Peroxide-Simulating and GSH-Depleting Nanozyme for Enhanced Chemodynamic/Photodynamic Therapy via Induction of Multisource ROS

Advances in H2O2-supplying materials for tumor therapy: synthesis, classification, mechanisms, and applications

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a reactive oxygen species produced by cellular metabolism can be used in antitumor therapy. However, the concentration of intracellular H2O2 limits its application. Some materials could enhance the concentration of intracellular H2O2 to strengthen antitumor therapy. In this review, the recent advances in H2O2-supplying materials in terms of promoting intracellular H2O2 production and exogenous H2O2 supply are summarized. Then the mechanism of H2O2-supplying materials for tumor therapy is discussed from three aspects: reconstruction of the tumor hypoxia microenvironment, enhancement of oxidative stress, and the intrinsic anti-tumor ability of H2O2-supplying materials. In addition, the application of H2O2-supplying materials for tumor therapy is discussed. Finally, the future of H2O2-supplying materials is presented. This review aims to provide a novel idea for the application of H2O2-supplying materials in tumor therapy.

A Copper Silicate-Based Multifunctional Nanoplatform with Glutathione Depletion and Hypoxia Relief for Synergistic Photodynamic/Chemodynamic Therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) alone cannot achieve sufficient therapeutic effects due to the excessive glutathione (GSH) and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Developing a novel strategy to improve efficiency is urgently needed. Herein, we prepared a copper silicate nanoplatform (CSNP) derived from colloidal silica. The Cu(II) in CSNP can be reduced to Cu(I), which cascades to induce a subsequent CDT process. Additionally, benefiting from GSH depletion and oxygen (O2) generation under 660 nm laser irradiation, CSNP exhibits both Fenton-like and hypoxia-alleviating activities, contributing to the effective generation of superoxide anion radical (•O2-) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in the TME. Furthermore, given the suitable band-gap characteristic and excellent photochemical properties, CSNP can also serve as an efficient type-I photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The synergistic CDT/PDT activity of CSNP presents an efficient antitumor effect and biosecurity in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The development of an all-in-one nanoplatform that integrates Fenton-like and photosensing properties could improve ROS production within tumors. This study highlights the potential of silicate nanomaterials in cancer treatment.

Trace elements in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PCA) is an extremely aggressive malignant cancer with an increasing incidence and a low five-year survival rate. The main reason for this high mortality is that most patients are diagnosed with PCA at an advanced stage, missing early treatment options and opportunities. As important nutrients of the human body, trace elements play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions. Moreover, trace elements are closely related to many diseases, including PCA.

REVIEW

This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress on selenium, copper, arsenic, and manganese in PCA, elucidates their application in PCA, and provides a new reference for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of PCA.

CONCLUSION

Trace elements such as selenium, copper, arsenic and manganese are playing an important role in the risk, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PCA. Meanwhile, they have a certain inhibitory effect on PCA, the mechanism mainly includes: promoting ferroptosis, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting metastasis, and inhibiting excessive proliferation.

2-Monoacylglycerol Mimetic Liposomes to Promote Intestinal Lymphatic Transport for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Dihydroartemisinin

Purpose

Reducing the first-pass hepatic effect via intestinal lymphatic transport is an effective way to increase the oral absorption of drugs. 2-Monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) as a primary digestive product of dietary lipids triglyceride, can be assembled in chylomicrons and then transported from the intestine into the lymphatic system. Herein, we propose a biomimetic strategy and report a 2-MAG mimetic nanocarrier to target the intestinal lymphatic system via the lipid absorption pathway and improve oral bioavailability.

Methods

The 2-MAG mimetic liposomes were designed by covalently bonding serinol (SER) on the surface of liposomes named SER-LPs to simulate the structure of 2-MAG. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was chosen as the model drug because of its disadvantages such as poor solubility and high first-pass effect. The endocytosis and exocytosis mechanisms were investigated in Caco-2 cells and Caco-2 cell monolayers. The capacity of intestinal lymphatic transport was evaluated by ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments.

Results

DHA loaded SER-LPs (SER-LPs-DHA) had a particle size of 70 nm and a desirable entrapment efficiency of 93%. SER-LPs showed sustained release for DHA in the simulated gastrointestinal environment. In vitro cell studies demonstrated that the cellular uptake of SER-LPs primarily relied on the caveolae- rather than clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway and preferred to integrate into the chylomicron assembly process through the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus route. After oral administration, SER-LPs efficiently promoted drug accumulation in mesenteric lymphatic nodes. The oral bioavailability of DHA from SER-LPs was 10.40-fold and 1.17-fold larger than that of free DHA and unmodified liposomes at the same dose, respectively.

Conclusion

SER-LPs improved oral bioavailability through efficient intestinal lymphatic transport. These findings of the current study provide a good alternative strategy for oral delivery of drugs with high first-pass hepatic metabolism.

A Light-Triggered J-Aggregation-Regulated Therapy Conversion: from Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy to Long-Lasting Chemodynamic Therapy for Effective Tumor Ablation

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have become an effective tool for tumor treatment. The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) takes advantage of various ROS and enhances therapeutic effects. However, the activation of CDT usually occurs before PDT, which hinders the sustained maintenance of hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) and reduces the treatment efficiency. Herein, we present a light-triggered nano-system based on molecular aggregation regulation for converting cancer therapy from PDT/photothermal therapy (PTT) to a long-lasting CDT. The ordered J-aggregation enhances the photodynamic properties of the cyanine moiety while simultaneously suppressing the chemodynamic capabilities of the copper-porphyrin moiety. Upon light irradiation, Cu-PCy JNPs demonstrate strong photodynamic and photothermal effects. Meanwhile, light triggers a rapid degradation of the cyanine backbone, leading to the destruction of the J-aggregation. As a result, a long-lasting CDT is sequentially activated, and the sustained generation of ⋅OH is observed for up to 48 hours, causing potent cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis. Due to their excellent tumor accumulation, Cu-PCy JNPs exhibit effective in vivo tumor ablation through the converting therapy. This work provides a new approach for effectively prolonging the chemodynamic activity in ROS-based cancer therapy.

Progress and Challenges in Tumor Ferroptosis Treatment Strategies: A Comprehensive Review of Metal Complexes and Nanomedicine

Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death featuring iron-dependent lipid peroxides accumulation to kill tumor cells. A growing body of evidence has shown the potential of ferroptosis-based cancer therapy in eradicating refractory malignancies that are resistant to apoptosis-based conventional therapies. In recent years, studies have reported a number of ferroptosis inducers that can increase the vulnerability of tumor cells to ferroptosis by regulating ferroptosis-related signaling pathways. Encouraged by the rapid development of ferroptosis-driven cancer therapies, interdisciplinary fields that combine ferroptosis, pharmaceutical chemistry, and nanotechnology are focused. First, the prerequisites and metabolic pathways for ferroptosis are briefly introduced. Then, in detail emerging ferroptosis inducers designed to boost ferroptosis-induced tumor therapy, including metal complexes, metal-based nanoparticles, and metal-free nanoparticles are summarized. Subsequently, the application of synergistic strategies that combine ferroptosis with apoptosis and other regulated cell death for cancer therapy, with emphasis on the use of both cuproptosis and ferroptosis to induce redox dysregulation in tumor and intracellular bimetallic copper/iron metabolism disorders during tumor treatment is discussed. Finally, challenges associated with clinical translation and potential future directions for potentiating cancer ferroptosis therapies are highlighted.

Engineering H2O2 Self-Supplying Platform for Xdynamic Therapies via Ru-Cu Peroxide Nanocarrier: Tumor Microenvironment-Mediated Synergistic Therapy

Of the most common, hypoxia, overexpressed glutathione (GSH), and insufficient H2O2 concentration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are the main barriers to the advancment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated Xdynamic therapies (X = photo, chemodynamic, chemo). Maximizing Fenton catalytic efficiency is crucial in chemodynamic therapy (CDT), yet endogenous H2O2 levels are not sufficient to attain better anticancer efficacy. Specifically, there is a need to amplify Fenton reactivity within tumors, leveraging the unique attributes of the TME. Herein, for the first time, we design RuxCu1-xO2-Ce6/CPT (RCpCCPT) anticancer nanoagent for TME-mediated synergistic therapy based on heterogeneous Ru-Cu peroxide nanodots (RuxCu1-xO2 NDs) and chlorine e6 (Ce6), loaded with ROS-responsive thioketal (TK) linked-camptothecin (CPT). The Ru-Cu peroxide NDs (RCp NDs, x = 0.50) possess the highest oxygen vacancy (OV) density, which grants them the potential to form massive Lewis's acid sites for peroxide adsorption, while the dispersibility and targetability of the NDs were improved via surface modification using hyaluronic acid (HA). In TME, RCpCCPT degrades, releasing H2O2, Ru2+/3+, and Cu+/2+ ions, which cooperatively facilitate hydroxyl radical (•OH) formation and deactivate antioxidant GSH enzymes through a cocatalytic loop, resulting in excellent tumor therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, when combined with laser treatment, RCpCCPT produces singlet oxygen (1O2) for PDT, which induces cell apoptosis at tumor sites. Following ROS generation, the TK linkage is disrupted, releasing up to 92% of the CPT within 48 h. In vitro investigations showed that laser-treated RCpCCPT caused 81.5% cell death from PDT/CDT and chemotherapy (CT). RCpCCPT in cancer cells produces red-blue emission in images of cells taking them in, which allows for fluorescence image-guided Xdynamic treatment. The overall results show that RCp NDs and RCpCCPT are more biocompatible and have excellent Xdynamic therapeutic effectiveness in vitro and in vivo.

Ferroptosis: emerging roles in lung cancer and potential implications in biological compounds

Lung cancer has high metastasis and drug resistance. The prognosis of lung cancer patients is poor and the patients' survival chances are easily neglected. Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death proposed in 2012, which differs from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Ferroptosis is a novel type of regulated cell death which is driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane ruptures. It has broad prospects in the field of tumor disease treatment. At present, multiple studies have shown that biological compounds can induce ferroptosis in lung cancer cells, which exhibits significant anti-cancer effects, and they have the advantages in high safety, minimal side effects, and less possibility to drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the biological compounds used for the treatment of lung cancer by focusing on ferroptosis and its mechanism. In addition, we systematically review the current research status of combining nanotechnology with biological compounds for tumor treatment, shed new light for targeting ferroptosis pathways and applying biological compounds-based therapies.