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Cheng YH, Su CK. 3D-printed thermally expanded monolithic foam for solid-phase extraction of multiple trace metals. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:598. [PMID: 39271489 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) 3DP, commercial acrylate-based photocurable resins, and thermally expandable microspheres-incorporated flexible photocurable resins were employed to fabricate an SPE column with a thermally expanded monolithic foam for extracting Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb ions prior to the determination using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After optimization of the thermally activated foaming, the design and fabrication of the SPE column, and the automatic analytical system, the DLP 3D-printed SPE column with the thermally expanded monolithic foam extracted the metal ions with up to 14.8-fold enhancement (relative to that without incorporating the microspheres), with absolute extraction efficiencies all higher than 95.6%, and method detection limits in the range from 0.5 to 5.2 ng L-1. We validated the reliability and applicability of this method by determination of the metal ions in several reference materials (CASS-4, SLRS-5, 1643f, and Seronorm Trace Elements Urine L-2) and spiked seawater, river water, ground water, and human urine samples. The results illustrated that to incorporate the thermally expandable microspheres into the photocurable resins with a post-printing heating treatment enabled the DLP 3D-printed thermally expanded monolithic foam to substantially improve the extraction of the metal ions, thereby extending the applicability of SPE devices fabricated by vat photopolymerization 3DP techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan.
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2
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Kang X, Li X, Li Y, Duan Y. Strengthening and toughening
3D
printing of photocured resins by thermal expansion microspheres. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xian Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xian Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yuexuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xian Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yugang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xian Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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3
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Wirth DM, Hochberg JD, Pokorski JK. Photocurable Coatings to Improve the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Expanding Foams. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54245-54255. [PMID: 36440705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of highly expandable foaming pre-polymer resins for lithographic additive manufacturing have allowed for the creation of structures larger than a printer's build envelope. To fully utilize the capabilities of this technology, the mechanical properties of these foams must be improved. This manuscript presents one method for strengthening these lightweight polymeric structures via aerosol spray application of a high-strength, low-viscosity photocurable coating. This method is free from the reliance on often complex, large, or bulky on-site equipment ordinarily required by conventional high-strength spray coating. The newly formulated photocurable resin can be applied using an ordinary cordless paint sprayer and cured using sunlight in less than a minute, enabling the rapid production of large, load-bearing structures from a small volume of feedstock and low-cost portable equipment. A comprehensive screening process for resin formulations, detailed mechanical compression and tensile analysis of coated polymer structures, and an applied technical demonstration of the technology are described. The photocurable coating described herein greatly strengthens porous polymeric structures using a method that can be easily implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wirth
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, Jacobs School of Engineering, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Justin D Hochberg
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, Jacobs School of Engineering, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, Jacobs School of Engineering, La Jolla, California92093, United States
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4
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Multi-Resin Masked Stereolithography (MSLA) 3D Printing for Rapid and Inexpensive Prototyping of Microfluidic Chips with Integrated Functional Components. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080652. [PMID: 36005047 PMCID: PMC9405740 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stereolithography based 3D printing of microfluidics for prototyping has gained a lot of attention due to several advantages such as fast production, cost-effectiveness, and versatility over traditional photolithography-based microfabrication techniques. However, existing consumer focused SLA 3D printers struggle to fabricate functional microfluidic devices due to several challenges associated with micron-scale 3D printing. Here, we explore the origins and mechanism of the associated failure modes followed by presenting guidelines to overcome these challenges. The prescribed method works completely with existing consumer class inexpensive SLA printers without any modifications to reliably print PDMS cast microfluidic channels with channel sizes as low as ~75 μm and embedded channels with channel sizes as low ~200 μm. We developed a custom multi-resin formulation by incorporating Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and Ethylene glycol polyether acrylate (EGPEA) as the monomer units to achieve micron sized printed features with tunable mechanical and optical properties. By incorporating multiple resins with different mechanical properties, we were able to achieve spatial control over the stiffness of the cured resin enabling us to incorporate both flexible and rigid components within a single 3D printed microfluidic chip. We demonstrate the utility of this technique by 3D printing an integrated pressure-actuated pneumatic valve (with flexible cured resin) in an otherwise rigid and clear microfluidic device that can be fabricated in a one-step process from a single CAD file. We also demonstrate the utility of this technique by integrating a fully functional finger-actuated microfluidic pump. The versatility and accessibility of the demonstrated fabrication method have the potential to reduce our reliance on expensive and time-consuming photolithographic techniques for microfluidic chip fabrication and thus drastically lowering our barrier to entry in microfluidics research.
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5
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Graeve OA, Arróyave García de la Cadena JA, Martínez López AS. Building Compassion and Human Bridges through Research Collaborations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1542-1546. [PMID: 35071851 PMCID: PMC8771707 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our ENLACE binational summer research program was established with the aim of encouraging the participation of high school and college students in research in the sciences and engineering, while promoting cross-border friendships between the United States and Mexico. The program unites students around science and engineering questions and concurrently engages them in a rich curriculum that promotes understanding of broader societal issues of equity, inclusion, tolerance, and social justice. Because we built our program around hope and cooperation, it is our aspiration and promise that walls and borders-all kinds of walls and borders-can be eradicated through kindness, compassion, and respect for others. ENLACE is not just a program we organize every summer, it is also a program that defines who we are as people and the kind of contribution we want to make in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. Graeve
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive—MC 0411, La Jolla, California 92093-0411, United States
| | - Jorge A. Arróyave García de la Cadena
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive—MC 0411, La Jolla, California 92093-0411, United States
| | - Aranza S. Martínez López
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive—MC 0411, La Jolla, California 92093-0411, United States
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Radhakrishna G, Dugad R, Gandhi A. Morphological evaluation of microcellular foamed composites developed through gas batch foaming integrating Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the development of microcellular structure foams has developed by integrating the two successful and existing technologies, namely CO2 gas batch foaming and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. It is a novel approach to manufacture complex design porous products for customized applications. The eventual cell morphologies of the extruded 3D printing filament depends on the process parameters pertaining to both microcellular foaming and 3D printing processes. Further, morphological study has been conducted to evaluate the cell morphologies of the 3D printing filament developed through customized FDM setup. During this process, the significance of various process parameters including saturation pressure, saturation time, desorption time, feed rate and extrusion temperature were thoroughly studied. To pursue this study base material used was acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The 3D printed filaments consisted of cells with an average cell size in the range of 2.3–276 µm and the average cell density in the range of 4.7 × 104 to 4.3 × 109 cells/cm3. Finally, it has found that by controlling the process parameters different cell morphologies can be developed as per the end application.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Radhakrishna
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rupesh Dugad
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- CIPET: IPT Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India
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Navigation of a magnetic micro-robot through a cerebral aneurysm phantom with magnetic particle imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14082. [PMID: 34234207 PMCID: PMC8263782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are potentially life threatening and nowadays treated by a catheter-guided coiling or by a neurosurgical clipping intervention. Here, we propose a helically shaped magnetic micro-robot, which can be steered by magnetic fields in an untethered manner and could be applied for a novel coiling procedure. This is shown by navigating the micro-robot through an additively manufactured phantom of a human cerebral aneurysm. The magnetic fields are applied with a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) scanner, which allows for the navigation and tomographic visualization by the same machine. With MPI the actuation process can be visualized with a localization accuracy of 0.68 mm and an angiogram can be acquired both without any radiation exposure. First in-vitro phantom experiments are presented, showing an idea of a robot conducted treatment of cerebral aneurysms.
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Dugad R, Radhakrishna G, Gandhi A. Solid-state foaming of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene through microcellular 3D printing process. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x211009443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lightweight products with superior specific strength are in great demand in numerous applications such as automotive, aerospace, biomedical, sports, etc. This work focussed on the manufacturing of lightweight products using the cellular three dimensional (3D) printing process. In this work, the continuous microcellular morphology has been developed in a single foamed filament using 3 D printing of carbon-di-oxide (CO2) saturated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments. The microcellular structures with average cell size in the range of 6–1040 µm were developed. The influence of printing parameters; nozzle temperature, feed rate, and flow rate on the foam characteristics and cell morphology at different levels were investigated. The different kinds of observed foamed extrudate irregularities were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Dugad
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - G Radhakrishna
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, India
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Sherborne C, Claeyssens F. Considerations Using Additive Manufacture of Emulsion Inks to Produce Respiratory Protective Filters Against Viral Respiratory Tract Infections Such as the COVID-19 Virus. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:316. [PMID: 33585713 PMCID: PMC7875060 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i1.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper explores the potential of combining emulsion-based inks with additive manufacturing (AM) to produce filters for respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the fight against viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The value of these filters has been highlighted by the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 crisis where the importance of protective equipment for health care workers cannot be overstated. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of emulsions is an emerging technology built on a well-established field of emulsion templating to produce porous materials such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPE-based porous polymers have tailorable porosity from the submicron to 100 s of µm. Advances in 3D printing technology enables the control of the bulk shape while a micron porosity is controlled independently by the emulsion-based ink. Herein, we present an overview of the current polyHIPE-based filter applications. Then, we discuss the current use of emulsion templating combined with stereolithography and extrusion-based AM technologies. The benefits and limitation of various AM techniques are discussed, as well as considerations for a scalable manufacture of a polyHIPE-based RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Sherborne
- The Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- The Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
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