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Wu Y, Xin Y, Pan Y, Yiu S, Yan J, Lau KC, Duan L, Chi Y. Ir(III) Metal Emitters with Cyano-Modified Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene Chelates for Deep-Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309389. [PMID: 38689505 PMCID: PMC11234470 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Ir(III) carbene complexes have been explored as one of the best blue phosphors for their high performance. Herein, the authors designed and synthesized a series of blue-emitting Ir(III) phosphors (f-ct9a-c), featuring fac-coordinated cyano-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene cyclometalates. These Ir(III) complexes exhibit true-blue emission with a peak maximum spanning 448-467 nm, with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 81-88% recorded in degassed toluene. Moreover, OLED devices bearing phosphors f-ct9a and f-ct9b deliver maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) of 25.9% and 30.3%, together with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIEx,y) coordinates of (0.157, 0.225) and (0.142, 0.169), respectively. Remarkably, the f-ct9b-based device displays an incredible EQE of 29.0% at 5000 cd·m-2. The hyper-OLED device based on f-ct9b and ν-DABNA exhibits an EQEmax of 34.7% and CIEx,y coordinates of (0.122, 0.131), affirming high potentials in achieving efficient blue electroluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wu
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077China
| | - Yangyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077China
| | - Shek‐Man Yiu
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077China
| | - Kai Chung Lau
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong KongSAR999077China
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Yan J, Feng ZQ, Wu Y, Zhou DY, Yiu SM, Chan CY, Pan Y, Lau KC, Liao LS, Chi Y. Blue Electrophosphorescence from Iridium(III) Phosphors Bearing Asymmetric Di-N-aryl 6-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene Chelates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305273. [PMID: 37461316 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient blue phosphors remain a formidable challenge for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). To circumvent this obstacle, a series of Ir(III)-based carbene complexes bearing asymmetric di-N-aryl 6-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene chelates, namely, f-ct6a‒c, are synthesized, and their structures and photophysical properties are comprehensively investigated. Moreover, these emitters can undergo interconversion in refluxing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, catalyzed by a mixture of sodium acetate (NaOAc) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (TsOH·H2O) without decomposition. All Ir(III) complexes present good photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL = 83-88%) with peak maximum (max.) at 443-452 nm and narrowed full width at half maximum (FWHM = 66-73 nm). Among all the fabricated OLED devices, f-ct6b delivers a max. external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.4% and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage CIEx , y coordinates of (0.14, 0.12), whereas the hyper-OLED device based on f-ct6a and 5H,9H,11H,15H-[1,4] benzazaborino [2,3,4-kl][1,4]benzazaborino[4',3',2':4,5][1,4]benzazaborino[3,2-b]phenazaborine-7,13-diamine, N7,N7,N13,N13,5,9,11,15-octaphenyl (ν-DABNA) exhibits max. EQE of 26.2% and CIEx , y of (0.12, 0.13). Finally, the corresponding tandem OLED with f-ct6b as dopant gives a max. luminance of over 10 000 cd m-2 and max. EQE of 42.1%, confirming their candidacies for making true-blue OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zi-Qi Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Dong-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chin-Yiu Chan
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Kai Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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Yan J, Wu C, Tong KN, Zhou F, Chen Y, Pan Y, Xie G, Chi Y, Lau KC, Wei G. Structural Engineering of Iridium(III) Phosphors with Imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2-ylidene Cyclometalates for Efficient Blue Electroluminescence. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301555. [PMID: 38185747 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Iridium(III) complexes are particularly noted for their excellent potentials in fabrication of blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), but the severe efficiency roll-off largely hampered their practical applications. To reveal the underlying characteristics, three Ir(III) complexes, namely f-ct5c, f-ct5d, and f-ct11, bearing imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2-ylidene cyclometalates are prepared and characterized in detail. Both f-ct5c and f-ct5d (also their mixture f-ct5mix) gave intensive blue emissions peaking at ≈465 nm with short radiative lifetimes of 1.76 and 2.45 µs respectively, in degassed toluene. Alternatively, f-ct11 with two 4-tert-butylphenyl substituents on each imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2-ylidene entity, possessed a bluish-green emission (508 nm) together with an extended radiative lifetime of 34.3 µs in the dispersed PMMA matrix. Consequently, the resulting solution-processed OLED with f-ct11 delivered a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 6.5% with serious efficiency roll-offs. In contrast, f-ct5mix based device achieved a high EQEmax of 27.2% and the EQE maintained at 23.0% of 1000 cd m-2 . Furthermore, the hyper-OLEDs with f-ct5mix as the sensitizer and v-DABNA as the terminal emitter afford narrowed emission with a considerably high EQEmax exceeding 32%, affirming the potential of f-ct5mix to serve as both the emitter and sensitizer in OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, HONG KONG
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai-Ning Tong
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, HONG KONG
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, HONG KONG
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, HONG KONG
| | - Guohua Xie
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, HONG KONG
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, HONG KONG
| | - Guodan Wei
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Jayabharathi J, Thanikachalam V, Thilagavathy S. Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices: Iridium based emitter materials – An overview. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Gitlina AY, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. The acid-mediated isomerization of iridium(III) complexes with cyclometalated NHC ligands: kinetic vs. thermodynamic control. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2833-2837. [PMID: 36756876 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04039e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The isomerization of iridium(III) complexes with metalated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands was studied. The fac isomers of complexes with 1-phenyl-3-methylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene or 1-phenyl-3-benzylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene ligands are transformed cleanly into the mer isomers when solutions of the complexes are treated with first HNTf2 and then NEt3. The transformation can be accomplished within a few minutes and the side product (NEt3H)(NTf2) is easy to separate. Spectroscopic and structural analyses indicate that the isomerization proceeds by protonation of the carbene ligand at the metalated phenyl group, accompanied by a fac → mer rearrangement of the carbene donors. An iridium complex with a 1-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-f]phenanthridine-based carbene ligand could not be isomerized under similar conditions, most likely because of its reduced conformational flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Yu Gitlina
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Highly Efficient Solution-Processed Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Co-Dopant and Co-Host System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206882. [PMID: 36296475 PMCID: PMC9611992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-lying HOMO level of the blue emitter and the interfacial miscibility of organic materials result in inferior hole injection, and long exciton lifetime leads to triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) and triplet-polaron annihilation (TPA), so the efficiencies of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) are still unsatisfactory. Herein, we design co-host and co-dopant structures to improve the efficiency of blue PhOLEDs by means of solution processing. TcTa acts as hole transport ladder due to its high-lying HOMO level, and bipolar mCPPO1 helps to balance carriers’ distribution and weaken TPA. Besides the efficient FIr6, which acts as the dominant blue dopant, FCNIrPic was introduced as the second dopant, whose higher HOMO level accelerates hole injection and high triplet energy facilitates energy transfer. An interesting phenomenon caused by microcavity effect between anode and cathode was observed. With increasing thickness of ETL, peak position of electroluminescence (EL) spectrum red shifts gradually. Once the thickness of ETL exceeded 140 nm, emission peak blue-shifts went back to its original position. Finally, the maximum current efficiency (CE), power efficiency (PE), and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (PhOLED) went up to 20.47 cd/A, 11.96 lm/W, and 11.62%, respectively.
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Yang X, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Li D, Li C, You C, Chou T, Su S, Chou P, Chi Y. Blue Phosphorescence and Hyperluminescence Generated from Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene-Based Iridium(III) Phosphors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201150. [PMID: 35822668 PMCID: PMC9443441 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Four isomeric, homoleptic iridium(III) metal complexes bearing 5-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene and 6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylidene-based cyclometalating chelates are successfully synthesized. The meridional isomers can be converted to facial isomers through acid induced isomerization. The m-isomers display a relatively broadened and red-shifted emission, while f-isomers exhibit narrowed blue emission band, together with higher photoluminescent quantum yields and reduced radiative lifetime relative to the mer-counterparts. Maximum external quantum efficiencies of 13.5% and 22.8% are achieved for the electrophosphorescent devices based on f-tpb1 and m-tpb1 as dopant emitter together with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.23) and (0.22, 0.45), respectively. By using f-tpb1 as the sensitizing phosphor and t-DABNA as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) terminal emitter, hyperluminescent OLEDs are successfully fabricated, giving high efficiency of 29.6%, full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 nm, and CIE coordinates of (0.13, 0.11), confirming the efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Ye‐Xin Zhang
- Suzhou Joysun Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. SuzhouJiangsu215126China
| | - Deli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Chensen Li
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Sciences and Engineeringand Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Caifa You
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Sciences and Engineeringand Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Tai‐Che Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Shi‐Jian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Materials Sciences and Engineeringand Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR999077China
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Yan J, Xue Q, Yang H, Yiu SM, Zhang YX, Xie G, Chi Y. Regioselective Syntheses of Imidazo[4,5- b]pyrazin-2-ylidene-Based Chelates and Blue Emissive Iridium(III) Phosphors for Solution-Processed OLEDs. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8797-8805. [PMID: 35652376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Six homoleptic Ir(III) complexes bearing imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2-ylidene chelates were successfully designed and synthesized. Narrowband blue emission (λmax = 466-485 nm) and broadened green emission (λmax = 518-532 nm) in degassed toluene solution with high photoluminescent quantum yields in the range of 75-81 and 45-48% were observed for f-timpz, t2impz, and t2empz as well as m-timpz, t2impz, and t2empz, respectively. In addition, the tert-butylphenyl cyclometalate is more electron donating than N-phenyl cyclometalate and, hence, all tert-butylphenyl-substituted derivatives, that is, m- and f-t2impz and m- and f-t2empz, give more red-shifted emission in comparison to that of m- and f-timpz. Moreover, solution-processed OLED with f-t2empz (20 wt %) as the dopant gave electrophosphorescence at 474 nm with maximum external quantum efficiency (max. EQE) of 5.1%, while hyper-OLED with assistant sensitizer f-t2empz (10 wt %) and the multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter BCzBN (0.5 wt %) afforded narrowband emission centered at 485 nm and max. EQE up to 17.4%, confirming the high potential of this class of Ir(III) metal phosphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qin Xue
- Department of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ye-Xin Zhang
- Suzhou Joysun Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215126, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wang L, Fang P, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Liu Z, Bian Z. Rare Earth Complexes with 5d-4f Transition: New Emitters in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2686-2694. [PMID: 35302781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are considered as next-generation displays and lighting technologies. During the past three decades, various luminescent materials such as fluorescence, phosphorescence, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials have been subsequently investigated as emitters. To date, blue OLEDs are still the bottleneck as compared to red and green ones because of the lack of efficient emitters with simultaneous high exciton utilization efficiency and long-term stability. Recently, d-f transition rare earth complexes have been reported as new emitters in OLEDs with potential high efficiency and stability. In this Perspective, we present a brief introduction to OLEDs and an overview of the previous electroluminescence study on d-f transition rare earth complexes. This is followed by our recent developments in cerium(III) complex- and europium(II) complex-based OLEDs. We finally discuss the challenges and opportunities for OLED study based on d-f transition rare earth complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liding Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peiyu Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zifeng Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zuqiang Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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