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Batheja S, Gupta S, Tejavath KK, Gupta U. TPP-based conjugates: potential targeting ligands. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103983. [PMID: 38641237 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are one of the major sources of energy as well as regulators of cancer cell metabolism. Thus, they are potential targets for the effective treatment and management of cancer. Research has explored triphenylphosphonium (TPP) derivatives as potent cancer-targeting ligands because of their lipophilic nature and mitochondrial affinity. In this review, we summarize the utility of TPP-based conjugates targeting mitochondria in different types of cancer and other diseases, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Such conjugates offer versatile therapeutic potential by modulating membrane potential, influencing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and coupling of molecular modifications (such as ATP metabolism and energy metabolism). Thus, we highlight TPP conjugates as promising mitochondria-targeting agents for use in targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Batheja
- Nanopolymeric Drug Delivery Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Tejavath
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, India; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, BIBINAGAR, Hyderabad Metropolitan Region (HMR), Telangana 508126, India.
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Nanopolymeric Drug Delivery Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, India.
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Banerjee A, Ghosh A, Saha B, Bhadury P, De P. Surface Charge-Switchable Antifouling Block Copolymer with Bacteriostatic Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5314-5325. [PMID: 38408899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers are an emerging family of effective, low-fouling materials that can withstand unintended interactions with biological systems while exhibiting enhanced activity in bacterial matrix deterioration and biofilm eradication. Herein, we modularly synthesized an amphiphilic block copolymer, ZABCP, featuring potential bacteriostatic properties composed of a charge-switchable polyzwitterionic segment and a redox-sensitive pendant disulfide-labeled polymethacrylate block. The leucine-appended polyzwitterionic segment with alternatively positioned cationic amine and anionic carboxylate functionalities undergoes charge alterations (+ve → 0 → -ve) on pH variation. By introducing appropriate amphiphilicity, ZABCP forms distinct vesicles with redox-sensitive bilayer membranes and zwitterionic shielding coronas, enabling switching of surface charge. ZABCP vesicles exhibit 180 ± 20 nm hydrodynamic diameter, and its charge switching behavior in response to pH was confirmed by the change of zeta potential value from -23 to +36 mV. The binding interaction between ZABCP vesicles with lysozyme and pepsin proteins strengthens when the surface charge shifts from neutral (pH 7.4) to either anionic or cationic. This surface-charge-switchable phenomenon paves the way for implementing cationic ZABCP vesicles for bacterial cell growth inhibition, which is shown by the pronounced transition of cellular morphology, including clustering, aggregation, or elongation as well as membrane disruption for both Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). Such enhanced bacteriostatic activity could be ascribed to a strong electrostatic interaction between cationic vesicles and negatively charged bacterial membranes, leading to cell membrane disruption. Overall, this study provides a tailor-made approach to adopt low-fouling properties and potential bacteriostatic activity using zwitterionic polymers through precise control of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Banerjee
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Anwesha Ghosh
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswajit Saha
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Punyasloke Bhadury
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
- Integrative Taxonomy and Microbial Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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Kulkarni B, Qutub S, Khashab NM, Hadjichristidis N. Rhodamine B-Conjugated Fluorescent Block Copolymer Micelles for Efficient Chlorambucil Delivery and Intracellular Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22698-22707. [PMID: 37396240 PMCID: PMC10308396 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The clinical development of the anticancer drug chlorambucil (CHL) is limited by its low solubility in water, poor bioavailability, and off-target toxicity. Besides, another constraint for monitoring intracellular drug delivery is the non-fluorescent nature of CHL. Nanocarriers based on block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG/PEO) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are an elegant choice for drug delivery applications due to their high biocompatibility and inherent biodegradability properties. Here, we have designed and prepared block copolymer micelles (BCM) containing CHL (BCM-CHL) from a block copolymer having fluorescent probe rhodamine B (RhB) end-groups to achieve efficient drug delivery and intracellular imaging. For this purpose, the previously reported tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-containing poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) [TPE-(PEO-b-PCL)2] triblock copolymer was conjugated with RhB by a feasible and effective post-polymerization modification method. In addition, the block copolymer was obtained by a facile and efficient synthetic strategy of one-pot block copolymerization. The amphiphilicity of the resulting block copolymer TPE-(PEO-b-PCL-RhB)2 led to the spontaneous formation of micelles (BCM) in aqueous media and successful encapsulation of the hydrophobic anticancer drug CHL (CHL-BCM). Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses of BCM and CHL-BCM revealed a favorable size (10-100 nm) for passive targeting of tumor tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. The fluorescence emission spectrum (λex 315 nm) of BCM demonstrated Förster resonance energy transfer between TPE aggregates (donor) and RhB (acceptor). On the other hand, CHL-BCM revealed TPE monomer emission, which may be attributed to the π-π stacking interaction between TPE and CHL molecules. The in vitro drug release profile showed that CHL-BCM exhibits drug release in a sustained manner over 48 h. A cytotoxicity study proved the biocompatibility of BCM, while CHL-BCM revealed significant toxicity to cervical (HeLa) cancer cells. The inherent fluorescence of RhB in the block copolymer offered an opportunity to directly monitor the cellular uptake of the micelles by confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging. These results demonstrate the potential of these block copolymers as drug nanocarriers and as bioimaging probes for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Kulkarni
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes
and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes
and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Botta M, Geraldes CFGC, Tei L. High spin Fe(III)-doped nanostructures as T 1 MR imaging probes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1858. [PMID: 36251471 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) T1 contrast agents based on Fe(III) as an alternative to Gd-based compounds have been under intense scrutiny in the last 6-8 years and a number of nanostructures have been designed and proposed for in vivo diagnostic and theranostic applications. Excluding the large family of superparamagnetic iron oxides widely used as T2 -MR imaging agents that will not be covered by this review, a considerable number and type of nanoparticles (NPs) have been employed, ranging from amphiphilic polymer-based NPs, NPs containing polyphenolic binding units such as melanin-like or polycatechols, mixed metals such as Fe/Gd or Fe/Au NPs and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. Iron(III) exhibits several favorable magnetic properties, high biocompatibility and improved toxicity profile that place it as the paramagnetic ion of choice for the next generation of nanosized MRI and theranostic contrast agents. An analysis of the examples reported in the last decade will show the opportunities for relaxivity and MR-contrast enhancement optimization that could bring Fe(III)-doped NPs to really compete with Gd(III)-based nanosystems. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Botta
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Carlos F G C Geraldes
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life Sciences and Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
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Patra D, Kumar S, Kumar P, Chakraborty I, Basheer B, Shunmugam R. Iron(III) Coordinated Theranostic Polyprodrug with Sequential Receptor-Mitochondria Dual Targeting and T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Potency for Effective and Precise Chemotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3198-3212. [PMID: 35767830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sequential cancer cell receptor and mitochondria dual-targeting single delivery agent deliver chemotherapeutic drug effectively and precisely at the targeted site has become a promising strategy to enhance the drug efficacy and suppressions of cancer cell drug resistance prominence. Herein, required specialty molecules like a chemotherapeutic drug [camptothecin (CPT)], mitochondriotropic segment (triphenyl phosphonium cation) receptor targeting ligand (biotin), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-contrast agent (iron-complex) were tethered to the polyprodrug, CP TP PG BN Fe, using the ring-opening metathesis polymerization technique for potential chemotherapy and simultaneous MRI-based diagnosis. This amphiphilic polyprodrug spontaneously aggregated into nanospheres and exhibited remarkable T1-weighted MRI proficiency. Detail in vitro cellular studies revealed unambiguous mitochondrial delivery of CPT, which eventually enhanced the chemotherapeutic efficacy of CP TP PG BN Fe. Therefore, MRI-tracking, receptor-mitochondria dual targeting, theranostic polyprodrug, and CP TP PG BN Fe opened the way for effective and precise chemotherapy, which would have the attractive potential for diagnosis and decisive dose determination in clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptendu Patra
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Ipsita Chakraborty
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Basim Basheer
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
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Patra D, Kumar P, Pal D, Chakraborty I, Shunmugam R. Unique Random-Block Polymer Architecture for Site-Specific Mitochondrial Sequestration-Aided Effective Chemotherapeutic Delivery and Enhanced Fluorocarbon Segmental Mobility-Facilitated 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2428-2440. [PMID: 35512287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The elevation of the chemotherapeutic efficacy and attenuation of its side effects on healthy cells and tissues become one of the prime targets for the treatment of cancer. Toward this direction, a sequential receptor and mitochondria dual-targeting strategy was implemented in the DX TP PG BN 19F theranostic polymer that was anchored with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, receptor-targeting biotin, and mitochondria-targeting triphenylphosphonium cations. The polymer was flourished with a unique 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracer that exhibited high segmental mobility and eventually led to prolonged T2 relaxation time. Furthermore, for the sake of amphiphilicity, the DX TP PG BN 19F polymer spontaneously aggregated into nano-sphere with positive zeta potential, where the MRI tracer and biotin embedded at the exterior and displayed site-specific targeting and remarkable 19F MRI capability simultaneously. The mitochondria-targeting competency of the DX TP PG BN 19F theranostic polymer was investigated by comparing the non-mitochondrial-targeting DX PG BN 19F polymer using fluorescence microscopic cell imaging in human cervical, HeLa, and breast MCF-7 carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, cytotoxicity experiments of the aforementioned theranostic polymers clarified the enhancement of the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DX TP PG BN 19F theranostic polymers through effective and precise mitochondrial doxorubicin delivery that forced to follow the apoptotic path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptendu Patra
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Dwaipayan Pal
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Ipsita Chakraborty
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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