then, positively charged BPC and polyethylene glycol-histidine (PEG-His) were mixed to form PEG-His@BPC with negative surface charge and long blood circulation time. Due to the acidic tumor microenvironment, the PEG shell was detached from PEG-His@BPC attributing to protonation of the histidine, which achieved charge reversal, size reduction and enhanced tumor penetration. At the same time, enzyme cutting site was exposed, and the spherical nanoparticles could transform into nanofibers following the enzymolysis by MMP-2, while BBR was released to kill tumors by inducing apoptosis. Compared with original nanoparticles, the nanofibers with photosensitizer Ce6 retained within tumor site for a longer time. Collectively, we provided a good example to fully use the intrinsic properties of different drugs and linkers to construct tumor microenvironment-responsive charge reversal and shape transformable nanoparticles with synergistic antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yushan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 18780288069; +86 19983187916.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 18780288069; +86 19983187916.
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11
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Suresh D, Suresh A, Kannan R. Engineering biomolecular systems: Controlling the self-assembly of gelatin to form ultra-small bioactive nanomaterials. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:321-336. [PMID: 35415301 PMCID: PMC8965973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of nanocarriers determines the biological property of the materials, especially as it relates to intratumoral distribution. Previous research has shown that sizes of 10–50 nm penetrate deep inside the tumor, resulting in better efficacy. On the other hand, studies have shown that gelatin exhibits excellent biological properties, including compatibility, degradability, and toxicity. Therefore, FDA approved gelatin as a safe material to use as an excipient in injectables. The bottleneck is the nonexistence of smaller-sized gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) to realize the full potential of these biomaterials. Yet, GNPs with sizes of less than 50 nm have not been reported; the synthetic strategy reported in the literature uses “uncontrolled crosslinking coupled with nanoprecipitation”, resulting in larger particle size. We have developed a new method to self-assemble gelatin strands by using an anionic, phosphate-based crosslinker and controlled precipitation. The method we developed produced ultra-small gelatin nanoparticles (GX) of size 10 nm with a high degree of reproducibility, and it was characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), High-resolution transmission, and scanning electron microscopy (HR-TEM/STEM). We also explored GX as a bioactive platform to encapsulate imaging and therapy agents within the cavity. Interestingly, we were able to encapsulate 2 nm size gold nanoparticles within the void of GX. The versatile nature of the GX particles was further demonstrated by surface functionalizing with larger size gelatin nanoparticles to form core-satellite nanocomposites. Additionally, we studied the tumor penetrability of dye-tagged 10, 50, and 200 nm gelatin nanoparticles. The study showed that smaller size gelatin nanoparticles penetrate deeper tumor regions than larger particles. In general, GX was efficient in penetrating the inner region of the spheroids. The results demonstrate the potential capabilities of ultra-small GX nanoparticles for multi-staged payload delivery, diagnostics, and cancer therapy. Synthesized 10 nm-size gelatin nanoparticles (GX) using controlled self-assembly process. GX was used as a platform to encapsulate imaging and therapeutic agents. In addition, smaller size gold nanoparticles also were encapsulated. The surface of GX was used to attach with gold or larger size gelatin nanoparticles. Using tumor spheroids, we demonstrated that GX show enhanced enhancedtumor penetrability.
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Xue Y, Bai S, Wang L, Luo S, Zhang Z, Gong T, Zhang L. A dual-responsive nanoplatform with feedback amplification improves antitumor efficacy of photodynamic therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2758-2770. [PMID: 35113116 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06875j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A good photosensitizer (PS) delivery system could enhance the efficiency and reduce the side effects of anti-tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) by improving accumulation in the tumor, uptake by tumor cells, and intracellular release of the PS. Thus, we rationally developed a multi-stimulus-responsive PS nanocarrier with a double-layered core-shell structure: mPEG-azo-hyaluronic acid-sulfide-Ce6 (PaHAsC). In PaHAsC, the mPEG coat provides protection before entering the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, where mPEG leaves to expose the HA layer. HA then targets overexpressed CD44 on tumor cells for enhanced internalization. Finally, GSH-mediated intracellular release of Ce6 augments ROS generation and O2 consumption under light stimulation. This also aggravates hypoxia in tumor sites to accelerate mPEG removal, forming a positive feedback loop. Data show that PaHAsC dramatically improved the PDT efficacy of Ce6, eliminating most tumors and 80% of tumor-bearing mice survived. With a safe profile, PaHAsC has potential for further development and is a useful example of a PS delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuting Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Zhang L, Hu S, Zhang L, wu W, Cheng Q, Li J, Narain R. Synergistic Size and Charge Conversions of Functionalized PAMAM Dendrimers under Acidic Tumor Microenvironment. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4271-4283. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00643j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Developing nanomedicine with highly adaptive behaviors has presented great effectiveness in cancer treatment. However, the multi-functional integration of nano-therapeutic system inevitably leads to the complexity in structure and impairs the...
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Yu W, Hu C, Gao H. Advances of nanomedicines in breast cancer metastasis treatment targeting different metastatic stages. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113909. [PMID: 34352354 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women, and the metastasis further increases the malignancy with extremely high mortality. However, there is almost no effective method in the clinic to completely inhibit breast cancer metastasis due to the dynamic multistep process with complex pathways and scattered occurring site. Nowadays, nanomedicines have been evidenced with great potential in treating cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the latest research advances of nanomedicines in anti-metastasis treatment. Strategies are categorized according to the metastasis dynamics, including primary tumor, circulating tumor cells, pre-metastatic niches and secondary tumor. In each different stage of metastasis process, nanomedicines are designed specifically with different functions. At the end of the review, we give our perspectives on current limitations and future directions in anti-metastasis therapy. We expect the review provides comprehensive understandings of anti-metastasis therapy for breast cancer, and boosts the clinical translation in the future to improve women's health.
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Li Y, Yang L, Xu X, Li M, Zhang Y, Lin Q, Gong T, Sun X, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Multifunctional Size-Expandable Nanomedicines Enhance Tumor Accumulation and Penetration for Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46361-46374. [PMID: 34579526 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Size expansion can effectively improve tumor accumulation of nanocarriers where precise control is required. A dual-responsive nanocarrier stimulated by both endogenous pH and exogenous heat stimuli can change its size. Herein, a nanoparticle composed of poly(N,N-diethyl acrylamide) (PDEAA) and poly(2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) is developed. The antitumor drug celastrol (CLT) and the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) are then loaded in it to form CIPP. ICG generates heat under near-infrared (NIR) stimulation to kill tumor cells and enhance CIPP penetration. Meanwhile, CIPP expands in response to hyperthermia and acid tumor microenvironments, preventing itself from returning to the blood flow, thus accumulating in tumor sites. Ultimately, the acidic lysosomal environment in tumor cells disintegrates CIPP to release CLT, directly inducing immunogenic cell death and sensitizing tumor cells for hyperthermia by disrupting the interaction of heat shock protein 90 and P50cdc37. Most of the tumors in B16F10-bearing mice are eradicated after single laser irradiation. The dual-responsive CIPP with multiple functions and simple design displays a synergistic antitumor effect. This study provides a basis for developing size-expandable stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yicong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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Xie R, Ruan S, Liu J, Qin L, Yang C, Tong F, Lei T, Shevtsov M, Gao H, Qin Y. Furin-instructed aggregated gold nanoparticles for re-educating tumor associated macrophages and overcoming breast cancer chemoresistance. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120891. [PMID: 34051669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient drug accumulation and chemoresistance remain two major challenges in cancer chemotherapy. Herein, we designed a furin-responsive aggregated nanoplatform loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (AuNPs-D&H-R&C) to combine chemotherapy, autophagy inhibition and macrophage polarization. AuNPs-D&H-R&C could passively target breast tumor via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect after systemic administration and further aggregate together triggered by furin overexpressed in breast cancer. The in situ aggregations hindered the back-flow of NPs to the bloodstream and exocytosis of tumor cells, leading to enhanced drug accumulation within tumors. Moreover, upon exposure to acidic pH in the endosomes/lysosomes, HCQ was efficiently released and it inhibited autophagy and thus restored the sensitivity of tumor cell to DOX. Meanwhile, autophagy inhibition could reprogram tumor-promoting M2-like TAMs to anti-tumor M1 phenotype, exerting a synergistic effect in overcoming chemoresistance. In vitro studies demonstrated the superiority of furin-triggered aggregated AuNPs delivery system in enhancing drug accumulation in breast tumor, compared with PEGlyated AuNPs. The co-delivery of DOX and HCQ showed much improved chemotherapeutic efficiency to chemoresistant MCF-7/ADR breast tumor, in large part due to macrophage polarization. In conclusion, we developed a stimulus-responsive delivery system and proposed a potential combination strategy to overcome chemoresistance in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shaobo Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chuanyao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Fan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, 79 Kangning Road, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Hu J, Yuan X, Wang F, Gao H, Liu X, Zhang W. The progress and perspective of strategies to improve tumor penetration of nanomedicines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang Y, Li S, Wang X, Chen Q, He Z, Luo C, Sun J. Smart transformable nanomedicines for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 271:120737. [PMID: 33690103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite that great progression has been made in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (nano-DDS), multiple drug delivery dilemmas still impair the delivery efficiency of nanomedicines. Rational design of smart transformable nano-DDS based on the in vivo drug delivery process represents a promising strategy for overcoming delivery obstacle of nano-DDS. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing smart transformable anticancer nanomedicines. Herein, we provide a review to outline the advances in this emerging field. First, smart size-reducible nanoparticles (NPs) for deep tumor penetration are summarized, including carrier degradation-induced, protonation-triggered and photobleaching-induced size reduction. Second, emerging transformable nanostructures for various therapeutic applications are discussed, including prolonging tumor retention, reversing drug-resistance, inhibiting tumor metastasis, preventing tumor recurrence and non-pharmaceutical therapy. Third, shell-detachable nanocarriers are introduced, focusing on chemical bonds breaking-initiated, charge repulsion-mediated and exogenous stimuli-triggered shell detachment approaches. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges of transformable nanomedicines in clinical cancer therapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Shumeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, PR China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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