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Ren L, Liu S, Zhong J, Zhang L. Revolutionizing targeting precision: microfluidics-enabled smart microcapsules for tailored delivery and controlled release. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1367-1393. [PMID: 38314845 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00835e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
As promising delivery systems, smart microcapsules have garnered significant attention owing to their targeted delivery loaded with diverse active materials. By precisely manipulating fluids on the micrometer scale, microfluidic has emerged as a powerful tool for tailoring delivery systems based on potential applications. The desirable characteristics of smart microcapsules are associated with encapsulation capacity, targeted delivery capability, and controlled release of encapsulants. In this review, we briefly describe the principles of droplet-based microfluidics for smart microcapsules. Subsequently, we summarize smart microcapsules as delivery systems for efficient encapsulation and focus on target delivery patterns, including passive targets, active targets, and microfluidics-assisted targets. Additionally, based on release mechanisms, we review controlled release modes adjusted by smart membranes and on/off gates. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and potential implications associated with smart microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ren
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Junjie Zhong
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Russell S, Bruns N. Encapsulation of Fragrances in Micro- and Nano-Capsules, Polymeric Micelles, and Polymersomes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300120. [PMID: 37150605 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fragrances are ubiquitously and extensively used in everyday life and several industrial applications, including perfumes, textiles, laundry formulations, hygiene household products, and food products. However, the intrinsic volatility of these small organic molecules leaves them particularly susceptible to fast depletion from a product or from the surface they have been applied to. Encapsulation is a very effective method to limit the loss of fragrance during their use and to sustain their release. This review gives an overview of the different materials and techniques used for the encapsulation of fragrances, scents, and aromas, as well as the methods used to characterize the resulting encapsulation systems, with a particular focus on cyclodextrins, polymer microcapsules, inorganic microcapsules, block copolymer micelles, and polymersomes for fragrance encapsulation, sustained release, and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1XL, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1XL, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Nagler F, Schiller C, Kropf C, Schacher FH. Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers for Time-Delayed Release of Hydrophobic Fragrances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56087-56096. [PMID: 36475582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
When a controlled or retarded release of perfumes is required such as in cosmetics or cleaning products, polymers can be applied as encapsulation agents. With regard to such applications, we investigated two amphiphilic graft copolymers featuring a polydehydroalanine (PDha) backbone and different hydrophobic side chains. Hereby, grafting of aliphatic octyl side chains (PDha-g-EOct) enabled the adsorption of the aliphatic fragrance tetrahydrolinalool with moderate loads, whereas benzyl side chains (PDha-g-BGE) allowed taking up aromatic fragrances, for example, amylsalicylate-n with exceptionally high loads of up to 8 g g-1. The side-chain density was studied as well but had no significant influence on the loading. In addition, the characterization and quantification of the load by NMR and thermogravimetric analysis were compared, and it was also possible to load the aromatic model fragrance into the graft copolymer with aliphatic side chains. After 3 months, the load had decreased by 40-50% and, hence, such systems are of interest for a long-term release of perfumes over months. Although this study is a proof-of-concept, we foresee that such polyampholytic graft copolymers can be tailored for the adsorption of a variety of hydrophobic perfumes simply by altering polarity and chemistry of the side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Nagler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Schiller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kropf
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstraße 67, D-40589Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743Jena, Germany
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Cyclodextrin-based dermatological formulations: dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 221:113012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Castellvi Corrons X, Gummel J, Smets J, Berti D. Liquid-liquid phase separated microdomains of an amphiphilic graft copolymer in a surfactant-rich medium. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:807-820. [PMID: 35180629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of amphiphilic thermoresponsive copolymers can lead to the formation of micron-sized domains, known as simple coacervates. Due to their potential to confine active principles, these copolymer-rich droplets have gained interest as encapsulating agents. Understanding and controlling the conditions inducing this LLPS is therefore essential for applicative purposes and requires thorough fundamental studies on self-coacervation. In this work, we investigate the LLPS of a comb-like graft copolymer (PEG-g-PVAc) consisting of a poly(ethylene glycol) backbone (6 kDa) with ∼2-3 grafted poly(vinyl acetate) chains, and a PEG/PVAc weight ratio of 40/60. Specifically, we report the effect of various water-soluble additives on its phase separation behavior. Kosmotropes and non-ionic surfactants were found to decrease the phase separation temperature of the copolymer, while chaotropes and, above all, ionic surfactants increased it. We then focus on the phase behavior of PEG-g-PVAc in the presence of sodium citrate and a C14-15 E7 non-ionic surfactant (N45-7), defining the compositional range for the generation of LLPS microdomains at room temperature and monitoring their formation with fluorescence confocal microscopy. Finally, we determine the composition of the microdomains through confocal Raman microscopy, demonstrating the presence of PEG-g-PVAc, N45-7, and water. These results expand our knowledge on polymeric self-coacervation, clarifying the optimal conditions and composition needed to obtain LLPS microdomains with encapsulation potential at room temperature in surfactant-rich formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Castellvi Corrons
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" University of Florence, CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence, Italy
| | - Jeremie Gummel
- Strategic Innovation and Technology, Procter & Gamble Brussels Innovation Center, Temselaan 100, 1853 Grimbergen, Belgium
| | - Johan Smets
- Strategic Innovation and Technology, Procter & Gamble Brussels Innovation Center, Temselaan 100, 1853 Grimbergen, Belgium
| | - Debora Berti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" University of Florence, CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence, Italy
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Wu CJ, Liu YF, Zhang WF, Zhang C, Chai GB, Zhang QD, Mao J, Ahmad I, Zhang SS, Xie JP. Encapsulation and controlled release of fragrances from MIL-101(Fe)-based recyclable magnetic nanoporous carbon. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sakamoto Y, Nishimura T. Recent advances in the self-assembly of sparsely grafted amphiphilic copolymers in aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the self-assembly of sparsely grafted amphiphilic copolymers and highlights the effects of structural factors and solvents on their self-assembly behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Mamusa M, Mastrangelo R, Glen T, Murgia S, Palazzo G, Smets J, Baglioni P. Rational Design of Sustainable Liquid Microcapsules for Spontaneous Fragrance Encapsulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23849-23857. [PMID: 34357674 PMCID: PMC8596835 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The high volatility, water-immiscibility, and light/oxygen-sensitivity of most aroma compounds represent a challenge to their incorporation in liquid consumer products. Current encapsulation methods entail the use of petroleum-based materials, initiators, and crosslinkers as well as mixing, heating, and purification steps. Hence, more efficient and eco-friendly approaches to encapsulation must be sought. Herein, we propose a simple method by making use of a pre-formed amphiphilic polymer and employing the Hansen Solubility Parameters approach to determine which fragrances could be encapsulated by spontaneous coacervation in water. The coacervates do not precipitate as solids but they remain suspended as colloidally stable liquid microcapsules, as demonstrated by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The effective encapsulation of fragrance is proven through confocal Raman spectroscopy, while the structure of the capsules is investigated by means of cryo FIB/SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mamusa
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di Firenze & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase)via della Lastruccia 3Sesto Fiorentino (FI)I-50019Italy
| | - Rosangela Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di Firenze & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase)via della Lastruccia 3Sesto Fiorentino (FI)I-50019Italy
| | - Tom Glen
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FDUK
| | - Sergio Murgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'AmbienteUniversità degli Studi di Cagliari & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase)via Ospedale 72Cagliari09124Italy
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità di Bari “Aldo Moro” & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase)Via Orabona 4BariI-70126Italy
| | - Johan Smets
- The Procter & Gamble CompanyTemselaan 1001853Strombeek BeverBelgium
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”Università degli Studi di Firenze & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase)via della Lastruccia 3Sesto Fiorentino (FI)I-50019Italy
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Mamusa M, Mastrangelo R, Glen T, Murgia S, Palazzo G, Smets J, Baglioni P. Rational Design of Sustainable Liquid Microcapsules for Spontaneous Fragrance Encapsulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mamusa
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” Università degli Studi di Firenze & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) via della Lastruccia 3 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) I-50019 Italy
| | - Rosangela Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” Università degli Studi di Firenze & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) via della Lastruccia 3 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) I-50019 Italy
| | - Tom Glen
- School of Physics and Astronomy University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FD UK
| | - Sergio Murgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente Università degli Studi di Cagliari & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) via Ospedale 72 Cagliari 09124 Italy
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Bari “Aldo Moro” & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) Via Orabona 4 Bari I-70126 Italy
| | - Johan Smets
- The Procter & Gamble Company Temselaan 100 1853 Strombeek Bever Belgium
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” Università degli Studi di Firenze & CSGI, (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase) via della Lastruccia 3 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) I-50019 Italy
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Perinelli DR, Palmieri GF, Cespi M, Bonacucina G. Encapsulation of Flavours and Fragrances into Polymeric Capsules and Cyclodextrins Inclusion Complexes: An Update. Molecules 2020; 25:E5878. [PMID: 33322621 PMCID: PMC7763935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavours and fragrances are volatile compounds of large interest for different applications. Due to their high tendency of evaporation and, in most cases, poor chemical stability, these compounds need to be encapsulated for handling and industrial processing. Encapsulation, indeed, resulted in being effective at overcoming the main concerns related to volatile compound manipulation, and several industrial products contain flavours and fragrances in an encapsulated form for the final usage of customers. Although several organic or inorganic materials have been investigated for the production of coated micro- or nanosystems intended for the encapsulation of fragrances and flavours, polymeric coating, leading to the formation of micro- or nanocapsules with a core-shell architecture, as well as a molecular inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins, are still the most used. The present review aims to summarise the recent literature about the encapsulation of fragrances and flavours into polymeric micro- or nanocapsules or inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins, with a focus on methods for micro/nanoencapsulation and applications in the different technological fields, including the textile, cosmetic, food and paper industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Romano Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.F.P.); (M.C.); (G.B.)
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