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Gong Z, Lu B, Wang H, Ren X, Liu X, Ma H, Wu D, Fan D, Wei Q. Double-Amplified Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay Sensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of CA19-9 Using a Ternary Semiconductor CdSSe. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1678-1685. [PMID: 38215346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of CA19-9 was constructed using ternary compound CdSSe nanoparticles as ECL emitter. The immunosensor employs Cu2S and gold-doped diindium trioxide (Au-In2O3) nanocubes as coreaction accelerators to achieve a double-amplification strategy. In general, a hexagonal maple leaf-shaped Cu2S with a large surface area was selected as the template, and the in situ growth of CdSSe on its surface was achieved using a hydrothermal method. The presence of Cu2S not only inhibited the aggregation of CdSSe nanoparticles to reduce their surface energy but also acted as an ECL cathode coreaction promoter, facilitating the generation of SO4•-. Consequently, the ECL intensity of CdSSe was significantly enhanced, and the reduction potential was significantly lower. In addition, the template method was employed to synthesize Au-In2O3 nanocubes, which offers the advantage of directly connecting materials with antibodies, resulting in a more stable construction of the immunosensor. Furthermore, In2O3 serves as a coreaction promoter, enabling the amplification strategy for ECL intensity of CdSSe, thus contributing to the enhanced sensitivity and performance of the immunosensor. The constructed immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range (100 μU mL-1 to 100 U mL-1) and a low detection limit of 80 μU mL-1, demonstrating its high potential and practical value for sensitive detection of CA19-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chen W, Chi M, Wang M, Liu Y, Kong S, Du L, Wang J, Wu C. Label-Free Detection of CA19-9 Using a BSA/Graphene-Based Antifouling Electrochemical Immunosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9693. [PMID: 38139539 PMCID: PMC10748090 DOI: 10.3390/s23249693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the levels of the biomarker carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is crucial in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis assessment. In this study, an antifouling electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the label-free detection of CA19-9, in which bovine serum albumin (BSA) and graphene were cross-linked with the aid of glutaraldehyde to form a 3D conductive porous network on the surface of an electrode. The electrochemical immunosensor was characterized through the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), UV spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The level of CA19-9 was determined through the use of label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The electron transfer at the interface of the electrode was well preserved in human serum samples, demonstrating that this electrochemical immunosensor has excellent antifouling performance. CA19-9 could be detected in a wide range from 13.5 U/mL to 1000 U/mL, with a detection limit of 13.5 U/mL in human serum samples. This immunosensor also exhibited good selectivity and stability. The detection results of this immunosensor were further validated and compared using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the results confirmed that this immunosensor has a good sensing performance in terms of CA19-9, suggesting its promising application prospects in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (Y.L.); (S.K.)
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3
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Soares A, Soares JC, dos Santos DM, Migliorini FL, Popolin-Neto M, dos Santos Cinelli Pinto D, Carvalho WA, Brandão HM, Paulovich FV, Correa DS, Oliveira ON, Mattoso LHC. Nanoarchitectonic E-Tongue of Electrospun Zein/Curcumin Carbon Dots for Detecting Staphylococcus aureusin Milk. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13721-13732. [PMID: 37091421 PMCID: PMC10116536 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a nanoarchitectonic electronic tongue made with flexible electrodes coated with curcumin carbon dots and zein electrospun nanofibers, which could detect Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) in milk using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Electronic tongues are based on the global selectivity concept in which the electrical responses of distinct sensing units are combined to provide a unique pattern, which in this case allowed the detection of S. aureus through non-specific interactions. The electronic tongue used here comprised 3 sensors with electrodes coated with zein nanofibers, carbon dots, and carbon dots with zein nanofibers. The capacitance data obtained with the three sensors were processed with a multidimensional projection technique referred to as interactive document mapping (IDMAP) and analyzed using the machine learning-based concept of multidimensional calibration space (MCS). The concentration of S. aureus could be determined with the sensing units, especially with the one containing zein as the limit of detection was 0.83 CFU/mL (CFU stands for colony-forming unit). This high sensitivity is attributed to molecular-level interactions between the protein zein and C-H groups in S. aureus according to polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) data. Using machine learning and IDMAP, we demonstrated the selectivity of the electronic tongue in distinguishing milk samples from mastitis-infected cows from milk collected from healthy cows, and from milk spiked with possible interferents. Calibration of the electronic tongue can also be reached with the MCS concept employing decision tree algorithms, with an 80.1% accuracy in the diagnosis of mastitis. The low-cost electronic tongue presented here may be exploited in diagnosing mastitis at early stages, with tests performed in the farms without requiring specialized laboratories or personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey
Coatrini Soares
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Coatrini Soares
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University
of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Danilo Martins dos Santos
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L. Migliorini
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle dos Santos Cinelli Pinto
- Embrapa
Gado de Leite CEP, Juiz de Fora 3603-330, Brazil
- Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto Mello Brandão
- Embrapa
Gado de Leite CEP, Juiz de Fora 3603-330, Brazil
- Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vieira Paulovich
- Department
of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven
University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Souza Correa
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University
of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
- luiz.mattoso@embrapa,br
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Three-Dimensional Printing and Its Potential to Develop Sensors for Cancer with Improved Performance. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090685. [PMID: 36140070 PMCID: PMC9496342 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and early diagnosis is the best strategy to reduce mortality risk. Biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers are based on various principles of detection, including electrochemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical measurements. Despite the advances in the identification of biomarkers and the conventional 2D manufacturing processes, detection methods for cancers still require improvements in terms of selectivity and sensitivity, especially for point-of-care diagnosis. Three-dimensional printing may offer the features to produce complex geometries in the design of high-precision, low-cost sensors. Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, allows for the production of sensitive, user-friendly, and semi-automated sensors, whose composition, geometry, and functionality can be controlled. This paper reviews the recent use of 3D printing in biosensors for cancer diagnosis, highlighting the main advantages and advances achieved with this technology. Additionally, the challenges in 3D printing technology for the mass production of high-performance biosensors for cancer diagnosis are addressed.
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5
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Copper–Ruthenium Composite as Perspective Material for Bioelectrodes: Laser-Assisted Synthesis, Biocompatibility Study, and an Impedance-Based Cellular Biosensor as Proof of Concept. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070527. [PMID: 35884330 PMCID: PMC9313201 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an inexpensive material that has found wide application in electronics due to its remarkable electric properties. However, the high toxicity of both copper and copper oxide imposes restrictions on the application of this metal as a material for bioelectronics. One way to increase the biocompatibility of pure copper while keeping its remarkable properties is to use copper-based composites. In the present study, we explored a new copper–ruthenium composite as a potential biocompatible material for bioelectrodes. Sample electrodes were obtained by subsequent laser deposition of copper and ruthenium on glass plates from a solution containing salts of these metals. The fabricated Cu–Ru electrodes exhibit high effective area and their impedance properties can be described by simple R-CPE equivalent circuits that make them perspective for sensing applications. Finally, we designed a simple impedance cell-based biosensor using this material that allows us to distinguish between dead and alive HeLa cells.
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6
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Bondancia TJ, Soares AC, Popolin-Neto M, Gomes NO, Raymundo-Pereira PA, Barud HS, Machado SA, Ribeiro SJ, Melendez ME, Carvalho AL, Reis RM, Paulovich FV, Oliveira ON. Low-cost bacterial nanocellulose-based interdigitated biosensor to detect the p53 cancer biomarker. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Soares JC, Soares AC, Angelim MKSC, Proença-Modena JL, Moraes-Vieira PM, Mattoso LHC, Oliveira ON. Diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 infection using electrical impedance spectroscopy with an immunosensor to detect the spike protein. Talanta 2021; 239:123076. [PMID: 34876273 PMCID: PMC8607795 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mass testing for the diagnostics of COVID-19 has been hampered in many countries owing to the high cost of the methodologies to detect genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, we report on a low-cost immunosensor capable of detecting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, including in samples of inactivated virus. Detection is performed with electrical impedance spectroscopy using an immunosensor that contains a monolayer film of carboxymethyl chitosan as matrix, coated with an active layer of antibodies specific to the spike protein. In addition to a low limit of detection of 0.179 fg/mL within an almost linear behavior from 10−20 g/mL to 10−14 g/mL, the immunosensor was highly selective. For the samples with the spike protein could be distinguished in multidimensional projection plots from samples with other biomarkers and analytes that could be interfering species for healthy and infected patients. The excellent analytical performance of the immunosensors was validated with the distinction between control samples and those containing inactivated SARS-CoV-2 at different concentrations. The mechanism behind the immunosensor performance is the specific antibody-protein interaction, as confirmed with the changes induced in C–H stretching and protein bands in polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectra (PM-IRRAS). Because impedance spectroscopy measurements can be made with low-cost portable instruments, the immunosensor proposed here can be applied in point-of-care diagnostics for mass testing even in places with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andrey C Soares
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Monara Kaelle S C Angelim
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Proença-Modena
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbilities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz H C Mattoso
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil.
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8
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Neto MP, Soares AC, Oliveira ON, Paulovich FV. Machine Learning Used to Create a Multidimensional Calibration Space for Sensing and Biosensing Data. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mário Popolin Neto
- Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), 14804-296 Araraquara, Brazil
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences (ICMC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andrey Coatrini Soares
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernando V. Paulovich
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences (ICMC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
- Faculty of Computer Science (FCS), Dalhousie University (DAL), B3H 4R2 Nova Scotia, Canada
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9
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Piccoli JP, Soares AC, Oliveira ON, Cilli EM. Nanostructured functional peptide films and their application in C-reactive protein immunosensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107692. [PMID: 33291002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peptides with an active redox molecule are incorporated into nanostructured films for electrochemical biosensors with stable and controllable physicochemical properties. In this study, we synthesized three ferrocene (Fc)-containing peptides with the sequence Fc-Glu-(Ala)n-Cys-NH2, which could form self-assembled monolayers on gold and be attached to antibodies. The peptide with two alanines (n = 2) yielded the immunosensor with the highest performance in detecting C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation. Using electrochemical impedance-derived capacitive spectroscopy, the limit of detection was 240 pM with a dynamic range that included clinically relevant CRP concentrations. With a combination of electrochemical methods and polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, we identified the chemical groups involved in the antibody-CRP interaction, and were able to relate the highest performance for the peptide with n = 2 to chain length and efficient packing in the organized films. These strategies to design peptides and methods to fabricate the immunosensors are generic, and can be applied to other types of biosensors, including in low cost platforms for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Piccoli
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos - SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey C Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos - SP, Brazil; Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos - SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos - SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-060 Araraquara - SP, Brazil.
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10
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Immunosensors containing solution blow spun fibers of poly(lactic acid) to detect p53 biomarker. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 115:111120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Soares AC, Soares JC, Rodrigues VC, Oliveira ON, Capparelli Mattoso LH. Controlled molecular architectures in microfluidic immunosensors for detecting Staphylococcus aureus. Analyst 2020; 145:6014-6023. [PMID: 32779664 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection of pathogenic microorganisms is essential for food quality control and diagnosis of various diseases, which is currently performed with high-cost, sophisticated methods. In this paper, we report on a low-cost detection method based on impedance spectroscopy to detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The immunosensors were made with microfluidic devices made of interdigitated electrodes coated with layer-by-layer (LbL) films of chitosan and chondroitin sulfate, on which a layer of anti-S. aureus antibodies was adsorbed. The limit of detection was 2.83 CFU mL-1 with a limit of quantification of 9.42 CFU mL-1 for immunosensors with 10-bilayer LbL films. This level of sensitivity is sufficient to detect traces of bacteria that cause mastitis in milk, which we have confirmed by distinguishing milk samples containing various concentrations of S. aureus from pure milk and milk contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella. Distinction of these samples was made possible by projecting the electrical impedance data with the interactive document mapping (IDMAP) technique. The high sensitivity and selectivity are attributed to the highly specific interaction with anti-S. aureus antibodies captured with polarization-modulated reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), with adsorption on the antibodies explained with the Langmuir-Freundlich model. Since these immunosensors are stable for up to 25 days and detection measurements can be made within minutes, the methodology proposed is promising for monitoring S. aureus contamination in the food industry and hospitals, and in detecting bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Coatrini Soares
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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An Immunosensor for the Detection of ULBP2 Biomarker. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060568. [PMID: 32503144 PMCID: PMC7344431 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a global health problem that features a very high mortality rate. The UL16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2) is a new biomarker for PC detection. This study develops a simple, reliable, and inexpensive immunosensor for the detection of the ULBP2 antigen while also investigating the effects of an array configuration of connected sensors and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the immunosensor’s sensitivity. The ULBP2 antibody was immobilized onto the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surfaces of three different sensors: a simple SPCE (ULBP2-SPCE); an SPCE array, which is a series of identical SPCE connected to each other at different arrangements of rows and columns (ULBP2-SPCE-1x2 and ULBP2-SPCE-1x3); and an SPCE combined with ZnO nanoparticles (ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE). Impedance spectrum measurements for the immunosensors to ULBP2 antigen were conducted and compared. According to the result, the array configurations (ULBP2-SPCE-1x2 and ULBP2-SPCE-1x3) show an improvement of sensitivity compared to the ULBP2-SPCE alone, but the improvement is not as significant as that of the ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE configuration (ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE > ULBP2-SPCE: 18 times larger). The ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE immunosensor has a low limit of detection (1 pg/mL) and a high sensitivity (332.2 Ω/Log(pg/mL)), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.98), good repeatability (coefficients of variation = 5.03%), and is stable in long-term storage (retaining 95% activity after 28 days storage). In an array configuration, the immunosensor has an increased signal-to-noise ratio (ULBP2-SPCE-1x3 > ULBP2-SPCE: 1.5-fold) and sensitivity (ULBP2-SPCE-1x3 > ULBP2-SPCE: 2.6-fold). In conclusion, either the modification with ZnO nanoparticles onto the sensor or the use of an array configuration of sensors can enhance the immunosensor’s sensitivity. In this study, the best immunosensor for detecting ULBP2 antigens is the ULBP2-ZnO/SPCE immunosensor.
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Sadoughi F, Mansournia MA, Mirhashemi SM. The potential role of chitosan-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems in pancreatic cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:872-883. [PMID: 32057169 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal cancers and 12th most common cancer in the world. Due to the inaccessible anatomical position of the pancreas and asymptomatic early stages of this disease, PC has a high mortality rate. Therefore, providing reliable diagnostic and therapeutic tools are the keys to increase the PC survival rate. Nanotechnology is an inchoate field of science that previously scientists' tendency to enhance the efficacy of current preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods has oriented them to build a bridge between this science and medicine. In the case of PC, nanotechnology suggests using drug delivery devices for a more effective and targeted therapy. Chitosan is a natural polymer that recently has attracted a lot of attention for being renewable, nontoxic, and bioabsorbable. In this article, we tend to look for the answer to this question: has nanotechnology been successful in using chitosan-based nanoformulations as carriers for preventing more individuals from suffering or at least increasing the 5-year survival of the PC patients?
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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14
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Soares JC, Soares AC, Rodrigues VC, Melendez ME, Santos AC, Faria EF, Reis RM, Carvalho AL, Oliveira ON. Detection of the Prostate Cancer Biomarker PCA3 with Electrochemical and Impedance-Based Biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46645-46650. [PMID: 31765118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of prostate cancer via PCA3 biomarker detection is promising to be much more efficient than with the prostatic specific antigens currently used. In this study, we present the first electrochemical and impedance-based biosensors that are capable of detecting PCA3 down to 0.128 nmol/L. The biosensors were made with a layer of PCA3-complementary single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probe, immobilized on a layer-by-layer (LbL) film of chitosan (CHT) and carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). They are highly selective to PCA3, which was confirmed in impedance measurements and with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Using information visualization methods, we could also distinguish between cell lines expressing the endogenous PCA3 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) from cells that did not contain detectable levels of this biomarker. Since the methods involved in fabrication the biosensors are potentially low cost, one may hope to deploy PCA3 tests in any laboratory of clinical analyses and even for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , 13566-590 São Carlos , Brazil
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Agribusiness (LNNA) , Embrapa Instrumentation , 13560-970 São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Andrey Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , 13566-590 São Carlos , Brazil
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Agribusiness (LNNA) , Embrapa Instrumentation , 13560-970 São Carlos , Brazil
| | | | - Matias Eliseo Melendez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
| | - Alexandre Cesar Santos
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
| | - Eliney Ferreira Faria
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Andre Lopes Carvalho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , 13566-590 São Carlos , Brazil
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15
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de Souza Moraes A, Brum DG, Ierich JCM, Higa AM, Assis ASJ, Miyazaki CM, Shimizu FM, Peroni LA, Machini MT, Barreira AA, Ferreira M, Oliveira ON, Leite FL. A highly specific and sensitive nanoimmunosensor for the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16136. [PMID: 31695085 PMCID: PMC6834626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise diagnosis for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is crucial to improve patients' prognostic, which requires highly specific and sensitive tests. The cell-based assay with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 100% is the most recommended test to detect anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab). Here, we tested four AQP4 external loop peptides (AQP461-70, AQP4131-140, AQP4141-150, and AQP4201-210) with an atomic force microscopy nanoimmunosensor to develop a diagnostic assay. We obtained the highest reactivity with AQP461-70-nanoimunosensor. This assay was effective in detecting AQP4-Ab in sera of NMOSD patients with 100% specificity (95% CI 63.06-100), determined by the cut-off adhesion force value of 241.3 pN. NMOSD patients were successfully discriminated from a set of healthy volunteers, patients with multiple sclerosis, and AQP4-Ab-negative patients. AQP461-70 sensitivity was 81.25% (95% CI 56.50-99.43), slightly higher than with the CBA method. The results with the AQP461-70-nanoimmunosensor indicate that the differences between NMOSD seropositive and seronegative phenotypes are related to disease-specific epitopes. The absence of AQP4-Ab in sera of NMOSD AQP4-Ab-negative patients may be interpreted by assuming the existence of another potential AQP4 peptide sequence or non-AQP4 antigens as the antibody target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana de Souza Moraes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403000, Brazil.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.,Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Doralina Guimarães Brum
- Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cristiane Magalhães Ierich
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403000, Brazil.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.,Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Akemi Martins Higa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403000, Brazil.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.,Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Amanda Stefanie Jabur Assis
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.,Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Celina Massumi Miyazaki
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Flávio Makoto Shimizu
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560970, Brazil
| | - Luís Antonio Peroni
- Rheabiotech Laboratory of Research and Development, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084791, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Machini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Amilton Antunes Barreira
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marystela Ferreira
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560970, Brazil
| | - Fabio Lima Leite
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil. .,Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.
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16
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Qian L, Li Q, Baryeh K, Qiu W, Li K, Zhang J, Yu Q, Xu D, Liu W, Brand RE, Zhang X, Chen W, Liu G. Biosensors for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: a review. Transl Res 2019; 213:67-89. [PMID: 31442419 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by extremely high mortality and poor prognosis and is projected to be the leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030. Due to the lack of early symptoms and appropriate methods to detect pancreatic carcinoma at an early stage as well as its aggressive progression, the disease is often quite advanced by the time a definite diagnosis is established. The 5-year relative survival rate for all stages is approximately 8%. Therefore, detection of pancreatic cancer at an early surgically resectable stage is the key to decrease mortality and to improve survival. The traditional methods for diagnosing pancreatic cancer involve an imaging test, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, paired with a biopsy of the mass in question. These methods are often expensive, time consuming, and require trained professionals to use the instruments and analyze the imaging. To overcome these issues, biosensors have been proposed as a promising tool for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The present review critically discusses the latest developments in biosensors for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Protein and microRNA biomarkers of pancreatic cancer and corresponding biosensors for pancreatic cancer diagnosis have been reviewed, and all these cases demonstrate that the emerging biosensors are becoming an increasingly relevant alternative to traditional techniques. In addition, we discuss the existing problems in biosensors and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Qian
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qiaobin Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Kwaku Baryeh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Wanwei Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qingcai Yu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dongqin Xu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wenju Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China
| | - Randall E Brand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China; School of Food Science & Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Guodong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, PR China; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
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17
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Ibáñez-Redín G, Furuta RH, Wilson D, Shimizu FM, Materon EM, Arantes LMRB, Melendez ME, Carvalho AL, Reis RM, Chaur MN, Gonçalves D, Oliveira Jr ON. Screen-printed interdigitated electrodes modified with nanostructured carbon nano-onion films for detecting the cancer biomarker CA19-9. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:1502-1508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Yang J, Li M, Wang Y, Wu H, Zhen T, Xiong L, Sun Q. Double Cross-Linked Chitosan Composite Films Developed with Oxidized Tannic Acid and Ferric Ions Exhibit High Strength and Excellent Water Resistance. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:801-812. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, China
| | - Liu Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjie Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao, China
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19
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Proença CA, Freitas TA, Baldo TA, Materón EM, Shimizu FM, Ferreira GR, Soares FLF, Faria RC, Oliveira ON. Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:2171-2181. [PMID: 31807403 PMCID: PMC6880837 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of cancer using electroanalytical methods can be achieved at low cost and in rapid assays, but this may require the combination with data treatment for determining biomarkers in real samples. In this paper, we report an immunomagnetic nanoparticle-based microfluidic sensor (INμ-SPCE) for the amperometric detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker, the data of which were treated with information visualization methods. The INμ-SPCE consists of eight working electrodes, reference and counter electrodes. On the working electrodes, magnetic nanoparticles with secondary antibodies with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase were immobilized for the indirect detection of PSA in a sandwich-type procedure. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor could operate within a wide range from 12.5 to 1111 fg·L-1, with a low detection limit of 0.062 fg·L-1. Multidimensional projections combined with feature selection allowed for the distinction of cell lysates with different levels of PSA, in agreement with results from the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The approaches for immunoassays and data processing are generic, and therefore the strategies described here may provide a simple platform for clinical diagnosis of cancers and other types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Proença
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayane A Freitas
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaísa A Baldo
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elsa M Materón
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Shimizu
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriella R Ferreira
- Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico L F Soares
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C Faria
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Soares AC, Soares JC, Rodrigues VC, Follmann HDM, Arantes LMRB, Carvalho AC, Melendez ME, Fregnani JHTG, Reis RM, Carvalho AL, Oliveira ON. Microfluidic-Based Genosensor To Detect Human Papillomavirus (HPV16) for Head and Neck Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36757-36763. [PMID: 30296059 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, mainly with HPV16 type, has been increasingly considered as an important etiologic factor in head and neck cancers. Detection of HPV16 is therefore crucial for these types of cancer, but clinical tests are not performed routinely in public health systems owing to the high cost and limitations of the existing tests. In this article, we report on a potentially low-cost genosensor capable of detecting low concentrations of HPV16 in buffer samples and distinguishing, with high accuracy, head and neck cancer cell lines according to their HPV16 status. The genosensor consisted of a microfluidic device that had an active layer of a HPV16 capture DNA probe (cpHPV16) deposited onto a layer-by-layer film of chitosan and chondroitin sulfate. Impedance spectroscopy was the principle of detection utilized, leading to a limit of detection of 10.5 pM for complementary ssDNA HPV16 oligos (ssHPV16). The genosensor was also able to distinguish among HPV16+ and HPV16- cell lines, using the multidimensional projection technique interactive document mapping. Hybridization between the ssHPV16 oligos and cpHPV16 probe was confirmed with polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, where PO2 and amide I and amide II bands from adenine and thymine were monitored. The electrical response could be modeled as resulting from an adsorption process represented in a Freundlich model. Because the fabrication procedures of the microfluidic devices and genosensors and the data collection and analysis can be implemented at low cost, the results presented here amount to a demonstration of possible routine screening for HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , 13566-590 São Carlos , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina Carvalho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
| | - Matias Eliseo Melendez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
| | | | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences , University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal
| | - André Lopes Carvalho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center , Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos , Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , 13566-590 São Carlos , Brazil
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21
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de Oliveira RAG, Nicoliche CYN, Pasqualeti AM, Shimizu FM, Ribeiro IR, Melendez ME, Carvalho AL, Gobbi AL, Faria RC, Lima RS. Low-Cost and Rapid-Production Microfluidic Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors for Fast and Sensitive Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12377-12384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. G. de Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Caroline Y. N. Nicoliche
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Anielli M. Pasqualeti
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Flavio M. Shimizu
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Iris R. Ribeiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Matias E. Melendez
- Centro de Pesquisa em Oncologia Molecular, Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brasil
| | - André L. Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisa em Oncologia Molecular, Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brasil
| | - Angelo L. Gobbi
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Ronaldo C. Faria
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brasil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
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22
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Lv Y, Zhou Z, Shen Y, Zhou Q, Ji J, Liu S, Zhang Y. Coupled Fluorometer-Potentiostat System and Metal-Free Monochromatic Luminophores for High-Resolution Wavelength-Resolved Electrochemiluminescent Multiplex Bioassay. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1362-1367. [PMID: 29882407 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sensitive simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers is critical for the early diagnosis of diseases. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) offers outstanding advantages, e.g., low background, over other optical sensing techniques. However, multiplexed ECL bioassay is hindered not only by the lack of generally available ECL spectrometers but also by the limited number of biocompatible monochromatic ECL luminophores for decades. Herein, we report addressing these issues by re-examination of the recent tabletop spectrofluorometer coupled potentiostat as a high-resolution ECL spectrum acquisition system and using carbon nitrides as monochromatic luminophores. A wavelength-resolved multiplexing ECL biosensor is demonstrated to simultaneously detect CA19-9 and mesothelin, two pancreatic cancer biomarkers, at a single-electrode interface. This work could initiate new opportunities for more general multiplex ECL biosensors with competitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Lv
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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23
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Soares AC, Soares JC, Shimizu FM, Rodrigues VDC, Awan IT, Melendez ME, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Reis RM, Fregnani JHTG, Carvalho AL, Oliveira ON. A simple architecture with self-assembled monolayers to build immunosensors for detecting the pancreatic cancer biomarker CA19-9. Analyst 2018; 143:3302-3308. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00430g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Film architecture for the immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
- Department of Materials Engineering
| | | | - Flavio Makoto Shimizu
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory
| | | | - Iram Taj Awan
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Angelo Luiz Gobbi
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center
- Barretos Cancer Hospital
- Barretos
- Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)
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24
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Soares J, Iwaki LEO, Soares AC, Rodrigues VC, Melendez ME, Fregnani JHG, Reis RM, Carvalho AL, Corrêa DS, Oliveira ON. Immunosensor for Pancreatic Cancer Based on Electrospun Nanofibers Coated with Carbon Nanotubes or Gold Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6975-6983. [PMID: 30023536 PMCID: PMC6044935 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of immunosensors based on nanostructured mats of electrospun nanofibers of polyamide 6 and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) coated either with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), whose three-dimensional structure was suitable for the immobilization of anti-CA19-9 antibodies to detect the pancreatic cancer biomarker CA19-9. Using impedance spectroscopy, the sensing platform was able to detect CA19-9 with a detection limit of 1.84 and 1.57 U mL-1 for the nanostructured architectures containing MWCNTs and AuNPs, respectively. The high sensitivity achieved can be attributed to the irreversible adsorption between antibodies and antigens, as confirmed with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The adsorption mechanism was typical Langmuir-Freundlich processes. The high sensitivity and selectivity of the immunosensors were also explored in tests with blood serum from patients with distinct concentrations of CA19-9, for which the impedance spectra data were processed with a multidimensional projection technique. The robustness of the immunosensors in dealing with patient samples without suffering interference from analytes present in biological fluids is promising for a simple, effective diagnosis of pancreatic cancer at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana
C. Soares
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, 13560-60 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Leonardo E. O. Iwaki
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, 13560-60 São Carlos, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andrey C. Soares
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, 13560-60 São Carlos, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Matias E. Melendez
- Molecular
Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer
Hospital, 14784-400 Barretos, Brazil
| | | | - Rui M. Reis
- Molecular
Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer
Hospital, 14784-400 Barretos, Brazil
- ICVS/3B’s-PT
Government Associate Laboratory, Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Andre L. Carvalho
- Molecular
Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer
Hospital, 14784-400 Barretos, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Corrêa
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo, 13560-60 São Carlos, Brazil
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25
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Thapa A, Soares AC, Soares JC, Awan IT, Volpati D, Melendez ME, Fregnani JHTG, Carvalho AL, Oliveira ON. Carbon Nanotube Matrix for Highly Sensitive Biosensors To Detect Pancreatic Cancer Biomarker CA19-9. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25878-25886. [PMID: 28696659 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors fabricated with nanomaterials promise faster, cheaper, and more efficient alternatives to traditional, often bulky devices for early cancer diagnosis. In this study, we fabricated a thin film sensing unit on interdigitated gold electrodes combining polyethyleneimine and carbon nanotubes in a layer by layer fashion, onto which antibodies anti-CA19-9 were adsorbed with a supporting layer of N-hydroxysuccinimide and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide solution. By use of impedance spectroscopy, the pancreatic cancer biomarker CA19-9 was detected in a buffer with limit of detection of 0.35 U/mL. This high sensitivity allowed for distinction between samples of blood serum from patients with distinct probabilities to develop pancreatic cancer. The selectivity of the biosensor was confirmed in subsidiary experiments with HT-29 and SW-620 cell lines and possible interferents, e.g., p53 protein, ascorbic acid, and glucose, where significant changes in capacitance could only be measured with HT-29 that contained the CA19-9 biomarker. Chemisorption of CA19-9 molecules onto the layer of anti-CA19-9 antibodies was the mechanism responsible for sensing while electrostatic interactions drove the adsorption of carbon nanotubes, according to polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). The adsorption behavior was successfully described by the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Thapa
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
- Department of Physics, University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Iram Taj Awan
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Diogo Volpati
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mittuniversitetet , Sundsvall 851 70, Sweden
| | - Matias Eliseo Melendez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos 14784-400, Brazil
| | | | - André Lopes Carvalho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
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26
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Daikuzono CM, Shimizu FM, Manzoli A, Riul A, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Correa DS, Paulovich FV, Oliveira ON. Information Visualization and Feature Selection Methods Applied to Detect Gliadin in Gluten-Containing Foodstuff with a Microfluidic Electronic Tongue. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19646-19652. [PMID: 28481518 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The fast growth of celiac disease diagnosis has sparked the production of gluten-free food and the search for reliable methods to detect gluten in foodstuff. In this paper, we report on a microfluidic electronic tongue (e-tongue) capable of detecting trace amounts of gliadin, a protein of gluten, down to 0.005 mg kg-1 in ethanol solutions, and distinguishing between gluten-free and gluten-containing foodstuff. In some cases, it is even possible to determine whether gluten-free foodstuff has been contaminated with gliadin. That was made possible with an e-tongue comprising four sensing units, three of which made of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of semiconducting polymers deposited onto gold interdigitated electrodes placed inside microchannels. Impedance spectroscopy was employed as the principle of detection, and the electrical capacitance data collected with the e-tongue were treated with information visualization techniques with feature selection for optimizing performance. The sensing units are disposable to avoid cross-contamination as gliadin adsorbs irreversibly onto the LbL films according to polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) analysis. Small amounts of material are required to produce the nanostructured films, however, and the e-tongue methodology is promising for low-cost, reliable detection of gliadin and other gluten constituents in foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M Daikuzono
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , 13560-000, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio M Shimizu
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Manzoli
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Riul
- DFA, IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/Unicamp , 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria H O Piazzetta
- LNNano, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais/CNPEM , 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- DFA, IFGW, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/Unicamp , 13083-859 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Paulovich
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Computing, University of São Paulo , 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Rodrigues VDC, Comin CH, Soares JC, Soares AC, Melendez ME, Fregnani JHTG, Carvalho AL, Costa LDF, Oliveira ON. Analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy Images To Investigate Adsorption Processes Responsible for Detection of Cancer Biomarkers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5885-5890. [PMID: 28117964 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption processes are responsible for detection of cancer biomarkers in biosensors (and immunosensors), which can be captured with various principles of detection. In this study, we used a biosensor made with nanostructured films of polypyrrole and p53 antibodies, and image analysis of scanning electron microscopy data made it possible to correlate morphological changes of the biosensor with the concentration of cells containing the cancer biomarker p53. The selectivity of the biosensor was proven by distinguishing images obtained with exposure of the biosensor to cells containing the biomarker from those acquired with cells that did not contain it. Detection was confirmed with cyclic voltammetry measurements, while the adsorption of the p53 biomarker was probed with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption (PM-IRRAS) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Adsorption is described using the Langmuir-Freundlich model, with saturation taking place at a concentration of 100 Ucells/mL. Taken together, our results point to novel ways to detect biomarkers or any type of analyte for which detection is based on adsorption as is the case of the majority of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesar H Comin
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departament of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo , 13563-120 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matias Eliseo Melendez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Lopes Carvalho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , 14784-400 Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano da F Costa
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Delezuk JA, Pavinatto A, Moraes ML, Shimizu FM, Rodrigues VC, Campana-Filho SP, Ribeiro SJ, Oliveira ON. Silk fibroin organization induced by chitosan in layer-by-layer films: Application as a matrix in a biosensor. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 155:146-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Soares JC, Soares AC, Pereira PAR, Rodrigues VDC, Shimizu FM, Melendez ME, Scapulatempo Neto C, Carvalho AL, Leite FL, Machado SAS, Oliveira ON. Adsorption according to the Langmuir–Freundlich model is the detection mechanism of the antigen p53 for early diagnosis of cancer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8412-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Langmuir–Freundlich model is used to explain the adsorption of the p53 biomarker onto an immunosensor for early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio A. S. Machado
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry
- University of São Paulo
- 13560-970 São Carlos-SP
- Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- 13560-970 São Carlos-SP
- Brazil
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