1
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Saengdet PM, Ogawa M. Swelling-Induced Chromotropism of Bionanocomposite Hydrogel Beads. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1016-1023. [PMID: 38054652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Monodispersed gelatin hydrogel beads containing smectite with adsorbed cyanine dye exhibit chromotropic responses to compression and swelling/deswelling by solvent. Photoluminescence color of the beads changes by swelling in water (blue) and deswelling in ethanol (purple) reversibly. The forces generated by swelling/deswelling are thought to induce the transition between the J-aggregate and the monomer of cyanine dye adsorbed on smectite, giving the photoluminescent color changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploypailin Milin Saengdet
- School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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2
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Metze F, Sant S, Meng Z, Klok HA, Kaur K. Swelling-Activated, Soft Mechanochemistry in Polymer Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3546-3557. [PMID: 36848262 PMCID: PMC10018775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Swelling in polymer materials is a ubiquitous phenomenon. At a molecular level, swelling is dictated by solvent-polymer interactions, and has been thoroughly studied both theoretically and experimentally. Favorable solvent-polymer interactions result in the solvation of polymer chains. For polymers in confined geometries, such as those that are tethered to surfaces, or for polymer networks, solvation can lead to swelling-induced tensions. These tensions act on polymer chains and can lead to stretching, bending, or deformation of the material both at the micro- and macroscopic scale. This Invited Feature Article sheds light on such swelling-induced mechanochemical phenomena in polymer materials across dimensions, and discusses approaches to visualize and characterize these effects.
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3
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Watabe T, Otsuka H. Swelling-induced Mechanochromism in Multinetwork Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216469. [PMID: 36524463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and versatile approach to achieving swelling-induced mechanochemistry using a multinetwork (MN) strategy that enables polymer networks to repeatedly swell with monomers and solvents. The isotropic expansion of the first network (FN) provides sufficient force to drive the mechanochemical scission of a radical-based mechanophore, difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN). Although prompt recombination generally occurs in such highly mobile environments, the resulting pink radicals are kinetically stabilized in the gels, probably due to limited diffusion in the extended polymer chains. Moreover, the DFSN embedded in the isotropically strained chain exhibits increased thermal reactivity, which can be reasonably explained by an entropic contribution of the FN to the dissociation. The utility of the MN polymers is demonstrated not only in terms of swelling-force-induced network modification, but also in the context of tunable reactivity of the dissociative unit through proper design of the hierarchical network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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4
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Cardosa-Gutierrez M, De Bo G, Duwez AS, Remacle F. Bond breaking of furan-maleimide adducts via a diradical sequential mechanism under an external mechanical force. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1263-1271. [PMID: 36756317 PMCID: PMC9891376 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituted furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adducts are bound by dynamic covalent bonds that make them particularly attractive mechanophores. Thermally activated [4 + 2] retro-Diels-Alder (DA) reactions predominantly proceed via a concerted mechanism in the ground electronic state. We show that an asymmetric mechanical force along the anchoring bonds in both the endo and exo isomers of proximal dimethyl furan-maleimide adducts favors a sequential pathway. The switching from a concerted to a sequential mechanism occurs at external forces of ≈1 nN. The first bond rupture occurs for a projection of the pulling force on the scissile bond at ≈4.3 nN for the exo adduct and ≈3.8 nN for the endo one. The reaction is inhibited for external forces up to ≈3.4 nN for the endo adduct and 3.6 nN for the exo one after which it is activated. In the activated region, at 4 nN, the rupture rate of the first bond for the endo adduct is computed to be ≈3 orders of magnitude larger than for the exo one in qualitative agreement with recent sonication experiments [Z. Wang and S. L. Craig, Chem. Commun., 2019, 55, 12263-12266]. In the intermediate region of the path between the rupture of the first and the second bond, the lowest singlet state exhibits a diradical character for both adducts and is close in energy to a diradical triplet state. The computed values of spin-orbit coupling along the path are too small for inducing intersystem crossings. These findings open the way for the rational design of DA mechanophores for polymer science and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Anne-Sophie Duwez
- UR Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Francoise Remacle
- UR Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
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5
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Ding Z, Chen C, Yu Y, de Beer S. Synthetic strategies to enhance the long-term stability of polymer brush coatings. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2430-2443. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-density, end-anchored macromolecules that form so-called polymer brushes are popular components of bio-inspired surface coatings. In a bio-memetic approach, they have been utilized to reduce friction, repel contamination and control...
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6
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Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Bio-Derived Furans with Maleimides as a Sustainable «Click» Approach towards Molecular, Macromolecular and Hybrid Systems. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights the recent research trends in designing organic or organic-inorganic hybrid molecular, biomolecular and macromolecular systems employing intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions of biobased, furan-containing substrates and maleimide dienophiles. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known process that may proceed with high efficiency under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions. Due to the simplicity, 100% atom economy and biobased nature of many furanic substrates, this type of [4+2]-cycloaddition may be recognized as a sustainable “click” approach with high potential for application in many fields, such as fine organic synthesis, bioorganic chemistry, material sciences and smart polymers development.
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7
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Hassouna L, Enganati SK, Bally-Le Gall F, Mertz G, Bour J, Ruch D, Roucoules V. Using TOF-SIMS Spectrometry to Study the Kinetics of the Interfacial Retro Diels-Alder Reaction. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102674. [PMID: 34065263 PMCID: PMC8161361 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the use of Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was explored as a technique for monitoring the interfacial retro Diels–Alder (retro DA) reaction occurring on well-controlled self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A molecule containing a Diels–Alder (DA) adduct was grafted on to the monolayers, then the surface was heated at different temperatures to follow the reaction conversion. A TOF-SIMS analysis of the surface allowed the detection of a fragment from the molecule, which is released from the surface when retro DA reaction occurs. Hence, by monitoring the decay of this fragment’s peak integral, the reaction conversion could be determined in function of the time and for different temperatures. The viability of this method was then discussed in comparison with the results obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Hassouna
- Materials and Research Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (L.H.); (S.K.E.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sachin Kumar Enganati
- Materials and Research Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (L.H.); (S.K.E.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Florence Bally-Le Gall
- University of Haute-Alsace, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; (F.B.-L.G.); (V.R.)
| | - Grégory Mertz
- Materials and Research Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (L.H.); (S.K.E.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jérôme Bour
- Materials and Research Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (L.H.); (S.K.E.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - David Ruch
- Materials and Research Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (L.H.); (S.K.E.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Vincent Roucoules
- University of Haute-Alsace, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; (F.B.-L.G.); (V.R.)
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8
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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9
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Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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10
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Stratigaki M, Göstl R. Methods for Exerting and Sensing Force in Polymer Materials Using Mechanophores. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1095-1103. [PMID: 31958366 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, polymer mechanochemistry has evolved as a methodology to provide insights into the action-reaction relationships of polymers and polymer-based materials and composites in terms of macroscopic force application (stress) and subsequent deformation (strain) through a mechanophore-assisted coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena. The perplexity of the process, however, from the viewpoint of mechanophore activation via a molecular-scaled disruption of the structure that yields a macroscopically detectable optical signal, renders this otherwise rapidly evolving field challenging. Motivated by this, we highlight here recent advancements of polymer mechanochemistry with particular focus on the establishment of methodologies for the efficient activation and quantification of mechanophores and anticipate to aptly pinpoint unresolved matters and limitations of the respective approaches, thus highlighting possible developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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12
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Li Y, Lin Y, Dai Y, Ko Y, Genzer J. Mechanochemical Degrafting of a Surface-Tethered Poly(acrylic acid) Brush Promoted Etching of Its Underlying Silicon Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13693-13699. [PMID: 31565947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stability of surface-tethered polyelectrolyte brushes has been investigated during the past few years. We have previously reported on the degrafting of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymer brushes from flat silicon substrates. Here, we present a detailed study on the effects of NaCl concentration and the grafting density and molecular weight on the stability of PAA brushes during incubation in 0.1 M ethanolamine buffer (pH 9.0) solutions. Without NaCl in the buffer solution, the PAA brushes remain intact. Adding NaCl facilitates etching of the substrate due to accelerating dissolution of the top silica layer and promoting degrafting of the PAA chains. The PAA grafting density and molecular weight play an important role in the substrate etching by affecting the penetration barrier and local concentration of the etchants. We also tested the stability of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) made of hydrophobic alkyltrichlorosilanes anchored on silicon substrates. The results demonstrated that the SAMs were too thin to protect the substrates from etching, in contrast to thick poly(methyl methacrylate) brushes. Our findings suggest that both polymer brushes (especially polyelectrolyte brushes) and SAMs anchored to silicon substrates may undergo erosion/etching on the substrates in basic environments, which compromises their stability and therefore jeopardizes their applications in coating, biosensing, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 135 Xingang Xi Road , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , 911 Partners Way , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7905 , United States
| | - Yunkai Dai
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 135 Xingang Xi Road , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , 911 Partners Way , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7905 , United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , 911 Partners Way , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7905 , United States
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13
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Ko Y, Genzer J. Spontaneous Degrafting of Weak and Strong Polycationic Brushes in Aqueous Buffer Solutions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
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14
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Messmer D, Bertran O, Kissner R, Alemán C, Schlüter AD. Main-chain scission of individual macromolecules induced by solvent swelling. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6125-6139. [PMID: 31360419 PMCID: PMC6585601 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive investigation of main-chain scission processes affecting peripherally charged and neutral members of a class of dendronized polymers (DPs) studied in our laboratory. In these thick, sterically highly congested macromolecules, scission occurs by exposure to solvents, in some cases at room temperature, in others requiring modest heating. Our investigations rely on gel permeation chromatography and atomic force microscopy and are supported by molecular dynamics simulations as well as by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Strikingly, DP main-chain scission depends strongly on two factors: first the solvent, which must be highly polar to induce scission of the DPs, and second the dendritic generation g. In DPs of generations 1 ≤ g ≤ 8, scission occurs readily only for g = 5, no matter whether the polymer is charged or neutral. Much more forcing conditions are required to induce degradation in DPs of g ≠ 5. We propose solvent swelling as the cause for the main-chain scission in these individual polymer molecules, explaining in particular the strong dependence on g: g < 5 DPs resemble classical polymers and are accessible to the strongly interacting, polar solvents, whereas g > 5 DPs are essentially closed off to solvent due to their more closely colloidal character. g = 5 DPs mark the transition between these two regimes, bearing strongly sterically congested side chains which are still solvent accessible to some degree. Our results suggest that, even in the absence of structural elements which favour scission such as cross-links, solvent swelling may be a generally applicable mechanochemical trigger. This may be relevant not only for DPs, but also for other types of sterically strongly congested macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Messmer
- Polymer Chemistry , Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Oscar Bertran
- Department of Physics , EETAC , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , c/ Esteve Terrades, 7 , 08860 , Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Reinhard Kissner
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química (EEBE) , Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 , Barcelona , Spain
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Polymer Chemistry , Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ;
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15
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Wang Z, Craig SL. Stereochemical effects on the mechanochemical scission of furan–maleimide Diels–Alder adducts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12263-12266. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06361g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An internal competition between mechanochemical reactions unveils the relative mechanical reactivity of furan–maleimide Diels–Alder (DA) stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
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16
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Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the retro-Diels-Alder reaction of 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 4H-pyran 4H-thiopyran, 1,4-dioxine, and 1,4-dithiine: a theoretical investigation. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Kida J, Imato K, Goseki R, Aoki D, Morimoto M, Otsuka H. The photoregulation of a mechanochemical polymer scission. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3504. [PMID: 30158595 PMCID: PMC6115466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Control over mechanochemical polymer scission by another external stimulus may offer an avenue to further advance the fields of polymer chemistry, mechanochemistry, and materials science. Herein, we demonstrate that light can regulate the mechanochemical behavior of a diarylethene-conjugated Diels-Alder adduct (DAE/DA) that reversibly isomerizes from a weaker open form to a stronger closed form under photoirradiation. Pulsed ultrasonication experiments, spectroscopic analyses, and density functional theory calculations support the successful photoregulation of the reactivity of this DAE/DA mechanophore, which is incorporated at the mid-chain of a polymer, and indicate that higher force and energy are required to cleave the closed form of the DAE/DA mechanophore relative to the open form. The present photoregulation concept provides an attractive approach toward the generation of new mechanofunctional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Kida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
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18
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Li Y, Lin Y, Ko Y, Kiserow D, Genzer J. Visualization of Mechanochemically-Assisted Degrafting of Surface-Tethered Poly(Acrylic Acid) Brushes. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:609-613. [PMID: 35632964 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report visualization of mechanochemically assisted degrafting of surface-tethered poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes in a basic aqueous buffer at nanometer to micrometer length scale by monitoring changes in local etching of silicon substrates. PAA brushes were prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and incubated in 0.1 M ethanolamine buffer (pH 9.0) with 0.5 M NaCl. Morphological changes of the underlying substrates were monitored by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The appearance of regular-shaped pits indicated etching of the substrate, and both their number and size grew with increasing incubation time. We compared the etching behaviors for PAA, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (PPEGMA) brushes grafted on silicon substrates. After incubation for 7 days, the substrate of PMMA brush remained intact. In PAA brush systems, we detected the formation of a few large pits whose size grew in time. Many pits showed up on the substrate of PPEGMA brush but with substantially smaller size compared to PAA. Our findings suggest that hydrophobicity and stability of the grafted polymers play an important role in the morphological changes of the underlying silicon substrates under given incubation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Douglas Kiserow
- U.S. Army Research Office Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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Stevenson R, De Bo G. Controlling Reactivity by Geometry in Retro-Diels–Alder Reactions under Tension. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16768-16771. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stevenson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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20
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Li Y, Ko Y, Lin Y, Kiserow D, Genzer J. Enhanced Stability of Surface-Tethered Diblock Copolymer Brushes with a Neutral Polymer Block and a Weak Polyelectrolyte Block: Effects of Molecular Weight and Hydrophobicity of the Neutral Block. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- US Army Research
Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Douglas Kiserow
- Department of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- US Army Research
Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Clough JM, van der Gucht J, Sijbesma RP. Mechanoluminescent Imaging of Osmotic Stress-Induced Damage in a Glassy Polymer Network. Macromolecules 2017; 50:2043-2053. [PMID: 28316344 PMCID: PMC5352978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A chemiluminescent mechanophore, bis(adamantyl-1,2-dioxetane), is used to investigate the covalent bond scission resulting from the sorption of chloroform by glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) networks. Bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane units incorporated as cross-linkers underwent mechanoluminescent scission, demonstrating that solvent ingress caused covalent bond scission. At higher cross-linking densities, the light emission took the form of hundreds of discrete bursts, widely varying in intensity, with each burst composed of 107-109 photons. Camera imaging indicated a relatively slow propagation of bursts through the material and permitted analysis of the spatial correlation between the discrete bond-breaking events. The implications of these observations for the mechanism of sorption and fracture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences
Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Araujo JV, Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bruns N. Self-reporting Polymeric Materials with Mechanochromic Properties. BIO-INSPIRED POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782626664-00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical transduction of force onto molecules is an essential feature of many biological processes that results in the senses of touch and hearing, gives important cues for cellular interactions and can lead to optically detectable signals, such as a change in colour, fluorescence or chemoluminescence. Polymeric materials that are able to visually indicate deformation, stress, strain or the occurrence of microdamage draw inspiration from these biological events. The field of self-reporting (or self-assessing) materials is reviewed. First, mechanochromic events in nature are discussed, such as the formation of bruises on skin, the bleeding of a wound, or marine glow caused by dinoflagellates. Then, materials based on force-responsive mechanophores, such as spiropyrans, cyclobutanes, cyclooctanes, Diels–Alder adducts, diarylbibenzofuranone and bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane are reviewed, followed by mechanochromic blends, chromophores stabilised by hydrogen bonds, and pressure sensors based on ionic interactions between fluorescent dyes and polyelectrolyte brushes. Mechanobiochemistry is introduced as an important tool to create self-reporting hybrid materials that combine polymers with the force-responsive properties of fluorescent proteins, protein FRET pairs, and other biomacromolecules. Finally, dye-filled microcapsules, microvascular networks, and hollow fibres are demonstrated to be important technologies to create damage-indicating coatings, self-reporting fibre-reinforced composites and self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Araujo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Edward A. Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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