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Wei N, Chen X, Liu D, Bu X, Wang G, Sun X, Zhang J. A multi-modality imaging strategy to determine the multiple in vivo fates of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells at different periods of acute liver injury treatment. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:9213-9228. [PMID: 39041357 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00914b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) are applied for disease therapy as a new type of drug in many countries. Their effects are not only presented by live cells, but also apoptotic bodies or cell fragments of dead cells. Therefore, it is meaningful to determine the multiple fates of HUCMSCs in vivo. Although various probes combining different imaging modalities have been developed to label and trace transplanted HUCMSCs in vivo, the status of the cells (live, dead, or apoptotic) was not distinguished, and a thorough understanding of the multiple fates of HUCMSCs after transplantation in vivo is lacking. Therefore, a magnetic resonance (MR)/near infrared fluorescent (NIRF)/bioluminescence (BI) multi-modality imaging strategy was developed. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were assembled into 100 nm nanoparticles using epigallocatechin gallate as a chemical linker to increase the MR signal and reduce the exocytosis of IONPs for direct cell labeling and longitudinal MR imaging tracking. Fluorescent probes for apoptosis (DEVD-Cy-OH) were also loaded in the above assemblies to monitor the cell status. Meanwhile, the cell surface was labeled with the fluorescent dye Cy7 via bioorthogonal reactions to visualize the NIRF signal. Luciferase was lentivirally transfected into live cells to generate bioluminescence. Such labeling did not affect either the viability, proliferation, migration, differentiation characteristics of HUCMSCs or their therapeutic effects on acute liver injury mice in vivo. The in vivo fates of HUCMSCs were monitored via MR/NIRF/BI multi-modality imaging in acute liver injury mice. Although MR and Cy7 signals aggregated in injured liver for 7 days, the BI signals persisted for less than 24 hours. There was an increase in DEVD-Cy-OH signals in the injured liver, but they were almost at the basal level. That means that HUCMSCs survive in mice for a short time, and the dead form of HUCMSCs accumulated in a large quantity and sustained for a long time, which might contribute to their therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Danchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiangchao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaolian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Shan Y, Zhang M, Tao E, Wang J, Wei N, Lu Y, Liu Q, Hao K, Zhou F, Wang G. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells in translational challenges. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:242. [PMID: 39271680 PMCID: PMC11399464 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapy has made substantial strides, transitioning from experimental clinical applications to commercial products. MSC therapies hold considerable promise for treating refractory and critical conditions such as acute graft-versus-host disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Despite recent successes in clinical and commercial applications, MSC therapy still faces challenges when used as a commercial product. Current detection methods have limitations, leaving the dynamic biodistribution, persistence in injured tissues, and ultimate fate of MSCs in patients unclear. Clarifying the relationship between the pharmacokinetic characteristics of MSCs and their therapeutic effects is crucial for patient stratification and the formulation of precise therapeutic regimens. Moreover, the development of advanced imaging and tracking technologies is essential to address these clinical challenges. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the kinetic properties, key regulatory molecules, different fates, and detection methods relevant to MSCs and discusses concerns in evaluating MSC druggability from the perspective of integrating pharmacokinetics and efficacy. A better understanding of these challenges could improve MSC clinical efficacy and speed up the introduction of MSC therapy products to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Enxiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Renocell Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Renocell Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Renocell Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Shen Z, Tang X, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Guo X, Guo X, Bao J, Xie X, Xing Y, Xing J, Tian S. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell therapies for ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024; 13:886-897. [PMID: 39159204 PMCID: PMC11386217 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS) remains controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MSCs for IS. METHODS A literature search until May 23, 2023, was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science to identify studies on stem cell therapy for IS. Interventional and observational clinical studies of MSCs in patients with IS were included, and the safety and efficacy were assessed. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality independently. The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.4. RESULTS Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 15 non-randomized trials, including 1217 patients (624 and 593 in the intervention and control arms, respectively), were analyzed. MSCs significantly improved patients' activities of daily living according to the modified Rankin scale (mean difference [MD]: -0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.50 to -0.01; P = .04) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (MD: -1.69; 95% CI: -2.66 to -0.73; P < .001) in RCTs. MSC treatment was associated with lower mortality rates in RCTs (risk ratio: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.28-0.69; P < .001). Fever and headache were among the most reported adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Based on our review, MSC transplantation improves neurological deficits and daily activities in patients with IS. In the future, prospective studies with large sample sizes are needed for stem cell studies in ischemic stroke. This meta-analysis has been registered at PROSPERO with CRD42022347156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yicun Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosu Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Bao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiongwei Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
- Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050030, People’s Republic of China
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Chen Z, Gezginer I, Zhou Q, Tang L, Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Multimodal optoacoustic imaging: methods and contrast materials. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6068-6099. [PMID: 38738633 PMCID: PMC11181994 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA) imaging offers powerful capabilities for interrogating biological tissues with rich optical absorption contrast while maintaining high spatial resolution for deep tissue observations. The spectrally distinct absorption of visible and near-infrared photons by endogenous tissue chromophores facilitates extraction of diverse anatomic, functional, molecular, and metabolic information from living tissues across various scales, from organelles and cells to whole organs and organisms. The primarily blood-related contrast and limited penetration depth of OA imaging have fostered the development of multimodal approaches to fully exploit the unique advantages and complementarity of the method. We review the recent hybridization efforts, including multimodal combinations of OA with ultrasound, fluorescence, optical coherence tomography, Raman scattering microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging as well as ionizing methods, such as X-ray computed tomography, single-photon-emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Considering that most molecules absorb light across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the OA interrogations can be extended to a large number of exogenously administered small molecules, particulate agents, and genetically encoded labels. This unique property further makes contrast moieties used in other imaging modalities amenable for OA sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyue Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irmak Gezginer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Tang
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Balaji PG, Bhimrao LS, Yadav AK. Revolutionizing Stroke Care: Nanotechnology-Based Brain Delivery as a Novel Paradigm for Treatment and Diagnosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04215-3. [PMID: 38829514 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Stroke, a severe medical condition arising from abnormalities in the coagulation-fibrinolysis cycle and metabolic processes, results in brain cell impairment and injury due to blood flow obstruction within the brain. Prompt and efficient therapeutic approaches are imperative to control and preserve brain functions. Conventional stroke medications, including fibrinolytic agents, play a crucial role in facilitating reperfusion to the ischemic brain. However, their clinical efficacy is hampered by short plasma half-lives, limited brain tissue distribution attributed to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and lack of targeted drug delivery to the ischemic region. To address these challenges, diverse nanomedicine strategies, such as vesicular systems, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, exosomes, inorganic nanoparticles, and biomimetic nanoparticles, have emerged. These platforms enhance drug pharmacokinetics by facilitating targeted drug accumulation at the ischemic site. By leveraging nanocarriers, engineered drug delivery systems hold the potential to overcome challenges associated with conventional stroke medications. This comprehensive review explores the pathophysiological mechanism underlying stroke and BBB disruption in stroke. Additionally, this review investigates the utilization of nanocarriers for current therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in stroke management. By addressing these aspects, the review aims to provide insight into potential strategies for improving stroke treatment and diagnosis through a nanomedicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gajanan Balaji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli (An Institute of National Importance under Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, GOI), A Transit Campus at Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Londhe Sachin Bhimrao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli (An Institute of National Importance under Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, GOI), A Transit Campus at Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awesh K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli (An Institute of National Importance under Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, GOI), A Transit Campus at Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Balhara A, Gupta SK, Sudarshan K, Patra S, Chakraborty A, Chakraborty S. ZnAl 2O 4:Er 3+ Upconversion Nanophosphor for SPECT Imaging and Luminescence Modulation via Defect Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2354-2366. [PMID: 38481091 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This work reports an "all-in-one" theranostic upconversion luminescence (UCL) system having potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Despite considerable efforts in designing upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for multimodal imaging and tumor therapy, there are few reports investigating dual modality SPECT/optical imaging for theranostics. Especially, research focusing on in vivo biodistribution studies of intrinsically radiolabeled UCNPs after intravenous injection is of utmost importance for the potential clinical translation of such formulations. Here, we utilized the gamma emission from 169Er and 171Er radionuclides for the demonstration of radiolabeled ZnAl2O4:171/169Er3+ as a potent agent for dual-modality SPECT/optical imaging. No uptake of radio nanoformulation was detected in the skeleton after 4 h of administration, which evidenced the robust integrity of ZnAl2O4:169/171Er3+. Combining the therapeutics using the emission of β- particulates from 169Er and 171Er will be promising for the radio-theranostic application of the synthesized ZnAl2O4:169/171Er3+ nanoformulation. Cell toxicity studies of ZnAl2O4:1%Er3+ nanoparticles were examined by an MTT assay in B16F10 mouse melanoma cell lines, which demonstrated good biocompatibility. In addition, we explored the mechanism of UCL modulation via defect engineering by Bi3+ codoping in the ZnAl2O4:Er3+ upconversion nanophosphor. The UCL color tuning was successfully achieved from the red to the green region as a function of Bi3+ codoping concentrations. Further, we tried to establish a correlation of UCL tuning with the intrinsic oxygen and cation vacancy defects as a function of Bi3+ codoping concentrations with the help of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) studies. This study contributes to building a bridge between nature of defects and UC luminescence that is crucial for the design of advanced UCNPs for theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Balhara
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Santosh K Gupta
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Kathi Sudarshan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sourav Patra
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Avik Chakraborty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiation Medicine Centre (Medical), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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Han H, Chen BT, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xing L, Wang H, Zhou TJ, Jiang HL. Engineered stem cell-based strategy: A new paradigm of next-generation stem cell product in regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2024; 365:981-1003. [PMID: 38123072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have garnered significant attention in regenerative medicine owing to their abilities of multi-directional differentiation and self-renewal. Despite these encouraging results, the market for stem cell products yields limited, which is largely due to the challenges faced to the safety and viability of stem cells in vivo. Besides, the fate of cells re-infusion into the body unknown is also a major obstacle to stem cell therapy. Actually, both the functional protection and the fate tracking of stem cells are essential in tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. Recent studies have utilized cell engineering techniques to modify stem cells for enhancing their treatment efficiency or imparting them with novel biological capabilities, in which advances demonstrate the immense potential of engineered cell therapy. In this review, we proposed that the "engineered stem cells" are expected to represent the next generation of stem cell therapies and reviewed recent progress in this area. We also discussed potential applications of engineered stem cells and highlighted the most common challenges that must be addressed. Overall, this review has important guiding significance for the future design of new paradigms of stem cell products to improve their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bi-Te Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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8
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Sri Kanaka Durga Vijayalakshmi G, Puvvada N. Recent Advances in Chemically Engineered Nanostructures Impact on Ischemic Stroke Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:45188-45207. [PMID: 38075770 PMCID: PMC10701887 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a serious public health problem that raises expenses for society and causes long-term impairment and death. However, due to restricted blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, there are few treatment alternatives for treating stroke. Recanalization techniques, neuroprotective medications, and recovery techniques are all forms of treatment. The ischemic stroke treatment window is too narrow for logical and efficient therapy, and detection is possible only in advanced stages. BBB integrity disruption, neurotoxicity, and the brief half-life of therapeutic thrombolytics are the key molecular pathogenic causes of ischemic stroke. Existing neuroprotective drugs' inability to promote the recovery of ischemic brain tissue after a stroke is another factor that contributes to the disease's progression, chronic nature, and severity. A possible approach to getting around these medication restrictions and boosting the effectiveness of therapies is nanotechnology. In order to get around these drug-related restrictions and boost the effectiveness of therapies for neurological conditions such as stroke, nanotechnology has emerged as a viable option. These problems might be avoided by using nanoparticle-based methods to create a thrombolytic medication that is safe to use after the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment window has passed. The idea of using biomimetic nanoparticles in the future for the treatment of ischemic stroke through immunotherapy and stem cell therapy is highlighted, along with recent advancements in the study of nanomaterials for ischemic stroke diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaprasad Puvvada
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Amaravathi, Andhra Pradesh 522237, India
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9
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Hong S, Lee DS, Bae GW, Jeon J, Kim HK, Rhee S, Jung KO. In Vivo Stem Cell Imaging Principles and Applications. Int J Stem Cells 2023; 16:363-375. [PMID: 37643761 PMCID: PMC10686800 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are the foundational cells for every organ and tissue in our body. Cell-based therapeutics using stem cells in regenerative medicine have received attracting attention as a possible treatment for various diseases caused by congenital defects. Stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and neuroprogenitors stem cells (NSCs) have recently been studied in various ways as a cell-based therapeutic agent. When various stem cells are transplanted into a living body, they can differentiate and perform complex functions. For stem cell transplantation, it is essential to determine the suitability of the stem cell-based treatment by evaluating the origin of stem, the route of administration, in vivo bio-distribution, transplanted cell survival, function, and mobility. Currently, these various stem cells are being imaged in vivo through various molecular imaging methods. Various imaging modalities such as optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have been introduced for the application of various stem cell imaging. In this review, we discuss the principles and recent advances of in vivo molecular imaging for application of stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongje Hong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geun-Woo Bae
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhyeong Jeon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Kyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Siyeon Rhee
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyung Oh Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Zheng J, Jiang X, Li Y, Gao J. Inorganic nanoparticle-integrated mesenchymal stem cells: A potential biological agent for multifaceted applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e313. [PMID: 37533768 PMCID: PMC10390757 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies are flourishing. MSCs could be used as potential therapeutic agents for regenerative medicine due to their own repair function. Meanwhile, the natural predisposition toward inflammation or injury sites makes them promising carriers for targeted drug delivery. Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) are greatly favored for their unique properties and potential applications in biomedical fields. Current research has integrated INPs with MSCs to enhance their regenerative or antitumor functions. This model also allows the in vivo fate tracking of MSCs in multiple imaging modalities, as many INPs are also excellent contrast agents. Thus, INP-integrated MSCs would be a multifunctional biologic agent with great potential. In this review, the current roles performed by the integration of INPs with MSCs, including (i) enhancing their repair and regeneration capacity via the improvement of migration, survival, paracrine, or differentiation properties, (ii) empowering tumor-killing ability through agent loaded or hyperthermia, and (iii) conferring traceability are summarized. An introduction of INP-integrated MSCs for simultaneous treatment and tracking is also included. The promising applications of INP-integrated MSCs in future treatments are emphasized and the challenges to their clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan‐Juan Zheng
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xin‐Chi Jiang
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yao‐Sheng Li
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐Qing Gao
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative MedicineCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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11
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Yang H, Wu Q, Li J, Chen Q, Su L, He X, Li J, Qiu X. In Vivo Fate of CXCR2-Overexpressing Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Pulmonary Diseases Monitored by Near-Infrared Region 2 Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20742-20752. [PMID: 37071603 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung-associated diseases pose a huge threat to human society. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise in the treatment of pulmonary diseases through cell transdifferentiation, paracrine factors, immune regulation, EV secretion, and drug loading. However, intravenous injection of MSCs often resulted in limited lesion tropism and apparent off-target accumulation. The IL-8-CXCR1/2 chemokine axis has been shown to be involved in progression of diseases including lung cancer and acute lung injury (ALI). Herein, we took advantage of this chemokine axis to enhance the homing of MSCs to cancerous and inflammation lesions. The in vivo distribution of MSCs was further monitored real-time by near-infrared region 2 (NIR-II) imaging owing to its outstanding performance in deep tissue imaging. Specifically, a new high-brightness D-A-D NIR-II dye, LJ-858, was synthesized and coprecipitated with a poly(d,l-lactic acid) polymer to form LJ-858 nanoparticles (NPs) with a relative quantum yield of 14.978%. LJ-858 NPs can efficiently label MSCs, and the NIR-II signal can be stable for 14 days without compromising the cell viability. Subcutaneous tracking of labeled MSCs showed no significant decline of NIR-II intensity within 24 h. The enhanced tropism of CXCR2-overexpressing MSCs to A549 tumor cells and the inflamed lung tissue was demonstrated through transwell models. The in vivo and ex vivo NIR-II imaging results further validated the significantly enhanced lesion retention of MSCCXCR2 in the lung cancer and ALI models. Taken together, this work reported a robust strategy to enhance the pulmonary disease tropism by the IL-8-CXCR1/2 chemokine axis. In addition, in vivo distribution of MSCs was successfully visualized by NIR-II imaging, which provides more insights into optimizing protocols for MSC-based therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qingxia Wu
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jinwei Li
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qimingxing Chen
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lili Su
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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12
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Kudaibergen D, Park HS, Park J, Im GB, Lee JR, Joung YK, Bhang SH, Kim JH. Silica-Based Advanced Nanoparticles For Treating Ischemic Disease. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:177-198. [PMID: 36689072 PMCID: PMC10070585 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, various attempts have been made to apply diverse types of nanoparticles in biotechnology. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have been highlighted and studied for their selective accumulation in diseased parts, strong physical and chemical stability, and low cytotoxicity. SNPs, in particular, are very suitable for use in drug delivery and bioimaging, and have been sought as a treatment for ischemic diseases. In addition, mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been confirmed to efficiently deliver various types of drugs owing to their porous structure. Moreover, there have been innovative attempts to treat ischemic diseases using SNPs, which utilize the effects of Si ions on cells to improve cell viability, migration enhancement, and phenotype modulation. Recently, external stimulus-responsive treatments that control the movement of magnetic SNPs using external magnetic fields have been studied. This review addresses several original attempts to treat ischemic diseases using SNPs, including particle synthesis methods, and presents perspectives on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauletkerey Kudaibergen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Su Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Bum Im
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ro Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Joung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Zhen G, Mu Y, Yuan P, Li Y, Li X. One-Step Synthesis of Self-Stratification Core-Shell Latex for Antimicrobial Coating. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062795. [PMID: 36985769 PMCID: PMC10052133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a one-step method for synthesizing cationic acrylate-based core-shell latex (CACS latex), which is used to prepare architectural coatings with excellent antimicrobial properties. Firstly, a polymerizable water-soluble quaternary ammonium salt (QAS-BN) was synthesized using 2-(Dimethylamine) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and benzyl bromide by the Hoffman alkylation reaction. Then QAS-BN, butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) as reactants and 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA) as a water-soluble initiator were used to synthesize the CACS latex. The effect of the QAS-BN dosage on the properties of the emulsion and latex film was systematically investigated. The TGA results showed that using QAS-BN reduced the latex film's initial degradation temperature but improved its thermal stability. In the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photographs, the self-stratification of latex particles with a high dosage of QAS-BN was observed, forming a core-shell structure of latex particles. The DSC, TGA, XPS, SEM, and performance tests confirmed the core-shell structure of the latex particles. The relationship between the formation of the core-shell structure and the content of QAS-BN was proved. The formation of the core-shell structure was due to the preferential reaction of water-soluble monomers in the aqueous phase, which led to the aggregation of hydrophilic groups, resulting in the formation of soft-core and hard-shell latex particles. However, the water resistance of the films formed by CACS latex was greatly reduced. We introduced a p-chloromethyl styrene and n-hexane diamine (p-CMS/EDA) crosslinking system, effectively improving the water resistance in this study. Finally, the antimicrobial coating was prepared with a CACS emulsion of 7 wt.% QAS-BN and 2 wt.% p-CMS/EDA. The antibacterial activity rates of this antimicrobial coating against E. coli and S. aureus were 99.99%. The antiviral activity rates against H3N2, HCoV-229E, and EV71 were 99.4%, 99.2%, and 97.9%, respectively. This study provides a novel idea for the morphological design of latex particles. A new architectural coating with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties was obtained, which has important public health and safety applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhou Zhen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanchun Mu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peichen Yuan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yankun Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Synthesis and Application of Waterborne Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Cobalt protoporphyrin-induced nano-self-assembly for CT imaging, magnetic-guidance, and antioxidative protection of stem cells in pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:129-141. [PMID: 36093327 PMCID: PMC9411585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation is a promising approach for pulmonary fibrosis (PF), however it is impeded by several persistent challenges, including the lack of long-term tracking, low retention, and poor survival of MSCs, as well as the low labeling efficiency of nanoprobes. Herein, a cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP) aggregation-induced strategy is applied to develop a multifunctional nano-self-assembly (ASCP) by combining gold nanoparticle (AuNPs), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), and CoPP through a facile solvent evaporation-driven approach. Since no additional carrier materials are employed during the synthesis, high loading efficiency of active ingredients and excellent biocompatibility are achieved. Additionally, facile modification of the ASCPs with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN) groups (named as ASCP-BCN) enables them to effectively label MSCs through bioorthogonal chemistry. The obtained ASCP-BCN could not only help to track MSCs with AuNP-based computed tomography (CT) imaging, but also achieve an SPIONs-assisted magnetic field based improvement in the MSCs retention in lungs as well as promoted the survival of MSCs via the sustained release of CoPP. The in vivo results demonstrated that the labeled MSCs improved the lung functions and alleviated the fibrosis symptoms in a bleomycin–induced PF mouse model. Collectively, a novel ASCP-BCN multifunctional nanoagent was developed to bioorthogonally-label MSCs with a high efficiency, presenting a promising potential in the high-efficient MSC therapy for PF. Cobalt protoporphyrin IX induces the formation of multifunctional nanoagent by self-assembly without additional carriers. Bioorthogonal reaction increases the stem cell labeling efficiency of nanoagents. Gold nanoparticles-based CT imaging enables stem cell tracking in vivo. Magnetic guidance and cytoprotection functions improve the therapeutic effect of stem cell therapy for pulmonary fibrosis.
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15
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Shu Y, Shen H, Yao M, Shen J, Yang G, Chen H, Tang Y, Ma M. Metal protoporphyrin-induced self-assembly nanoprobe enabling precise tracking and antioxidant protection of stem cells for ischemic stroke therapy. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20220037. [PMID: 39188561 PMCID: PMC11236039 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20220037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has provided a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke, which is still restricted by the lack of long-term cell tracking strategy as well as the poor survival rate of stem cells in ischemic region. Herein, a dual-functional nanoprobe, cobalt protoporphyrin-induced nano-self-assembly (CPSP), has been developed through a cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP) aggregation-induced self-assembly strategy, which combines CoPP and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION) via a simple solvent evaporation-driven method. Without any additional carrier materials, the obtained CPSP is featured with good biocompatibility and high proportions of active ingredients. The SPIONs in CPSPs form a cluster-like structure, endowing this nano-self-assembly with excellent T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging performance. Furthermore, the CoPP released from CPSPs could effectively protect MSCs by upregulating heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression. The in vivo cell tracing capacity of CPSPs is confirmed by monitoring the migration of labeled MSCs with MR imaging in a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. More importantly, the sustained release of CoPP from CPSPs improves the survival of transplanted MSCs and promotes neural repair and neurobehavioral recovery of ischemic mice. Overall, this work presents a novel dual-functional nanoagent with an ingenious design for advancing MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructuresShanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hui Shen
- Med‐X Research Institute and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Minghua Yao
- Department of UltrasoundShanghai General HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructuresShanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Yuan Yang
- Med‐X Research Institute and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructuresShanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Med‐X Research Institute and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Ankerui (Shanxi) Biological Cell Co., Ltd.Xiaohe Industrial Park Comprehensive Reform Demonstration ZoneTaiyuanChina
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructuresShanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouChina
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16
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Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Farjami A, Salatin S. Nanoparticle and Stem Cell Combination Therapy for the Management of Stroke. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:15-29. [PMID: 36515043 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221213113119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is currently one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, the available treatments for stroke are still extremely limited. Indeed, stem cell (SC) therapy is a new option for the treatment of stroke that could significantly expand the therapeutic time window of stroke. Some proposed mechanisms for stroke-based SC therapy are the incorporation of SCs into the host brain to replace dead or damaged cells/tissues. Moreover, acute cell delivery can inhibit apoptosis and decrease lesion size, providing immunomudolatory and neuroprotection effects. However, several major SC problems related to SCs such as homing, viability, uncontrolled differentiation, and possible immune response, have limited SC therapy. A combination of SC therapy with nanoparticles (NPs) can be a solution to address these challenges. NPs have received considerable attention in regulating and controlling the behavior of SCs because of their unique physicochemical properties. By reviewing the pathophysiology of stroke and the therapeutic benefits of SCs and NPs, we hypothesize that combined therapy will offer a promising future in the field of stroke management. In this work, we discuss recent literature in SC research combined with NP-based strategies that may have a synergistic outcome after stroke incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Menozzi L, Yang W, Feng W, Yao J. Sound out the impaired perfusion: Photoacoustic imaging in preclinical ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1055552. [PMID: 36532279 PMCID: PMC9751426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1055552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustically detecting the optical absorption contrast, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a highly versatile imaging modality that can provide anatomical, functional, molecular, and metabolic information of biological tissues. PAI is highly scalable and can probe the same biological process at various length scales ranging from single cells (microscopic) to the whole organ (macroscopic). Using hemoglobin as the endogenous contrast, PAI is capable of label-free imaging of blood vessels in the brain and mapping hemodynamic functions such as blood oxygenation and blood flow. These imaging merits make PAI a great tool for studying ischemic stroke, particularly for probing into hemodynamic changes and impaired cerebral blood perfusion as a consequence of stroke. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the scientific progresses in the past decade by using PAI to monitor cerebral blood vessel impairment and restoration after ischemic stroke, mostly in the preclinical setting. We also outline and discuss the major technological barriers and challenges that need to be overcome so that PAI can play a more significant role in preclinical stroke research, and more importantly, accelerate its translation to be a useful clinical diagnosis and management tool for human strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Menozzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Wuwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Ma X, Liao X, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Yin X, Pan Q. Circulating endothelial microvesicles and their carried miR-125a-5p: potential biomarkers for ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2022; 8:89-102. [PMID: 36109098 PMCID: PMC10176997 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2021-001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEndothelial microvesicles (EMVs) are closely associated with the status of endothelial cells (ECs). Our earlier study has shown that EMVs could exert protective roles in ECs by transferring their carried miR-125a-5p. However, whether circulating EMVs and their carried miR-125a-5p can be used as biomarkers in ischaemic stroke (IS) are remain unknown.MethodsWe recruited 72 subjects with IS, 60 subjects with high stroke risk and 56 age-matched controls. The circulating EMVs and their carried miR-125a-5p (EMV-miR-125a-5p) levels were detected. We used microRNA (miR) array to study expression changes of miRs in plasma EMVs samples of three IS patients and three matched healthy controls. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was used to establish IS mouse model.ResultsEMVs level was obviously elevated in IS patients, with the highest level in acute stage, and was positively related to carotid plaque, carotid intima–media thickness (IMT), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), infarct volume. On the contrary, we observed that EMV-miR-125a-5p level was obviously reduced in IS, with the lowest level in acute stage, and was negatively correlated with carotid plaque, IMT, NIHSS scores, infarct volume. EMVs and EMV-miR-125a-5p levels were closely related with large artery atherosclerosis subgroup. Importantly, EMVs and EMV-miR-125a-5p levels could serve as independent risk factors, and receiver operating characteristic curve achieved an area under curve (AUC) of 0.720 and 0.832 for IS, respectively, and elevated to 0.881 after their combination. In IS mouse model, control EMVs or n-EMVs administration could decrease the infarct volume and neurological deficit score, while increase the cerebral blood flow of IS mice compared with vehicle group, while IS EMVs or oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-EMVs administration aggravated the tMCAO induced ischaemic injury. In addition, we observed that OGD EMVmiR-125a-5p could partially ameliorate the OGD EMVs induced brain injury after IS.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that circulating EMVs and EMV-miR-125a-5p are closely related with the occurrence, progress, subtypes and severity of IS, and they can serve as innovative biomarkers and therapeutic targets for IS, especially when they are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaorong Liao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiehong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qunwen Pan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Gao Y, Xu W, Chen Y, Xie W, Cheng Q. Deep Learning-Based Photoacoustic Imaging of Vascular Network Through Thick Porous Media. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2022; 41:2191-2204. [PMID: 35294347 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3158474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a promising approach used to realize in vivo transcranial cerebral vascular imaging. However, the strong attenuation and distortion of the photoacoustic wave caused by the thick porous skull greatly affect the imaging quality. In this study, we developed a convolutional neural network based on U-Net to extract the effective photoacoustic information hidden in the speckle patterns obtained from vascular network images datasets under porous media. Our simulation and experimental results show that the proposed neural network can learn the mapping relationship between the speckle pattern and the target, and extract the photoacoustic signals of the vessels submerged in noise to reconstruct high-quality images of the vessels with a sharp outline and a clean background. Compared with the traditional photoacoustic reconstruction methods, the proposed deep learning-based reconstruction algorithm has a better performance with a lower mean absolute error, higher structural similarity, and higher peak signal-to-noise ratio of reconstructed images. In conclusion, the proposed neural network can effectively extract valid information from highly blurred speckle patterns for the rapid reconstruction of target images, which offers promising applications in transcranial photoacoustic imaging.
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20
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Xiang X, Shi D, Gao J. The Advances and Biomedical Applications of Imageable Nanomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:914105. [PMID: 35866027 PMCID: PMC9294271 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.914105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine shows great potential in screening, diagnosing and treating diseases. However, given the limitations of current technology, detection of some smaller lesions and drugs’ dynamic monitoring still need to be improved. With the advancement of nanotechnology, researchers have produced various nanomaterials with imaging capabilities which have shown great potential in biomedical research. Here, we summarized the researches based on the characteristics of imageable nanomaterials, highlighted the advantages and biomedical applications of imageable nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and discussed current challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Doudou Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianbo Gao,
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21
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Lin Y, Zhou HC, Chen N, Ren Y, Gao R, Li Q, Deng Y, Han X, Zhang X, Xiang AP, Guo B, Liu C, Ren J. Unveiling the improved targeting migration of mesenchymal stem cells with CXC chemokine receptor 3-modification using intravital NIR-II photoacoustic imaging. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:307. [PMID: 35764961 PMCID: PMC9238014 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapy with genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has clinical translation promise. Optimizing the targeting migratory ability of MSCs relies on accurate imaging of the distribution and extravasation kinetics of MSCs, and the corresponding imaging results could be used to predict therapeutic outcomes and guide the optimization of the treatment program. Among the different imaging modalities, second near-infrared (NIR-II) optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has merits, including a fine resolution, a deep penetration, a high sensitivity, and a large signal-to-background ratio. It would be an ideal candidate for precise monitoring of MSCs, although it has not been tested for this purpose so far. Results Penetrating peptide-decorated conjugated polymer nanoparticles (TAT-CPNPs) with strong NIR-II absorbance were used to label chemokine-receptor genetically modified MSCs, which were subsequently evaluated under intravital NIR-II OR-PAM regarding their targeting migratory ability. Based on the upregulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 in the inflamed ears of contact hypersensitivity mice, MSCs with overexpression of corresponding receptor, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (Cxcr3) were successfully generated (MSCCxcr3). TAT-CPNPs labeling enabled NIR-II photoacoustic imaging to discern MSCCxcr3 covered by 1.2 cm of chicken breast tissue. Longitudinal OR-PAM imaging revealed enhanced inflammation-targeting migration of MSCCxcr3 over time attributed to Cxcr3 gene modification, which was further validated by histological analysis. Conclusions TAT-CPNPs-assisted NIR-II PA imaging is promising for monitoring distribution and extravasation kinetics of MSCs, which would greatly facilitate optimizing MSC-based therapy. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01513-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Laboratory of Novel Optoacoustic/Ultrasonic Imaging, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hui-Chao Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Laboratory of Novel Optoacoustic/Ultrasonic Imaging, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ningbo Chen
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiaojia Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Laboratory of Novel Optoacoustic/Ultrasonic Imaging, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xuejiao Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Bing Guo
- School of Science and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Ultrasound, Laboratory of Novel Optoacoustic/Ultrasonic Imaging, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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22
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Gawne P, Man F, Blower PJ, T. M. de Rosales R. Direct Cell Radiolabeling for in Vivo Cell Tracking with PET and SPECT Imaging. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10266-10318. [PMID: 35549242 PMCID: PMC9185691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The arrival of cell-based therapies is a revolution in medicine. However, its safe clinical application in a rational manner depends on reliable, clinically applicable methods for determining the fate and trafficking of therapeutic cells in vivo using medical imaging techniques─known as in vivo cell tracking. Radionuclide imaging using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) has several advantages over other imaging modalities for cell tracking because of its high sensitivity (requiring low amounts of probe per cell for imaging) and whole-body quantitative imaging capability using clinically available scanners. For cell tracking with radionuclides, ex vivo direct cell radiolabeling, that is, radiolabeling cells before their administration, is the simplest and most robust method, allowing labeling of any cell type without the need for genetic modification. This Review covers the development and application of direct cell radiolabeling probes utilizing a variety of chemical approaches: organic and inorganic/coordination (radio)chemistry, nanomaterials, and biochemistry. We describe the key early developments and the most recent advances in the field, identifying advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and informing future development and choice of methods for clinical and preclinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
J. Gawne
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Francis Man
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Rafael T. M. de Rosales
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
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23
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Wang T, Jiang Q, Xu F, Liu Z. Living Cell for Drug Delivery. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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24
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Targeting neuroinflammation by intranasal delivery of nanoparticles in neurological diseases: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:133-148. [PMID: 34982185 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation (NIF) plays an essential role in the pathology of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Despite progress in the drug discovery and development of new drugs, drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) still represents the challenge due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Targeting NIF may require an adequate amount of drug to cross the BBB. Recently, the intranasal (IN) drug administration has attracted increasing attention as a reliable method to cross the BBB and treat neurological disorders. On the other hand, using optimized nanoparticles may improve the IN delivery limitations, increase the mucoadhesive properties, and prevent drug degradation. NPs can carry and deliver drugs to the CNS by bypassing the BBB. In this review, we described briefly the NIF as a pathologic feature of CNS diseases. The potential treatment possibilities with IN transfer of NP-loaded drugs will enhance the establishment of more efficient nanoformulations and delivery systems.
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25
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Varani M, Galli F, Bentivoglio V, Signore A. Particles and nanoparticles in nuclear medicine: Basic principles and instrumentation. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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26
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Cheng Y, Cheng A, Jia Y, Yang L, Ning Y, Xu L, Zhong Y, Zhuang Z, Guan J, Zhang X, Lin Y, Zhou T, Fan X, Li J, Liu P, Yan G, Wu R. pH-Responsive Multifunctional Theranostic Rapamycin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Imaging and Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56909-56922. [PMID: 34807583 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally and the most common cause of severe disability. Several barriers need to be addressed more effectively to treat stroke, including efficient delivery of therapeutic agents, rapid release at the infarct site, precise imaging of the infarct site, and drug distribution monitoring. The present study aimed to develop a bio-responsive theranostic nanoplatform with signal-amplifying capability to deliver rapamycin (RAPA) to ischemic brain tissues and visually monitor drug distribution. A pH-sensitive theranostic RAPA-loaded nanoparticle system was designed since ischemic tissues have a low-pH microenvironment compared with normal tissues. The nanoparticles demonstrated good stability and biocompatibility and could efficiently load rapamycin, followed by its rapid release in acidic environments, thereby improving therapeutic accuracy. The nano-drug-delivery system also exhibited acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging signal properties, enabling accurate multimodal imaging with minimal background noise, thus improving drug tracing and diagnostic accuracy. Finally, in vivo experiments confirmed that the nanoparticles preferentially aggregated in the ischemic hemisphere and exerted a neuroprotective effect in rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). These pH-sensitive multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles could serve as a potential nanoplatform for drug tracing as well as the treatment and even diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. Moreover, they could be a universal solution to achieve accurate in vivo imaging and treatment of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Airong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Chengwu County People's Hospital, Chengwu 274200, Shandong, China
| | - Yanlong Jia
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei 441021, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Ning
- Department of TCM, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yazhi Zhong
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zerui Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jitian Guan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiusong Fan
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwu Li
- Transfusion Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
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27
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Shi XF, Ji B, Kong Y, Guan Y, Ni R. Multimodal Contrast Agents for Optoacoustic Brain Imaging in Small Animals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:746815. [PMID: 34650961 PMCID: PMC8505530 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.746815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging has demonstrated versatile applications in biomedical research, visualizing the disease pathophysiology and monitoring the treatment effect in an animal model, as well as toward applications in the clinical setting. Given the complex disease mechanism, multimodal imaging provides important etiological insights with different molecular, structural, and functional readouts in vivo. Various multimodal optoacoustic molecular imaging approaches have been applied in preclinical brain imaging studies, including optoacoustic/fluorescence imaging, optoacoustic imaging/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optoacoustic imaging/MRI/Raman, optoacoustic imaging/positron emission tomography, and optoacoustic/computed tomography. There is a rapid development in molecular imaging contrast agents employing a multimodal imaging strategy for pathological targets involved in brain diseases. Many chemical dyes for optoacoustic imaging have fluorescence properties and have been applied in hybrid optoacoustic/fluorescence imaging. Nanoparticles are widely used as hybrid contrast agents for their capability to incorporate different imaging components, tunable spectrum, and photostability. In this review, we summarize contrast agents including chemical dyes and nanoparticles applied in multimodal optoacoustic brain imaging integrated with other modalities in small animals, and provide outlook for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-feng Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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James S, Neuhaus K, Murphy M, Leahy M. Contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging: a review of stem cell tracking. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:511. [PMID: 34563237 PMCID: PMC8467005 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injuries, stroke, burns, macular degeneration, heart diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis; the need to track the survival, migration pathways, spatial destination and differentiation of transplanted stem cells in a clinical setting has gained increased relevance. Indeed, getting regulatory approval to use these therapies in the clinic depends on biodistribution studies. Although optoacoustic imaging (OAI) or photoacoustic imaging can detect functional information of cell activities in real-time, the selection and application of suitable contrast agents is essential to achieve optimal sensitivity and contrast for sensing at clinically relevant depths and can even provide information about molecular activity. This review explores OAI methodologies in conjunction with the specific application of exogenous contrast agents in comparison to other imaging modalities and describes the properties of exogenous contrast agents for quantitative and qualitative monitoring of stem cells. Specific characteristics such as biocompatibility, the absorption coefficient, and surface functionalization are compared and how the labelling efficiency translates to both short and long-term visualization of mesenchymal stem cells is explored. An overview of novel properties of recently developed optoacoustic contrast agents and their capability to detect disease and recovery progression in clinical settings is provided which includes newly developed exogenous contrast agents to monitor stem cells in real-time for multimodal sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soorya James
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging facility,School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kai Neuhaus
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging facility,School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary Murphy
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Leahy
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging facility,School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
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29
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He W, Zhang Z, Sha X. Nanoparticles-mediated emerging approaches for effective treatment of ischemic stroke. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121111. [PMID: 34488117 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke leads to high disability and mortality. The limited delivery efficiency of most therapeutic substances is a major challenge for effective treatment of ischemic stroke. Inspired by the prominent merit of nanoscale particles in brain targeting and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, various functional nanoparticles have been designed as promising drug delivery platforms that are expected to improve the therapeutic effect of ischemic stroke. Based on the complex pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke, this review outline and summarize the rationally designed nanoparticles-mediated emerging approaches for effective treatment of ischemic stroke, including recanalization therapy, neuroprotection therapy, and combination therapy. On this bases, the potentials and challenges of nanoparticles in the treatment of ischemic stroke are revealed, and new thoughts and perspectives are proposed for the design of feasible nanoparticles for effective treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu He
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xianyi Sha
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, 120 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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30
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Huang H, Du X, He Z, Yan Z, Han W. Nanoparticles for Stem Cell Tracking and the Potential Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662406. [PMID: 34277609 PMCID: PMC8283769 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies have been shown potential in regenerative medicine. In these cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability of self-renewal and being differentiated into different types of cells, such as cardiovascular cells. Moreover, MSCs have low immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties, and can protect the myocardium, which are ideal qualities for cardiovascular repair. Transplanting mesenchymal stem cells has demonstrated improved outcomes for treating cardiovascular diseases in preclinical trials. However, there still are some challenges, such as their low rate of migration to the ischemic myocardium, low tissue retention, and low survival rate after the transplantation. To solve these problems, an ideal method should be developed to precisely and quantitatively monitor the viability of the transplanted cells in vivo for providing the guidance of clinical translation. Cell imaging is an ideal method, but requires a suitable contrast agent to label and track the cells. This article reviews the uses of nanoparticles as contrast agents for tracking MSCs and the challenges of clinical use of MSCs in the potential treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Huang
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuejun Du
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiguo He
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zifeng Yan
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Han
- Emergency Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Progress in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9923566. [PMID: 34221026 PMCID: PMC8219421 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and disability worldwide. Despite the great efforts that have been made, the prognosis of patients with IS remains unsatisfactory. Notably, recent studies indicated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) therapy is becoming a novel research hotspot with large potential in treating multiple human diseases including IS. The current article is aimed at reviewing the progress of MSC treatment on IS. The mechanism of MSCs in the treatment of IS involved with immune regulation, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and neural circuit reconstruction. In addition, nutritional cytokines, mitochondria, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be the main mediators of the therapeutic effect of MSCs. Transplantation of MSCs-derived EVs (MSCs-EVs) affords a better neuroprotective against IS when compared with transplantation of MSCs alone. MSC therapy can prolong the treatment time window of ischemic stroke, and early administration within 7 days after stroke may be the best treatment opportunity. The deliver routine consists of intraventricular, intravascular, intranasal, and intraperitoneal. Furthermore, several methods such as hypoxic preconditioning and gene technology could increase the homing and survival ability of MSCs after transplantation. In addition, MSCs combined with some drugs or physical therapy measures also show better neurological improvement. These data supported the notion that MSC therapy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for IS. And the application of new technology will promote MSC therapy of IS.
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32
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Razansky D, Klohs J, Ni R. Multi-scale optoacoustic molecular imaging of brain diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4152-4170. [PMID: 33594473 PMCID: PMC8566397 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to non-invasively visualize endogenous chromophores and exogenous probes and sensors across the entire rodent brain with the high spatial and temporal resolution has empowered optoacoustic imaging modalities with unprecedented capacities for interrogating the brain under physiological and diseased conditions. This has rapidly transformed optoacoustic microscopy (OAM) and multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) into emerging research tools to study animal models of brain diseases. In this review, we describe the principles of optoacoustic imaging and showcase recent technical advances that enable high-resolution real-time brain observations in preclinical models. In addition, advanced molecular probe designs allow for efficient visualization of pathophysiological processes playing a central role in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, and stroke. We describe outstanding challenges in optoacoustic imaging methodologies and propose a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT E42.1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT E42.1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT E42.1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Uiversity of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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33
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Pellico J, Gawne PJ, T M de Rosales R. Radiolabelling of nanomaterials for medical imaging and therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3355-3423. [PMID: 33491714 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials offer unique physical, chemical and biological properties of interest for medical imaging and therapy. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing effort to translate nanomaterial-based medicinal products (so-called nanomedicines) into clinical practice and, although multiple nanoparticle-based formulations are clinically available, there is still a disparity between the number of pre-clinical products and those that reach clinical approval. To facilitate the efficient clinical translation of nanomedicinal-drugs, it is important to study their whole-body biodistribution and pharmacokinetics from the early stages of their development. Integrating this knowledge with that of their therapeutic profile and/or toxicity should provide a powerful combination to efficiently inform nanomedicine trials and allow early selection of the most promising candidates. In this context, radiolabelling nanomaterials allows whole-body and non-invasive in vivo tracking by the sensitive clinical imaging techniques positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Furthermore, certain radionuclides with specific nuclear emissions can elicit therapeutic effects by themselves, leading to radionuclide-based therapy. To ensure robust information during the development of nanomaterials for PET/SPECT imaging and/or radionuclide therapy, selection of the most appropriate radiolabelling method and knowledge of its limitations are critical. Different radiolabelling strategies are available depending on the type of material, the radionuclide and/or the final application. In this review we describe the different radiolabelling strategies currently available, with a critical vision over their advantages and disadvantages. The final aim is to review the most relevant and up-to-date knowledge available in this field, and support the efficient clinical translation of future nanomedicinal products for in vivo imaging and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pellico
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Wang Y, Shan SK, Guo B, Li F, Zheng MH, Lei LM, Xu QS, Ullah MHE, Xu F, Lin X, Yuan LQ. The Multi-Therapeutic Role of MSCs in Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:671566. [PMID: 34163437 PMCID: PMC8216044 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.671566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common diabetes mellitus (DM) microvascular complications, which always ends with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Up to now, as the treatment of DN in clinic is still complicated, ESRD has become the main cause of death in diabetic patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with multi-differentiation potential and paracrine function, have attracted considerable attention in cell therapy recently. Increasing studies concerning the mechanisms and therapeutic effect of MSCs in DN emerged. This review summarizes several mechanisms of MSCs, especially MSCs derived exosomes in DN therapy, including hyperglycemia regulation, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, pro-angiogenesis, and renal function protection. We also emphasize the limitation of MSCs application in the clinic and the enhanced therapeutic role of pre-treated MSCs in the DN therapy. This review provides balanced and impartial views for MSC therapy as a promising strategy in diabetic kidney disease amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fuxingzi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan,
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35
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Cerqueira SR, Ayad NG, Lee JK. Neuroinflammation Treatment via Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:576037. [PMID: 33192321 PMCID: PMC7555434 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.576037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective treatments for most neurological diseases has prompted the search for novel therapeutic options. Interestingly, neuroinflammation is emerging as a common feature to target in most CNS pathologies. Recent studies suggest that targeted delivery of small molecules to reduce neuroinflammation can be beneficial. However, suboptimal drug delivery to the CNS is a major barrier to modulate inflammation because neurotherapeutic compounds are currently being delivered systemically without spatial or temporal control. Emerging nanomaterial technologies are providing promising and superior tools to effectively access neuropathological tissue in a controlled manner. Here we highlight recent advances in nanomaterial technologies for drug delivery to the CNS. We propose that state-of-the-art nanoparticle drug delivery platforms can significantly impact local CNS bioavailability of pharmacological compounds and treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana R Cerqueira
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nagi G Ayad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jae K Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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