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Jing L, Wang W, Tian Q, Kong Y, Ye X, Yang H, Hu Q, He C. Efficient Neutral H 2O 2 Electrosynthesis from Favorable Reaction Microenvironments via Porous Carbon Carrier Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403023. [PMID: 38763905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The efficient electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) in neutral media is undoubtedly a practical route, but the limited comprehension of electrocatalysts has hindered the system advancement. Herein, we present the design of model catalysts comprising mesoporous carbon spheres-supported Pd nanoparticles for H2O2 electrosynthesis at near-zero overpotential with approximately 95 % selectivity in a neutral electrolyte. Impressively, the optimized Pd/MCS-8 electrocatalyst in a flow cell device achieves an exceptional H2O2 yield of 15.77 mol gcatalyst -1 h-1, generating a neutral H2O2 solution with an accumulated concentration of 6.43 wt %, a level sufficiently high for medical disinfection. Finite element simulation and experimental results suggest that mesoporous carbon carriers promote O2 enrichment and localized pH elevation, establishing a favorable microenvironment for 2e- ORR in neutral media. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the robust interaction between Pd nanoparticles and the carbon carriers optimized the adsorption of OOH* at the carbon edge, ensuring high active 2e- process. These findings offer new insights into carbon-loaded electrocatalysts for efficient 2e- ORR in neutral media, emphasizing the role of carrier engineering in constructing favorable microenvironments and synergizing active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jing
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Qiang Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yan Kong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xieshu Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Hengpan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Qi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
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2
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Deng Z, Choi SJ, Li G, Wang X. Advancing H 2O 2 electrosynthesis: enhancing electrochemical systems, unveiling emerging applications, and seizing opportunities. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39021095 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00412d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a highly desired chemical with a wide range of applications. Recent advancements in H2O2 synthesis center on the electrochemical reduction of oxygen, an environmentally friendly approach that facilitates on-site production. To successfully implement practical-scale, highly efficient electrosynthesis of H2O2, it is critical to meticulously explore both the design of catalytic materials and the engineering of other components of the electrochemical system, as they hold equal importance in this process. Development of promising electrocatalysts with outstanding selectivity and activity is a prerequisite for efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis, while well-configured electrolyzers determine the practical implementation of large-scale H2O2 production. In this review, we systematically summarize fundamental mechanisms and recent achievements in H2O2 electrosynthesis, including electrocatalyst design, electrode optimization, electrolyte engineering, reactor exploration, potential applications, and integrated systems, with an emphasis on active site identification and microenvironment regulation. This review also proposes new insights into the existing challenges and opportunities within this rapidly evolving field, together with perspectives on future development of H2O2 electrosynthesis and its industrial-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Deng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Seung Joon Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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3
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Deng M, Wang D, Li Y. General Design Concept of High-Performance Single-Atom-Site Catalysts for H 2O 2 Electrosynthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314340. [PMID: 38439595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a green oxidizing agent is widely used in various fields. Electrosynthesis of H2O2 has gradually become a hotspot due to its convenient and environment-friendly features. Single-atom-site catalysts (SASCs) with uniform active sites are the ideal catalysts for the in-depth study of the reaction mechanism and structure-performance relationship. In this review, the outstanding achievements of SASCs in the electrosynthesis of H2O2 through 2e- oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and 2e- water oxygen reaction (WOR) in recent years, are summarized. First, the elementary steps of the two pathways and the roles of key intermediates (*OOH and *OH) in the reactions are systematically discussed. Next, the influence of the size effect, electronic structure regulation, the support/interfacial effect, the optimization of coordination microenvironments, and the SASCs-derived catalysts applied in 2e- ORR are systematically analyzed. Besides, the developments of SASCs in 2e- WOR are also overviewed. Finally, the research progress of H2O2 electrosynthesis on SASCs is concluded, and an outlook on the rational design of SASCs is presented in conjunction with the design strategies and characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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4
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Jia S, Yu H, Na J, Liu Z, Lv K, Ren Z, Sun S, Shao Z. Efficient Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Oxygen-Doped Porous Carbon Catalysts at Industrial Current Densities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38659341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free carbon catalysts (MFCCs) are one of the commonly used catalysts for electrocatalytic two-electron oxygen reduction (2e- ORR) synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Oxygen doping is an effective means to improve the performance of MFCCs, but the performance of oxygen-doped carbon catalysts is still not high enough, and the contribution of different oxygen functional groups (OFGs) to the catalytic performance is still inconclusive. In this paper, carbon-based catalysts with different oxygen contents and ratios of OFGs were prepared, and the high 2e- ORR activity of COOH + C-OH was demonstrated by combining the results of experiments and theoretical calculations. The prepared oxygen-doped carbon-based catalyst C-0.1M80 achieved an onset potential of 0.795 V (vs RHE), a selectivity of up to 98.2% (0.6 V vs RHE), and a H2O2 oxidation current of 1.33 mA cm-2 (0.5 V vs RHE) in a rotating ring-disk electrode test (0.1 M KOH solution), which was an outstanding performance in MFCCs. In a solid electrolyte flow cell, C-0.1M80 achieved a Faraday efficiency of 97.5% at 200 mA cm-2 with a corresponding H2O2 production rate of 123.7 mg cm-2 h-1. In addition, a flow cell stability test was performed at an industrial current density (100 mA cm-2) with an astounding 200 h of uninterrupted operation, also achieving an outstanding average Faradaic efficiency (95.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Jia
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jingchen Na
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaiqiu Lv
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwei Ren
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shucheng Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhigang Shao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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5
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Zhang C, Li Q, Zhao J, Liu R. Sodium chloride modulated construction of hollow Co/Co 3O 4 heterostructure with enhanced mesoscale diffusion towards overall water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:169-177. [PMID: 38039878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating an efficient electrocatalyst for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) isthe most challenging task for overall water splitting. Herein, we utilized the confinement effect of molten sodium chloride (NaCl) to controllably prepare hollow Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded into nitrogen-doped carbon (H-Co/Co3O4-NC). Experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that the interfacial interaction within Co/Co3O4 heterostructure played a pivotal role in modulating the electronic structure and facilitating the electron transfer. Meanwhile, the superiority of hollow nanostructure could promote the mesoscale mass diffusion. Remarkably, the as-prepared H-Co/Co3O4-NC catalyst achieved the low overpotentials of 316 mV and 252 mV towards OER and HER, respectively, which delivered overall water splitting with the potential of 1.76 V at a current density of 10 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Qin Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
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6
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Tian Q, Jing L, Yin Y, Liang Z, Du H, Yang L, Cheng X, Zuo D, Tang C, Liu Z, Liu J, Wan J, Yang J. Nanoengineering of Porous 2D Structures with Tunable Fluid Transport Behavior for Exceptional H 2O 2 Electrosynthesis. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1650-1659. [PMID: 38265360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Precision nanoengineering of porous two-dimensional structures has emerged as a promising avenue for finely tuning catalytic reactions. However, understanding the pore-structure-dependent catalytic performance remains challenging, given the lack of comprehensive guidelines, appropriate material models, and precise synthesis strategies. Here, we propose the optimization of two-dimensional carbon materials through the utilization of mesopores with 5-10 nm diameter to facilitate fluid acceleration, guided by finite element simulations. As proof of concept, the optimized mesoporous carbon nanosheet sample exhibited exceptional electrocatalytic performance, demonstrating high selectivity (>95%) and a notable diffusion-limiting disk current density of -3.1 mA cm-2 for H2O2 production. Impressively, the electrolysis process in the flow cell achieved a production rate of 14.39 mol gcatalyst-1 h-1 to yield a medical-grade disinfectant-worthy H2O2 solution. Our pore engineering research focuses on modulating oxygen reduction reaction activity and selectivity by affecting local fluid transport behavior, providing insights into the mesoscale catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lingyan Jing
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yunchao Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhenye Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongnan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaolei Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Daxian Zuo
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical, Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuoxin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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7
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Tian Q, Jing L, Du H, Yin Y, Cheng X, Xu J, Chen J, Liu Z, Wan J, Liu J, Yang J. Mesoporous carbon spheres with programmable interiors as efficient nanoreactors for H 2O 2 electrosynthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:983. [PMID: 38302469 PMCID: PMC10834542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The nanoreactor holds great promise as it emulates the natural processes of living organisms to facilitate chemical reactions, offering immense potential in catalytic energy conversion owing to its unique structural functionality. Here, we propose the utilization of precisely engineered carbon spheres as building blocks, integrating micromechanics and controllable synthesis to explore their catalytic functionalities in two-electron oxygen reduction reactions. After conducting rigorous experiments and simulations, we present compelling evidence for the enhanced mass transfer and microenvironment modulation effects offered by these mesoporous hollow carbon spheres, particularly when possessing a suitably sized hollow architecture. Impressively, the pivotal achievement lies in the successful screening of a potent, selective, and durable two-electron oxygen reduction reaction catalyst for the direct synthesis of medical-grade hydrogen peroxide disinfectant. Serving as an exemplary demonstration of nanoreactor engineering in catalyst screening, this work highlights the immense potential of various well-designed carbon-based nanoreactors in extensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyan Jing
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongnan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yunchao Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolei Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuoxin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Long Y, Lin J, Ye F, Liu W, Wang D, Cheng Q, Paul R, Cheng D, Mao B, Yan R, Zhao L, Liu D, Liu F, Hu C. Tailoring the Atomic-Local Environment of Carbon Nanotube Tips for Selective H 2 O 2 Electrosynthesis at High Current Densities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303905. [PMID: 37535390 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The atomic-local environment of catalytically active sites plays an important role in tuning the activity of carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts (C-MFECs). However, the rational regulation of the environment is always impeded by synthetic limitations and insufficient understanding of the formation mechanism of the catalytic sites. Herein, the possible cleavage mechanism of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through the crossing points during ball-milling is proposed, resulting in abundant CNT tips that are more susceptible to be modified by heteroatoms, achieving precise modulation of the atomic environment at the tips. The obtained CNTs with N,S-rich tips (N,S-TCNTs) exhibit a wide potential window of 0.59 V along with H2 O2 selectivity for over 90.0%. Even using air as the O2 source, the flow cell system with N,S-TCNTs catalyst attains high H2 O2 productivity up to 30.37 mol gcat. -1 h-1 @350 mA cm-2 , superior to most reported C-MFECs. From a practical point of view, a solid electrolyzer based on N,S-TCNTs is further employed to realize the in-situ continuous generation of pure H2 O2 solution with high productivity (up to 4.35 mmol cm-2 h-1 @300 mA cm-2 ; over 300 h). The CNTs with functionalized tips hold great promise for practical applications, even beyond H2 O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jinguo Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fenghui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qingqing Cheng
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Rajib Paul
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Daojian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baoguang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Riqing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Linjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chuangang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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9
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Wang X, Liu T, Li H, Han C, Su P, Ta N, Jiang SP, Kong B, Liu J, Huang Z. Balancing Mass Transfer and Active Sites to Improve Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction by B,N Codoped C Nanoreactors. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4699-4707. [PMID: 36951377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass transfer is critical in catalytic processes, especially when the reactions are facilitated by nanostructured catalysts. Strong efforts have been devoted to improving the efficacy and quantity of active sites, but often, mass transfer has not been well studied. Herein, we demonstrate the importance of mass transfer in the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by tailoring the pore sizes. Using a confined-etching strategy, we fabricate boron- and nitrogen-doped carbon (B,N@C) electrocatalysts featuring abundant active sites but different porous structures. The ORR performance of these catalysts is found to correlate with diffusion of the reactant. The optimized B,N@C with trimodal-porous structures feature enhanced O2 diffusion and better activity per heteroatomic site toward the ORR process. This work demonstrates the significance of the nanoarchitecture engineering of catalysts and sheds light on how to optimize structures featuring abundant active sites and enhanced mass transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Haitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chao Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Panpan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Na Ta
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - San Ping Jiang
- Department of Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Fuels and Energy Technology Institute & WA School of Mines, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Zhenguo Huang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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10
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Roy Chowdhury P, Medhi H, Bhattacharyya KG, Mustansar Hussain C. Recent progress in the design and functionalization strategies of transition metal-based layered double hydroxides for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction: A critical review. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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11
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Cui X, Zhong L, Zhao X, Xie J, He D, Yang X, Lin K, Wang H, Niu L. Ultrafine Co nanoparticles confined in nitrogen-doped carbon toward two-electron oxygen reduction reaction for H2O2 electrosynthesis in acidic media. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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12
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Liu P, Schleusener A, Zieger G, Bochmann A, van Spronsen MA, Sivakov V. Nanostructured Silicon Matrix for Materials Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206318. [PMID: 36642786 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tin-containing layers with different degrees of oxidation are uniformly distributed along the length of silicon nanowires formed by a top-down method by applying metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The electronic and atomic structure of the obtained layers is investigated by applying nondestructive surface-sensitive X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The results demonstrated, for the first time, a distribution effect of the tin-containing phases in the nanostructured silicon matrix compared to the results obtained for planar structures at the same deposition temperatures. The amount and distribution of tin-containing phases can be effectively varied and controlled by adjusting the geometric parameters (pore diameter and length) of the initial matrix of nanostructured silicon. Due to the occurrence of intense interactions between precursor molecules and decomposition by-products in the nanocapillary, as a consequence of random thermal motion of molecules in the nanocapillary, which leads to additional kinetic energy and formation of reducing agents, resulting in effective reduction of tin-based compounds to a metallic tin state for molecules with the highest penetration depth in the nanostructured silicon matrix. This effect will enable clear control of the phase distributions of functional materials in 3D matrices for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poting Liu
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schleusener
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Gabriel Zieger
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Arne Bochmann
- Ernst Abbe University of Applied Science, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Vladimir Sivakov
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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13
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Lu X, Liu X, Li J, Yao Y, Ma Z, Chang Y, Bao J, Liu Y. Revealing the atomic-scale configuration modulation effect of boron dopant on carbon layers for H 2O 2 production. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2267-2270. [PMID: 36734356 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This work reports an atomic-scale carbon layer configuration tuning strategy induced by a boron dopant. Through regulating the doping level of boron, it was found that the boron dopant not only favors carbon layer growth by strengthening the metallic state of the Ni core, but also enhances the abundance of pyrrolic N species and graphitization degree of carbon by tailoring the carbon/nitrogen atom configuration, thereby contributing to more active pyrrolic N/carbon sites and accelerated interface reaction dynamics. Consequently, the developed Ni@B,N-C catalyst achieves remarkable electrochemical H2O2 production performances with a high selectivity of 95.5% and a yield of 795 mmol g-1 h-1. In comparison with previous reports in which the boron dopant mainly acts as an electronic structure regulator, this study reveals the tuning effect of boron dopants on the atomic-scale carbon layer configuration, opening up a new avenue for the development of advanced catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyun Lu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianing Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ye Yao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhangyu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yanan Chang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianchun Bao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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14
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Deng Z, Gong M, Gong Z, Wang X. Mesoscale Mass Transport Enhancement on Well-Defined Porous Carbon Platform for Electrochemical H 2O 2 Synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9551-9558. [PMID: 36378846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-electron oxygen reduction toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) offers a promising alternative for H2O2 production, but its commercial utilization is still hindered by the difficulty of transferring lab-observed catalyst performance to the practical reactor. Here we report the investigation of the porosity engineering effect on catalytic performance inconsistency through a material platform consisting of a series of hollow mesoporous carbon sphere (HMCS) samples. The performance comparison of HMCS samples in rotating ring-disk electrode and Zn-air battery together with the simulation of diffusion behavior reveals that, in low current density conditions, large surface area is preferred, but the mass transport governs the performance in high current density regions. On account of the favorable porous structure, HMCS-8 nm delivers the most excellent practical performance (166 mW cm-2) and performs well in the bifunctional Zn-air battery for the wastewater purification (70% RhB degraded after 2 min and 99% after 32 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Deng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mingxing Gong
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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15
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Dou S, Tian Q, Liu T, Xu J, Jing L, Zeng C, Yuan Q, Xu Y, Jia Z, Cai Q, Liu WD, Silva SRP, Chen Y, Liu J. Stress‐Regulation Design of Mesoporous Carbon Spheres Anodes with Radial Pore Channels Toward Ultrastable Potassium‐Ion Batteries. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Dou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qiang Tian
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Lingyan Jing
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Cuihua Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Qunhui Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yunhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiong Cai
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guilford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Wei-Di Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - S. Ravi P. Silva
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guilford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jian Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guilford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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16
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Xu Z, Ma Z, Dong K, Liang J, Zhang L, Luo Y, Liu Q, You J, Feng Z, Ma D, Wang Y, Sun X. Electrocatalytic two-electron oxygen reduction over nitrogen doped hollow carbon nanospheres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5025-5028. [PMID: 35373790 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01238c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) has become a hopeful alternative for production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but its practical feasibility is hindered by the lack of efficient electrocatalysts to achieve high activity and selectivity. Herein, we successfully synthesized outstanding nitrogen doped hollow carbon nanospheres (NHCSs) for electrochemical production of H2O2. In 0.1 M KOH, NHCSs exhibit superior and sustained catalytic activity for the 2e- ORR with an unordinary selectivity of 96.6%. Impressively, such NHCSs manifest an ultrahigh H2O2 yield rate of 7.32 mol gcat.-1 h-1 and a high faradaic efficiency of 96.7% at 0.5 V in an H-cell system. Density functional theory calculations were performed to further reveal the catalytic mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoquan Xu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China. .,School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ziyu Ma
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Kai Dong
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jie Liang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Longcheng Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongsong Luo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinmao You
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhesheng Feng
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dongwei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xuping Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China. .,College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Shen Y, Wang X, Lei J, Wang S, Hou Y, Hou X. Catalytic confinement effects in nanochannels: from biological synthesis to chemical engineering. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1517-1526. [PMID: 36134369 PMCID: PMC9418946 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic reactions within nanochannels are of significant importance in disclosing the mechanisms of catalytic confinement effects and developing novel reaction systems for scientific and industrial demands. Interestingly, catalytic confinement effects exist in both biological and artificial nanochannels, which enhance the reaction performance of various chemical reactions. In this minireview, we investigate the recent advances on catalytic confinement effects in terms of the reactants, reaction processes, catalysts, and products in nanochannels. A systematic discussion of catalytic confinement effects associated with biological synthesis in bio-nanochannels and catalytic reactions in artificial nanochannels in chemical engineering is presented. Furthermore, we summarize the properties of reactions both in nature and chemical engineering and provide a brief overlook of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jinmei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) Xiamen 361102 Fujian China
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18
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Huang X, Liu W, Zhang J, Song M, Zhang C, Li J, Zhang J, Wang D. Coupling Co-N-C with MXenes Yields Highly Efficient Catalysts for H 2O 2 Production in Acidic Media. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:11350-11358. [PMID: 35199988 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) offers a promising method to replace the anthraquinone process for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. However, the efficiency of this process suffers from sluggish kinetics, particularly in an acidic environment. Therefore, employing catalysts with high electroactivity is highly desirable for H2O2 synthesis. Here, an effective strategy for preparing Co-N-C/Ti3C2Tx with high H2O2 selectivity and ORR reactivity is proposed. The acquired Co-N-C/Ti3C2Tx shows excellent H2O2 electrosynthesis performance in acidic media with H2O2 productivity of up to 3200 ppm h-1, superior to state-of-the-art catalysts. Interestingly, a H2O2 concentration of 6.0 wt % was obtained after the stability test, and the Co-N-C/Ti3C2Tx catalyst was found to effectively catalyze organic dye degradation. Further analysis reveals that the enhanced H2O2 electrosynthesis performance originates from the layered structure and the oxygen functional groups of Ti3C2Tx. The layered structure can effectively promote increased exposure of active sites, while the oxygen functional groups will fine-tune the electronic structure of Co atoms, allowing a selective ORR pathway to produce H2O2. This work provides a strategy to design and fabricate highly efficient catalysts for H2O2 production and degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Deli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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