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Voros C, Dias J, Timperley CM, Nachon F, Brown RCD, Baati R. The risk associated with organophosphorus nerve agents: from their discovery to their unavoidable threat, current medical countermeasures and perspectives. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:110973. [PMID: 38574837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The first organophosphorus nerve agent was discovered accidently during the development of pesticides, shortly after the first use of chemical weapons (chlorine, phosgene) on the battlefield during World War I. Despite the Chemical Weapons Convention banning these substances, they have still been employed in wars, terrorist attacks or political assassinations. Characterised by their high lethality, they target the nervous system by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, preventing neurotransmission, which, if not treated rapidly, inevitably leads to serious injury or the death of the person intoxicated. The limited efficacy of current antidotes, known as AChE reactivators, pushes research towards new treatments. Numerous paths have been explored, from modifying the original pyridinium oximes to developing hybrid reactivators seeking a better affinity for the inhibited AChE. Another crucial approach resides in molecules more prone to cross the blood-brain barrier: uncharged compounds, bio-conjugated reactivators or innovative formulations. Our aim is to raise awareness on the threat and toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents and to present the main synthetic efforts deployed since the first AChE reactivator, to tackle the task of efficiently treating victims of these chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Voros
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France.
| | - José Dias
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Richard C D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Rachid Baati
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France; OPGS Pharmaceuticals, Paris BioTech Santé, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, F-75014, Paris, France.
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2
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Li YF, He YP, Li QH, Zhang J. Integrated Anionic Zirconium-Organic Cage and Cationic Boron-Imidazolate Cage for Synergetic Optical Limiting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318806. [PMID: 38278762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Making oppositely charged metal-organic cages (MOCs) into a tightly ordered structure may bring interesting functions. Herein, we report a novel structure composed of anionic (Zr4 L6 )8- (L=embonate) tetrahedral cages and in situ-formed cationic [Zn4 (Bim)4 ]4+ (Bim=[BH(im)3 ]- ; im=imidazole) cubic cages. Chiral transfer is observed from enantiopure (Zr4 L6 )8- cage to enantiopure [Zn4 (Bim)4 ]4+ cage. A pair of enantiomers (PTC-373(Δ) and PTC-373(Λ)) are formed. PTC-373 exhibits high chemical and thermal stabilities, affording an interesting single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation. More importantly, the combination of ionic pair cages significantly enhances its third-order nonlinear optical property, and its thin-film exhibits an excellent optical limiting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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3
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Martin-Romera J, Borrego-Marin E, Jabalera-Ortiz PJ, Carraro F, Falcaro P, Barea E, Carmona FJ, Navarro JAR. Organophosphate Detoxification and Acetylcholinesterase Reactivation Triggered by Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Structural Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9900-9907. [PMID: 38344949 PMCID: PMC10910433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) toxicity is related to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, which plays a key role in the neurotransmission process. In this work, we report the ability of different zinc zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) to behave as potential antidotes against OP poisoning. The Zn-L coordination bond (L = purine, benzimidazole, imidazole, or 2-methylimidazole) is sensitive to the G-type nerve agent model compounds diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP) and diisopropylchlorophosphate, leading to P-X (X = F or Cl) bond breakdown into nontoxic diisopropylphosphate. P-X hydrolysis is accompanied by ZIF structural degradation (Zn-imidazolate bond hydrolysis), with the concomitant release of the imidazolate linkers and zinc ions representing up to 95% of ZIF particle dissolution. The delivered imidazolate nucleophilic attack on the OP@AChE adduct gives rise to the recovery of AChE enzymatic function. P-X bond breakdown, ZIF structural degradation, and AChE reactivation are dependent on imidazolate linker nucleophilicity, framework topology, and particle size. The best performance is obtained for 20 nm nanoparticles (NPs) of Zn(2-methylimidazolate)2 (sod ZIF-8) exhibiting a DIFP degradation half-life of 2.6 min and full recovery of AChE activity within 1 h. 20 nm sod ZIF-8 NPs are not neurotoxic, as proven by in vitro neuroblastoma cell culture viability tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier
D. Martin-Romera
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Emilio Borrego-Marin
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Jabalera-Ortiz
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Francesco Carraro
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Elisa Barea
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Carmona
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Jorge A. R. Navarro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
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4
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Xu W, Cai X, Wu Y, Wen Y, Su R, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zheng Q, Hu L, Cui X, Zheng L, Zhang S, Gu W, Song W, Guo S, Zhu C. Biomimetic single Al-OH site with high acetylcholinesterase-like activity and self-defense ability for neuroprotection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6064. [PMID: 37770453 PMCID: PMC10539540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity of organophosphate compounds (OPs) can catastrophically cause nervous system injury by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression. Although artificial systems have been developed for indirect neuroprotection, they are limited to dissociating P-O bonds for eliminating OPs. However, these systems have failed to overcome the deactivation of AChE. Herein, we report our finding that Al3+ is engineered onto the nodes of metal-organic framework to synthesize MOF-808-Al with enhanced Lewis acidity. The resultant MOF-808-Al efficiently mimics the catalytic behavior of AChE and has a self-defense ability to break the activity inhibition by OPs. Mechanism investigations elucidate that Al3+ Lewis acid sites with a strong polarization effect unite the highly electronegative -OH groups to form the enzyme-like catalytic center, resulting in superior substrate activation and nucleophilic attack ability with a 2.7-fold activity improvement. The multifunctional MOF-808-Al, which has satisfactory biosafety, is efficient in reducing neurotoxic effects and preventing neuronal tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- Department of Nutrition, Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yating Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Rina Su
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yuteng Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Qihui Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Liuyong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics Department, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institution, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics Department, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institution, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wenling Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China
| | - Weiyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China.
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P.R. China.
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5
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Zhao X, Tang Y, Wang Y, Rong X, Wu P, Li Z, Cai N, Deng X, Wang J. Zirconium metal-organic cage decorated with squaramides imparts dual activation for chemical fixation of CO 2 under mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10944-10947. [PMID: 37606520 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02953k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
A "two-in-one" dual activation strategy has been developed to give high-density hydrogen-bonding (HB) active units and Lewis acid (LA) active centres by immobilizing squaramides into metal-organic cages (MOCs). The obtained MOC served as an efficient catalyst for the chemical fixation of CO2 under mild conditions up to 99% yields with good recyclability, and the mechanism of high catalytic activity has been further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Tang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Xinjing Rong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Pengyan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Zihan Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Ning Cai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyi Deng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
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6
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González L, Martín-Romera JD, Sánchez-Sánchez P, Navarro JAR, Barea E, Maldonado CR, Carmona FJ. Oxime@Zirconium-Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Material as a Potential Antidote for Organophosphate Poisoning. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5049-5053. [PMID: 36939843 PMCID: PMC10074384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel material with dual activity toward organophosphate (OP) poisoning, based on Zr-MOF-808 and neutral oxime RS69N, has been prepared. The hybrid material has a significant drug payload (5.2 ± 0.9 oxime to MOF-808 molar ratio) and shows a sustained oxime release in simulated physiological media, leading to the successful reactivation of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. At the same time, the hybrid system presents an efficient and moderately fast removal rate of a toxic organophosphorus model compound (diisopropylfluorophosphate) from simulated physiological media (t1/2 = 183 min; 95% removal rate after 24 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Javier D Martín-Romera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | | | - Jorge A R Navarro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Elisa Barea
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Carmen R Maldonado
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Francisco J Carmona
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva S/N, Granada 18071, Spain
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7
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Sullivan MG, Sokolow GE, Jensen ET, Crawley MR, MacMillan SN, Cook TR. Altering the solubility of metal-organic polyhedra via pendant functionalization of Cp 3Zr 3O(OH) 3 nodes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:338-346. [PMID: 36510835 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of zirconium-based metal-organic polyhedra (ZrMOPs) is often limited by their poor solubilities. Despite their attractive features-including high yielding and facile syntheses, predictable topologies, high stability, and tunability-problematic solubilities have caused ZrMOPs to be under-studied and under-applied. Although these cages have been synthesized with a wide variety of carboxylate-based bridging ligands, we explored a new method for ZrMOP functionalization via node-modification, which we hypothesized could influence solubility. Herein, we report ZrMOPs with benzyl-, vinylbenzyl-, and trifluoromethylbenzyl-pendant groups decorating cyclopentadienyl moieties. The series was characterized by 1H/19F NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The effects of node functionalities on ZrMOP solubility were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Substitution caused a decrease in water solubility, but for certain organic solvents, e.g. DMF, solubility could be enhanced by ∼20×, from 16 μM for the unfunctionalized cage to 310 μM for the vinylbenzyl- and trifluoromethylbenzyl-cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan G Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA.
| | - Gregory E Sokolow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA.
| | - Eric T Jensen
- Chemistry Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Matthew R Crawley
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA.
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Timothy R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA.
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