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García-Castro M, Fuentes-Rios D, López-Romero JM, Romero A, Moya-Utrera F, Díaz-Morilla A, Sarabia F. n-Tuples on Scaffold Diversity Inspired by Drug Hybridisation to Enhance Drugability: Application to Cytarabine. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:637. [PMID: 38132958 PMCID: PMC10744741 DOI: 10.3390/md21120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A mathematical concept, n-tuples are originally applied to medicinal chemistry, especially with the creation of scaffold diversity inspired by the hybridisation of different commercial drugs with cytarabine, a synthetic arabinonucleoside derived from two marine natural products, spongouridine and spongothymidine. The new methodology explores the virtual chemical-factorial combination of different commercial drugs (immunosuppressant, antibiotic, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer) with the anticancer drug cytarabine. Real chemical combinations were designed and synthesised for 8-duples, obtaining a small representative library of interesting organic molecules to be biologically tested as proof of concept. The synthesised library contains classical molecular properties regarding the Lipinski rules and/or beyond rules of five (bRo5) and is represented by the covalent combination of the anticancer drug cytarabine with ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, folic acid, sulfasalazine, ciprofloxacin, bortezomib, and methotrexate. The insertion of specific nomenclature could be implemented into artificial intelligence algorithms in order to enhance the efficiency of drug-hunting programs. The novel methodology has proven useful for the straightforward synthesis of most of the theoretically proposed duples and, in principle, could be extended to any other central drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García-Castro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Dutta B, Shelar SB, Nirmalraj A, Gupta S, Barick KC, Gupta J, Hassan PA. Smart Magnetic Nanocarriers for Codelivery of Nitric Oxide and Doxorubicin for Enhanced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44545-44557. [PMID: 38046289 PMCID: PMC10688159 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Extremely short half-life therapeutic molecule nitric oxide (NO) plays significant roles in the functioning of various physiological and pathological processes in the human body, whereas doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) is a clinically important anticancer drug widely used in cancer chemotherapy. Thus, the intracellular delivery of these therapeutic molecules is tremendously important to achieve their full potential. Herein, we report a novel approach for the development of highly water-dispersible magnetic nanocarriers for codelivery of NO and DOX. Primarily, bifunctional magnetic nanoparticles enriched with carboxyl and thiol groups were prepared by introducing cysteine onto the surface of citrate-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. DOX was electrostatically conjugated onto the surface of bifunctional nanoparticles via carboxyl moieties, whereas the thiol group was further nitrosated to provide NO-releasing molecules. The developed magnetic nanocarrier exhibited good aqueous colloidal stability, protein resistance behavior, and high encapsulation efficacy for NO (65.5%) and DOX (85%), as well as sustained release characteristics. Moreover, they showed superior cytotoxicity toward cancer (A549 and MCF-7) cells via apoptosis induction over normal (WI26VA4) cells. Specifically, we have developed magnetic nanocarriers having the capability of dual delivery of NO and DOX, which holds great potential for combinatorial cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaideep Dutta
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sandeep B. Shelar
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Ananya Nirmalraj
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University), Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sonali Gupta
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kanhu C. Barick
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Jagriti Gupta
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Puthusserickal A. Hassan
- Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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