1
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Belotcerkovtceva D, Nameirakpam H, Datt G, Noumbe U, Kamalakar MV. High current treated-passivated graphene (CTPG) towards stable nanoelectronic and spintronic circuits. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:456-464. [PMID: 38214968 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00338h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Achieving enhanced and stable electrical quality of scalable graphene is crucial for practical graphene device applications. Accordingly, encapsulation has emerged as an approach for improving electrical transport in graphene. In this study, we demonstrate high-current treatment of graphene passivated by AlOx nanofilms as a new means to enhance the electrical quality of graphene for its scalable utilization. Our experiments and electrical measurements on large-scale chemical vapor-deposited (CVD) graphene devices reveal that high-current treatment causes persistent and irreversible de-trapping density in both bare graphene and graphene covered by AlOx. Strikingly, despite possible interfacial defects in graphene covered with AlOx, the high-current treatment enhances its carrier mobility by up to 200% in contrast to bare graphene samples, where mobility decreases. Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy mapping confirms that surface passivation by AlOx, followed by the current treatment, reduces the number of sp3 defects in graphene. These results suggest that for current treated-passivated graphene (CTPG), the high-current treatment considerably reduces charged impurity and trapped charge densities, thereby reducing Coulomb scattering while mitigating any electromigration of carbon atoms. Our study unveils CTPG as an innovative system for practical utilization in graphene nanoelectronic and spintronic integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Belotcerkovtceva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.
| | - Henry Nameirakpam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.
| | - Gopal Datt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.
| | - Ulrich Noumbe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - M Venkata Kamalakar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala SE-751 20, Sweden.
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2
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Lu Q, Zhong H, Sun X, Shang M, Liu W, Zhou C, Hu Z, Shi Z, Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhao Y, Liao J, Zhang X, Lian Z, Song Y, Sun L, Jia K, Yin J, Zhang X, Xie Q, Yin WJ, Lin L, Liu Z. High Moisture-Barrier Performance of Double-Layer Graphene Enabled by Conformal and Clean Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7716-7724. [PMID: 37539976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene films that can theoretically block almost all molecules have emerged as promising candidate materials for moisture barrier films in the applications of organic photonic devices and gas storage. However, the current barrier performance of graphene films does not reach the ideal value. Here, we reveal that the interlayer distance of the large-area stacked multilayer graphene is the key factor that suppresses water permeation. We show that by minimizing the gap between the two monolayers, the water vapor transmission rate of double-layer graphene can be as low as 5 × 10-3 g/(m2 d) over an A4-sized region. The high barrier performance was achieved by the absence of interfacial contamination and conformal contact between graphene layers during layer-by-layer transfer. Our work reveals the moisture permeation mechanism through graphene layers, and with this approach, we can tailor the interlayer coupling of manually stacked two-dimensional materials for new physics and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Zhong
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiucai Sun
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingpeng Shang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Zhou
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoning Hu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofeng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Liao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Lian
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzhao Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaicheng Jia
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xie
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Jian Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wu J, Hu Y, Chen L, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Ji W, Chen P, Jia W, Xiong Z, Lei Y. Universal Flexible Lamination Encapsulation Strategy toward Underwater-Operation Electroluminescence Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51175-51182. [PMID: 36335624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A reliable encapsulation technology with scalability and flexibility is urgently needed for electroluminescence devices. Here, we developed a simple, robust, low-cost, and scalable flexible lamination encapsulation strategy with quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) as the model devices. Multilayered Parafilm combining with calcium oxide buffer was used for the lamination encapsulation. We successfully demonstrated that such a Parafilm Lami encapsulation (PLE) not only allowed excellent protection for QLEDs in air but endowed QLED outstanding waterproof performance. As a result, highly efficient and stable flexible waterproof QLEDs were realized based on this PLE, exhibiting maximum external quantum efficiency of ∼8% and long half-luminescence lifetime of over 1.5 h in water. We believe that there are not any obstacles to extending this encapsulation technology to other flexible flat-panel devices, such as organic/perovskite light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanhong Hu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lixiang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongshuang Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiaoming Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenyu Ji
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weiyao Jia
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zuhong Xiong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanlian Lei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Lab of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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4
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Jeon Y, Lee H, Kim H, Kwon JH. A Review of Various Attempts on Multi-Functional Encapsulation Technologies for the Reliability of OLEDs. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1478. [PMID: 36144102 PMCID: PMC9502182 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the demand for flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) grows beyond that for rigid OLEDs, various elements of OLEDs, such as thin-film transistors, electrodes, thin-film encapsulations (TFEs), and touch screen panels, have been developed to overcome OLEDs' physical and chemical limitations through material and structural design. In particular, TFEs, which protect OLEDs from the external environment, including reactive gases, heat, sunlight, dust, and particles, have technical difficulties to be solved. This review covers various encapsulation technologies that have been developed with the advent of atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology for highly reliable OLEDs, in which solutions to existing technical difficulties in flexible encapsulations are proposed. However, as the conventional encapsulation technologies did not show technological differentiation because researchers have focused only on improving their barrier performance by increasing their thickness and the number of pairs, OLEDs are inevitably vulnerable to environmental degradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) light, heat, and barrier film corrosion. Therefore, research on multi-functional encapsulation technology customized for display applications has been conducted. Many research groups have created functional TFEs by applying nanolaminates, optical Bragg mirrors, and interfacial engineering between layers. As transparent, wearable, and stretchable OLEDs will be actively commercialized beyond flexible OLEDs in the future, customized encapsulation considering the characteristics of the display will be a key technology that guarantees the reliability of the display and accelerates the realization of advanced displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| | - Hyeongjun Lee
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Hyeunwoo Kim
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea
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5
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Wu B, Liu Y, Yu H. High‐
performance electric heating yarns based on graphene‐coated cotton fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- CNRS‐International‐NTU‐THALES Research Alliance, Collage of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Collage of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection Technical Research Institute of Fiber Inspection Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection Technical Research Institute of Fiber Inspection Shanghai People's Republic of China
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6
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A Novel Crossbeam Structure with Graphene Sensing Element for N/MEMS Mechanical Sensors. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122101. [PMID: 35745440 PMCID: PMC9227024 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A graphene membrane acts as a highly sensitive element in a nano/micro–electro–mechanical system (N/MEMS) due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Here, a novel crossbeam structure with a graphene varistor protected by Si3N4 is presented for N/MEMS mechanical sensors. It substantially overcomes the poor reliability of previous sensors with suspended graphene and exhibits excellent mechanoelectrical coupling performance, as graphene is placed on the root of the crossbeam. By performing basic mechanical electrical measurements, a preferable gauge factor of ~1.35 is obtained. The sensitivity of the graphene pressure sensor based on the crossbeam structure chip is 33.13 mV/V/MPa in a wide range of 0~20 MPa. Other static specifications, including hysteresis error, nonlinear error, and repeatability error, are 2.0119%, 3.3622%, and 4.0271%, respectively. We conclude that a crossbeam structure with a graphene sensing element can be an application for the N/MEMS mechanical sensor.
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7
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Woo JH, Park SY, Koo D, Song MH, Park H, Kim JY. Highly Elastic and Corrosion-Resistive Metallic Glass Thin Films for Flexible Encapsulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5578-5585. [PMID: 35040614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ternary CuZrTi metallic glass thin films synthesized by sputtering are suggested as highly flexible and corrosion-resistant encapsulation materials. Unlike nanocrystalline Cu and binary CuZr metallic glass thin films, the ternary CuZrTi metallic glass thin films retain amorphous structure and do not oxidize even after 1000 h in an accelerated harsh environment at 85 °C with 85% relative humidity. The encapsulation performance of 260 nm thick ternary CuZrTi metallic glass is maintained even after 1000 bending cycles at a 3% tensile strain, corresponding to 70% of the elastic deformation limit, according to the results of a uniaxial tensile test. Because of the enhanced mechanical flexibility and reliability of the ternary CuZrTi metallic glass thin films, they have been applied to flexible organic solar cells as an encapsulation material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Woo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Materials Safety Technology Development Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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8
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Zhou J, Tian X, Wang B, Zhang S, Liu Z, Chen W. Application of Low Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition Packaging Technology in OLED and Its Implications for Organic and Perovskite Solar Cell Packaging. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21110513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Bellani S, Bartolotta A, Agresti A, Calogero G, Grancini G, Di Carlo A, Kymakis E, Bonaccorso F. Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for next-generation photovoltaics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11870-11965. [PMID: 34494631 PMCID: PMC8559907 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the ever-increasing energy demand scenario, the development of novel photovoltaic (PV) technologies is considered to be one of the key solutions to fulfil the energy request. In this context, graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials (GRMs), including nonlayered 2D materials and 2D perovskites, as well as their hybrid systems, are emerging as promising candidates to drive innovation in PV technologies. The mechanical, thermal, and optoelectronic properties of GRMs can be exploited in different active components of solar cells to design next-generation devices. These components include front (transparent) and back conductive electrodes, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting/recombination layers, as well as photoactive layers. The production and processing of GRMs in the liquid phase, coupled with the ability to "on-demand" tune their optoelectronic properties exploiting wet-chemical functionalization, enable their effective integration in advanced PV devices through scalable, reliable, and inexpensive printing/coating processes. Herein, we review the progresses in the use of solution-processed 2D materials in organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells, as well as in tandem systems. We first provide a brief introduction on the properties of 2D materials and their production methods by solution-processing routes. Then, we discuss the functionality of 2D materials for electrodes, photoactive layer components/additives, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting layers through figures of merit, which allow the performance of solar cells to be determined and compared with the state-of-the-art values. We finally outline the roadmap for the further exploitation of solution-processed 2D materials to boost the performance of PV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bartolotta
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calogero
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Grancini
- University of Pavia and INSTM, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- L.A.S.E. - Laboratory for Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049 Leninskiy Prosect 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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10
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Woo JH, Koo D, Kim NH, Kim H, Song MH, Park H, Kim JY. Amorphous Alumina Film Robust under Cyclic Deformation: a Highly Impermeable and a Highly Flexible Encapsulation Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46894-46901. [PMID: 34546696 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The lack of highly impermeable and highly flexible encapsulation materials is slowing the development of flexible organic solar cells. Here, a transparent and low-temperature synthetic alumina single layer is suggested as a highly impermeable and a highly flexible encapsulation material for organic solar cells. While the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is maintained up to 100,000 bending cycles for a 25 mm bending radius (corresponding to 8.1% of the elastic deformation limit), as measured by in situ tensile testing with free-standing 50 nm-thick alumina films, the WVTR degraded gradually depending on the bending radius and bending cycles for bending radii less than 25 mm. The degradation of the WVTR in cyclic deformation within the elastic deformation limit is investigated, and it is found to be due to the formation of pinholes by a bond-switching mechanism. Also, encapsulated organic solar cells with alumina films are found to maintain 80% of initial efficiency for 2 weeks even after cyclic bending with a 4 mm bending radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Woo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyang Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangeul Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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11
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Kotsidi M, Gorgolis G, Pastore Carbone MG, Anagnostopoulos G, Paterakis G, Poggi G, Manikas A, Trakakis G, Baglioni P, Galiotis C. Preventing colour fading in artworks with graphene veils. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1004-1010. [PMID: 34211165 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modern and contemporary art materials are generally prone to irreversible colour changes upon exposure to light and oxidizing agents. Graphene can be produced in thin large sheets, blocks ultraviolet light, and is impermeable to oxygen, moisture and corrosive agents; therefore, it has the potential to be used as a transparent layer for the protection of art objects in museums, during storage and transportation. Here we show that a single-layer or multilayer graphene veil, produced by chemical vapour deposition, can be deposited over artworks to protect them efficiently against colour fading, with a protection factor of up to 70%. We also show that this process is reversible since the graphene protective layer can be removed using a soft rubber eraser without causing any damage to the artwork. We have also explored a complementary contactless graphene-based route for colour protection that is based on the deposition of graphene on picture framing glass for use when the direct application of graphene is not feasible due to surface roughness or artwork fragility. Overall, the present results are a proof of concept of the potential use of graphene as an effective and removable protective advanced material to prevent colour fading in artworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kotsidi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - G Gorgolis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - M G Pastore Carbone
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - G Anagnostopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - G Paterakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - G Poggi
- CSGI & Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Manikas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - G Trakakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - P Baglioni
- CSGI & Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - C Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ ICE-HT), Patras, Greece.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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12
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Seo YM, Jang W, Gu T, Seok HJ, Han S, Choi BL, Kim HK, Chae H, Kang J, Whang D. Defect-Free Mechanical Graphene Transfer Using n-Doping Adhesive Gel Buffer. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11276-11284. [PMID: 34184867 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of uniform low-defect graphene on a catalytic metal substrate is getting closer to the industrial level. However, its practical application is still challenging due to the lack of an appropriate method for its scalable damage-free transfer to a device substrate. Here, an efficient approach for a defect-free, etchant-free, wrinkle-free, and large-area graphene transfer is demonstrated by exploiting a multifunctional viscoelastic polymer gel as a simultaneous shock-free adhesive and dopant layer. Initially, an amine-rich polymer solution in its liquid form allows for conformal coating on a graphene layer grown on a Cu substrate. The subsequent thermally cured soft gel enables the shock-free and wrinkle-free direct mechanical exfoliation of graphene from a substrate due to its strong charge-transfer interaction with graphene and excellent shock absorption. The adhesive gel with a high optical transparency works as an electron doping layer toward graphene, which exhibits significantly reduced sheet resistances without optical transmittance loss. Lastly, the transferred graphene layer shows high mechanical and chemical stabilities under the repeated bending test and exposure to various solvents. This gel-assisted mechanical transfer method can be a solution to connect the missing part between large-scale graphene synthesis and next-generation electronics and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Seo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Jang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Gu
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jun Seok
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Lyong Choi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ki Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeop Chae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmok Whang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
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13
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Wei N, Liao M, Xu K, Qin Z. High-performance soy protein-based films from cellulose nanofibers and graphene oxide constructed synergistically via hydrogen and chemical bonding. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22812-22819. [PMID: 35480465 PMCID: PMC9034277 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02484a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean protein isolate (SPI) shows a broad application prospect in the food and packaging industry. However, its inferior mechanical properties and water resistance limit its application. In this work, a series of SPI-based composite films were prepared by combining with cellulose nanofiber (CNF), graphene oxide (GO), GO/CNF, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EDGE) or GO/CNF/EGDE. The results show that by adding a small amount of reinforced materials (3%), the water resistance, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties and thermal stability of composite films were improved. The filling effect and hydrogen bonding of the reinforcing materials contribute to the formation of film structure. EGDE cross-link SPI with CNF and GO build a chemical network to improve the properties of the film. In addition, they could make a synergistic effect to better enhance the performance of a protein film. Therefore, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the SGCE film reached 469.21% and 367.58%, respectively. Soybean protein isolate (SPI) shows a broad application prospect in the food and packaging industry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningsi Wei
- Guangxi University, School of Resources, Environment and Materials Nanning 530000 China
| | - Murong Liao
- Guangxi University, School of Resources, Environment and Materials Nanning 530000 China
| | - Kaijie Xu
- Guangxi University, School of Resources, Environment and Materials Nanning 530000 China
| | - Zhiyong Qin
- Guangxi University, School of Resources, Environment and Materials Nanning 530000 China
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14
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Choi DK, Kim DH, Lee CM, Hafeez H, Sarker S, Yang JS, Chae HJ, Jeong GW, Choi DH, Kim TW, Yoo S, Song J, Ma BS, Kim TS, Kim CH, Lee HJ, Lee JW, Kim D, Bae TS, Yu SM, Kang YC, Park J, Kim KH, Sujak M, Song M, Kim CS, Ryu SY. Highly efficient, heat dissipating, stretchable organic light-emitting diodes based on a MoO 3/Au/MoO 3 electrode with encapsulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2864. [PMID: 34001906 PMCID: PMC8128878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes are ubiquitous in the rapidly developing wearable display technology. However, low efficiency and poor mechanical stability inhibit their commercial applications owing to the restrictions generated by strain. Here, we demonstrate the exceptional performance of a transparent (molybdenum-trioxide/gold/molybdenum-trioxide) electrode for buckled, twistable, and geometrically stretchable organic light-emitting diodes under 2-dimensional random area strain with invariant color coordinates. The devices are fabricated on a thin optical-adhesive/elastomer with a small mechanical bending strain and water-proofed by optical-adhesive encapsulation in a sandwiched structure. The heat dissipation mechanism of the thin optical-adhesive substrate, thin elastomer-based devices or silicon dioxide nanoparticles reduces triplet-triplet annihilation, providing consistent performance at high exciton density, compared with thick elastomer and a glass substrate. The performance is enhanced by the nanoparticles in the optical-adhesive for light out-coupling and improved heat dissipation. A high current efficiency of ~82.4 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency of ~22.3% are achieved with minimum efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Keun Choi
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Min Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Hassan Hafeez
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Subrata Sarker
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Su Yang
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ju Chae
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Woo Jeong
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Choi
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinouk Song
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Soo Ma
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Bae
- grid.410885.00000 0000 9149 5707Jeonju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Analysis & Researcher Division, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Yu
- grid.410885.00000 0000 9149 5707Jeonju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Analysis & Researcher Division, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Cheol Kang
- grid.412576.30000 0001 0719 8994Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyun Park
- grid.412576.30000 0001 0719 8994Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- grid.254229.a0000 0000 9611 0917Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Sujak
- grid.254229.a0000 0000 9611 0917Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungkwan Song
- grid.410902.e0000 0004 1770 8726Surface Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Su Kim
- grid.410902.e0000 0004 1770 8726Surface Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yoon Ryu
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Display Convergence, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Applied Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678E-ICT–Culture-Sports Convergence Track, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
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15
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Self-powered ultraflexible photonic skin for continuous bio-signal detection via air-operation-stable polymer light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2234. [PMID: 33854058 PMCID: PMC8047008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraflexible optical devices have been used extensively in next-generation wearable electronics owing to their excellent conformability to human skins. Long-term health monitoring also requires the integration of ultraflexible optical devices with an energy-harvesting power source; to make devices self-powered. However, system-level integration of ultraflexible optical sensors with power sources is challenging because of insufficient air operational stability of ultraflexible polymer light-emitting diodes. Here we develop an ultraflexible self-powered organic optical system for photoplethysmogram monitoring by combining air-operation-stable polymer light-emitting diodes, organic solar cells, and organic photodetectors. Adopting an inverted structure and a doped polyethylenimine ethoxylated layer, ultraflexible polymer light-emitting diodes retain 70% of the initial luminance even after 11.3 h of operation under air. Also, integrated optical sensors exhibit a high linearity with the light intensity exponent of 0.98 by polymer light-emitting diode. Such self-powered, ultraflexible photoplethysmogram sensors perform monitoring of blood pulse signals as 77 beats per minute.
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16
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Kwon SJ, Ahn S, Heo JM, Kim DJ, Park J, Lee HR, Kim S, Zhou H, Park MH, Kim YH, Lee W, Sun JY, Hong BH, Lee TW. Chemically Robust Indium Tin Oxide/Graphene Anode for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9074-9080. [PMID: 33491445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an optimal material to be employed as an ionic diffusion barrier because of its outstanding impermeability and chemical robustness. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is often used in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), and it can release indium easily upon exposure to the acidic hole-injection layer so that luminescence can be quenched significantly. Here, we exploit the outstanding impermeability of graphene and use it as a chemical barrier to block the etching that can occur in ITO exposed to an acidic hole-injection layer in PeLEDs. This barrier reduced the luminescence quenching that these metallic species can cause, so the photoluminescence lifetime of perovskite film was substantially higher in devices with ITO and graphene layer (87.9 ns) than in devices that had only an ITO anode (22.1 ns). Luminous current efficiency was also higher in PeLEDs with a graphene barrier (16.4 cd/A) than in those without graphene (9.02 cd/A). Our work demonstrates that graphene can be used as a barrier to reduce the degradation of transparent electrodes by chemical etching in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Kim
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Huanyu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanhee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Graphene Research Center Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Nano Systems Institute (NSI), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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17
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Abstract
LEDs achieved success in creating a mesmerizing life for humans. LEDs with low output are relatively cheap, and hence, they are used for many temporary purposes such as glow sticks, photonic textiles, and LED art by artists. Besides the basic applications, LEDs have made strong strides in several new fields of applications and emerged as leaders in the technological growth. The LED industry has experienced tremendous change since its inception in the commercial market. In over a decade, the LED efficiencies have improved and their cost has lowered down. This has created numerous growth opportunities to implement LEDs for multiple businesses and newer products.
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18
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Encapsulation of Electrically Conductive Apparel Fabrics: Effects on Performance. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154243. [PMID: 32751479 PMCID: PMC7436089 DOI: 10.3390/s20154243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive fabrics are achieved by functionalizing with treatments such as graphene; however, these change conventional fabric properties and the treatments are typically not durable. Encapsulation may provide a solution for this, and the present work aims to address these challenges. Next-to-skin wool and cotton knit fabrics functionalized using graphene ink were encapsulated with three poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based products. Properties known to be critical in a next-to-skin application were investigated (fabric structure, moisture transfer, electrical conductivity, exposure to transient ambient conditions, wash, abrasion, and storage). Wool and cotton fabrics performed similarly. Electrical conductivity was conferred with the graphene treatment but decreased with encapsulation. Wetting and high humidity/low temperature resulted in an increase in electrical conductivity, while decreases in electrical conductivity were evident with wash, abrasion, and storage. Each encapsulant mitigated effects of exposures but these effects differed slightly. Moisture transfer changed with graphene and encapsulants. As key performance properties of the wool and cotton fabrics following treatment with graphene and an encapsulant differed from their initial state, use as a patch integrated as part of an upper body apparel item would be acceptable.
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19
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Jeong G, Koo D, Seo J, Jung S, Choi Y, Lee J, Park H. Suppressed Interdiffusion and Degradation in Flexible and Transparent Metal Electrode-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with a Graphene Interlayer. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3718-3727. [PMID: 32223250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are attractive candidates for application in indium tin oxide (ITO)-free solar cells due to their excellent electrical conductivity and cost effectiveness. In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), metal-induced degradation with the perovskite layer leads to various detrimental effects, deteriorating the device performance and stability. Here, we introduce a novel flexible hybrid TCE consisting of a Cu grid-embedded polyimide film and a graphene capping layer, named GCEP, which exhibits excellent mechanical and chemical stability as well as desirable optoelectrical properties. We demonstrated the critical role of graphene as a protection layer to prevent metal-induced degradation and halide diffusion between the electrode and perovskite layer; the performance of the flexible PSCs fabricated with GCEP was comparable to that of their rigid ITO-based counterparts and also exhibited outstanding mechanical and chemical stability. This work provides an effective strategy to design mechanically and chemically robust ITO-free metal-assisted TCE platforms in PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyujeong Jeong
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Koo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyung Seo
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungon Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseong Choi
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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20
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21
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Jeon Y, Choi HR, Kwon JH, Choi S, Nam KM, Park KC, Choi KC. Sandwich-structure transferable free-form OLEDs for wearable and disposable skin wound photomedicine. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:114. [PMID: 31839934 PMCID: PMC6900403 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Free-form optoelectronic devices can provide hyper-connectivity over space and time. However, most conformable optoelectronic devices can only be fabricated on flat polymeric materials using low-temperature processes, limiting their application and forms. This paper presents free-form optoelectronic devices that are not dependent on the shape or material. For medical applications, the transferable OLED (10 μm) is formed in a sandwich structure with an ultra-thin transferable barrier (4.8 μm). The results showed that the fabricated sandwich-structure transferable OLED (STOLED) exhibit the same high-efficiency performance on cylindrical-shaped materials and on materials such as textile and paper. Because the neutral axis is freely adjustable using the sandwich structure, the textile-based OLED achieved both folding reliability and washing reliability, as well as a long operating life (>150 h). When keratinocytes were irradiated with red STOLED light, cell proliferation and cell migration increased by 26 and 32%, respectively. In the skin equivalent model, the epidermis thickness was increased by 39%; additionally, in organ culture, not only was the skin area increased by 14%, but also, re-epithelialization was highly induced. Based on the results, the STOLED is expected to be applicable in various wearable and disposable photomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Jeon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH), Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeop Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Nam
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH), Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH), Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Cheol Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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22
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Jang JH, Kim BJ, Kim JH, Han E, Choi EY, Ji CH, Kim KT, Kim J, Park N. A Novel Approach for the Development of Moisture Encapsulation Poly(vinyl alcohol- co-ethylene) for Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9211-9218. [PMID: 31460010 PMCID: PMC6648552 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed the universal encapsulation method using poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (EVOH) to improve the water stability of perovskite solar cells. In order to enhance the moisture barrier property, we utilized SiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) fillers in the EVOH matrix. First, UV-treated SiO2 increased the dispersibility in the EVOH matrix and made the penetrating path more complicated, which led to a better moisture barrier property. The water vapor transmission ratio (WVTR) is enhanced from 4.72 × 10-2 (EVOH only) to 1.55 × 10-2 (EVOH with SiO2 filler) g/m2 day. Second, we found that GO reduce the unreacted hydroxyl groups that could attract water molecules at the surface of EVOH. The addition of GO increased the WVTR up to 3.34 × 10-3 g/m2 day. Finally, our EVOH-based film successfully encapsulated without the efficiency drop. The encapsulated devices surprisingly maintained 86% of their performance even under direct contact with water for 5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hun Jang
- Electronic
Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Bu-Jong Kim
- Electronic
Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-hee Kim
- Electronic
Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Ekyu Han
- Electronic
Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Electronic
Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyuk Ji
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121−742, Republic of
Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121−742, Republic of
Korea
| | - Jincheol Kim
- Electronic
Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Nochang Park
- Electronic
Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea
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23
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Choi EY, Kim JH, Kim BJ, Jang JH, Kim J, Park N. Development of moisture-proof polydimethylsiloxane/aluminum oxide film and stability improvement of perovskite solar cells using the film. RSC Adv 2019; 9:11737-11744. [PMID: 35517001 PMCID: PMC9063401 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for enhancing the moisture barrier property of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer films is proposed. This is achieved by filling the PDMS free volume with aluminum oxide (AlO x ). To deposit AlO x inside PDMS, thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) is employed. The PDMS/AlO x film thus produced has a 30 nm AlO x layer on the surface. Its water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is 5.1 × 10-3 g m-2 d-1 at 45 °C and 65% relative humidity (RH). The activation energy of permeability with the PDMS/AlO x film for moisture permeation is determined to be 35.5 kJ mol-1. To investigate the moisture barrier capability of the PDMS/AlO x layer, (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15/spiro-OMeTAD/Au perovskite solar cells are fabricated, and encapsulated by the PDMS/AlO x film. To minimize the thermal damage to solar cells during ALD, AlO x deposition is performed at 95 °C. The solar cells exposed to 45 °C-65% RH for 300 h demonstrate less than a 5% drop in the power-conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Choi
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Ju-Hee Kim
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Bu-Jong Kim
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Ji Hun Jang
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
| | - Jincheol Kim
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP), School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Nochang Park
- Electronic Convergence Material & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute Seong-Nam Republic of Korea +82-31-789-7057
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24
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Lee TI, Jo W, Kim W, Kim JH, Paik KW, Kim TS. Direct Visualization of Cross-Sectional Strain Distribution in Flexible Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13416-13422. [PMID: 30895773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For flexible devices that inevitably undergo repetitive deformations, it is important to evaluate and control the mechanical strain imposed on the flexible systems for enhancing the reliability. In this paper, a novel experimental method to directly visualize cross-sectional strain distribution in the thin flexible devices is proposed. Digital image correlation (DIC) is effectively adapted by using microscopic images of the cross section for accurate analysis of the microscale deformations. To conduct the DIC strain analysis, speckle patterning is accomplished by using microparticles from diamond-abrasive suspensions with optimized fabrication conditions. First, the cross-sectional micro-DIC analysis is performed successfully for 100 μm-thick substrates. Full-field strain quantification and easy inspection of a neutral plane are demonstrated and compared with results of finite element analysis simulation. Using the presented method, generation of multiple neutral planes is clearly visualized for a trilayer structure with a very soft adhesive midlayer, where strain decoupling occurs by severe shear deformation of the soft adhesive layer. Furthermore, bending strain distribution in a flexible fabric-reinforced polymer (FRP) substrate is also investigated to analyze and predict fatigue fracture in the complex inner structure under repetitive bending loading.
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25
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Kwon JH, Jeon Y, Choi KC. Robust Transparent and Conductive Gas Diffusion Multibarrier Based on Mg- and Al-Doped ZnO as Indium Tin Oxide-Free Electrodes for Organic Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32387-32396. [PMID: 30141612 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film encapsulation is strictly required to protect transparent, flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on plastic substrates with poor moisture barrier performances against water vapor and oxygen. However, additional encapsulation process makes OLED fabrication complex and expensive, resulting in lower yield and higher costs for the manufacture of OLEDs. Therefore, to develop simple, transparent conductive gas diffusion barrier (TCGDB) technologies by providing barrier performances to electrodes can be alternatives. Furthermore, TCGDB based on dielectric/metal/dielectric structures exhibit not only excellent barrier performances to protect metallic and organic layers against the ambient environment but also mechanical flexibility overcoming the brittleness of oxides. In this work, to improve the moisture-resistant, electrical, and optical properties of ZnO film, periodical dopant layers were inserted during the deposition of atomic layer deposition ZnO film. These dopant layers make the intrinsic ZnO film more optically and electrically functional. The dopant of MgO with a wide band gap enables blue-shifted optical transmittance, and the dopant of Al atoms makes doped ZnO more electrically conductive. In addition, these dopant layers in the ZnO film interrupt the film crystallization, making the film less crystalline with fewer channels and grain boundaries. This effect results in significant improvement of its GDB properties. With a functional and material design that takes full advantage of the synergetic combination of highly flexible conductive Ag and a moisture-resistant MAZO layer, the MAZO/Ag/MAZO (MAM) multilayer with a thickness of approximately 110 nm achieves a sheet resistance of 5.60 Ω/sq, an average transmittance of 89.72% in the visible range, and a water vapor transmission rate on the order of 10-5 g/m2/day. In addition, OLEDs with the MAM electrode demonstrated a great potential of indium tin oxide- and encapsulation-free organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nano-Surface Department , Korea Institute of Materials Science , Changwon , Gyeongnam 51508 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Jeon
- School of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Cheol Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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26
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Kwak J, Kim SY, Jo Y, Kim NY, Kim SY, Lee Z, Kwon SY. Unraveling the Water Impermeability Discrepancy in CVD-Grown Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800022. [PMID: 29889331 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has recently attracted particular interest as a flexible barrier film preventing permeation of gases and moistures. However, it has been proved to be exceptionally challenging to develop large-scale graphene films with little oxygen and moisture permeation suitable for industrial uses, mainly due to the presence of nanometer-sized defects of obscure origins. Here, the origins of water permeable routes on graphene-coated Cu foils are investigated by observing the micrometer-sized rusts in the underlying Cu substrates, and a site-selective passivation method of the nanometer-sized routes is devised. It is revealed that nanometer-sized holes or cracks are primarily concentrated on graphene wrinkles rather than on other structural imperfections, resulting in severe degradation of its water impermeability. They are found to be predominantly induced by the delamination of graphene bound to Cu as a release of thermal stress during the cooling stage after graphene growth, especially at the intersection of the Cu step edges and wrinkles owing to their higher adhesion energy. Furthermore, the investigated routes are site-selectively passivated by an electron-beam-induced amorphous carbon layer, thus a substantial improvement in water impermeability is achieved. This approach is likely to be extended for offering novel barrier properties in flexible films based on graphene and on other atomic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Kwak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yang Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsu Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Youb Kim
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Yong Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Low-Dimensional Carbon Material Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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27
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Won S, Van Lam D, Lee JY, Jung HJ, Hur M, Kim KS, Lee HJ, Kim JH. Graphene-based stretchable and transparent moisture barrier. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:125705. [PMID: 29345246 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa8b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose an alumina-deposited double-layer graphene (2LG) as a transparent, scalable, and stretchable barrier against moisture; this barrier is indispensable for foldable or stretchable organic displays and electronics. Both the barrier property and stretchability were significantly enhanced through the introduction of 2LG between alumina and a polymeric substrate. 2LG with negligible polymeric residues was coated on the polymeric substrate via a scalable dry transfer method in a roll-to-roll manner; an alumina layer was deposited on the graphene via atomic layer deposition. The effect of the graphene layer on crack generation in the alumina layer was systematically studied under external strain using an in situ micro-tensile tester, and correlations between the deformation-induced defects and water vapor transmission rate were quantitatively analyzed. The enhanced stretchability of alumina-deposited 2LG originated from the interlayer sliding between the graphene layers, which resulted in the crack density of the alumina layer being reduced under external strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejeong Won
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
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28
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Sarno M, Rossi G, Cirillo C, Incarnato L. Cold Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition Graphene-Based Conductive Tunable Film Barrier. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sarno
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- NANO_MATES Research Centre, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Claudia Cirillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- NANO_MATES Research Centre, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- NANO_MATES Research Centre, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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29
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Jang Y, Kwon SJ, Shin J, Jeong H, Hwang WT, Kim J, Koo J, Ko TY, Ryu S, Wang G, Lee TW, Lee T. Interface-Engineered Charge-Transport Properties in Benzenedithiol Molecular Electronic Junctions via Chemically p-Doped Graphene Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42043-42049. [PMID: 29130304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated and characterized vertical molecular junctions consisting of self-assembled monolayers of benzenedithiol (BDT) with a p-doped multilayer graphene electrode. The p-type doping of a graphene film was performed by treating pristine graphene (work function of ∼4.40 eV) with trifluoromethanesulfonic (TFMS) acid, producing a significantly increased work function (∼5.23 eV). The p-doped graphene-electrode molecular junctions statistically showed an order of magnitude higher current density and a lower charge injection barrier height than those of the pristine graphene-electrode molecular junctions, as a result of interface engineering. This enhancement is due to the increased work function of the TFMS-treated p-doped graphene electrode in the highest occupied molecular orbital-mediated tunneling molecular junctions. The validity of these results was proven by a theoretical analysis based on a coherent transport model that considers asymmetric couplings at the electrode-molecule interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Jaeho Shin
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Taeg Yeoung Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Sunmin Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Gunuk Wang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Korea
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30
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Jeong EG, Kwon S, Han JH, Im HG, Bae BS, Choi KC. A mechanically enhanced hybrid nano-stratified barrier with a defect suppression mechanism for highly reliable flexible OLEDs. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6370-6379. [PMID: 28451680 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanical behaviors of encapsulation barriers under bending stress is important when fabricating flexible organic light-emitting diodes (FOLEDs). The enhanced mechanical characteristics of a nano-stratified barrier were analyzed based on a defect suppression mechanism, and then experimentally demonstrated. Following the Griffith model, naturally-occurring cracks, which were caused by Zn etching at the interface of the nano-stratified structure, can curb the propagation of defects. Cross-section images after bending tests provided remarkable evidence to support the existence of a defect suppression mechanism. Many visible cracks were found in a single Al2O3 layer, but not in the nano-stratified structure, due to the mechanism. The nano-stratified structure also enhanced the barrier's physical properties by changing the crystalline phase of ZnO. In addition, experimental results demonstrated the effect of the mechanism in various ways. The nano-stratified barrier maintained a low water vapor transmission rate after 1000 iterations of a 1 cm bending radius test. Using this mechanically enhanced hybrid nano-stratified barrier, FOLEDs were successfully encapsulated without losing mechanical or electrical performance. Finally, comparative lifetime measurements were conducted to determine reliability. After 2000 hours of constant current driving and 1000 iterations with a 1 cm bending radius, the FOLEDs retained 52.37% of their initial luminance, which is comparable to glass-lid encapsulation, with 55.96% retention. Herein, we report a mechanically enhanced encapsulation technology for FOLEDs using a nano-stratified structure with a defect suppression mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyo Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Wu TL, Yeh CH, Hsiao WT, Huang PY, Huang MJ, Chiang YH, Cheng CH, Liu RS, Chiu PW. High-Performance Organic Light-Emitting Diode with Substitutionally Boron-Doped Graphene Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14998-15004. [PMID: 28385015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hole-injection barrier between the anode and the hole-injection layer (HIL) is of critical importance to determine the device performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we report on a record-high external quantum efficiency (EQE) (24.6% in green phosphorescence) of OLEDs fabricated on both rigid and flexible substrates, with the performance enhanced by the use of nearly defect-free and high-mobility boron-doped graphene as an effective anode and hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile as a new type of HIL. This new structure outperforms the existing graphene-based OLEDs, in which MoO3, AuCl3, or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide are typically used as a doping source for the p-type graphene. The improvement of the OLED performance is attributed mainly to the appreciable increase of the hole conductivity in the nearly defect-free boron-doped monolayer graphene, along with the high work function achieved by the use of a newly developed hydrocarbon precursor containing boron in the graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Lin Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jie Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsin Chiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hong Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Rai-Shung Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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32
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Seo HK, Kim H, Lee J, Park MH, Jeong SH, Kim YH, Kwon SJ, Han TH, Yoo S, Lee TW. Efficient Flexible Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Graphene Anode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605587. [PMID: 28117521 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on graphene anode are developed for the first time. Chemically inert graphene avoids quenching of excitons by diffused metal atom species from indium tin oxide. The flexible PeLEDs with graphene anode on plastic substrate show good bending stability; they provide an alternative and reliable flexible electrode for highly efficient flexible PeLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kyu Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobeom Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hun Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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33
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Sung SJ, Kim T, Park J, So SH, Choi J, Yang SJ, Park CR. Influence of the physicochemical characteristics of reduced graphene oxides on the gas permeability of the barrier films for organic electronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6573-6576. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00991g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of large-size and pinhole-free rGOs led to the improved barrier performance and stability of organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Jin Sung
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
| | - Jisoo Park
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
| | - Soon Hyeong So
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
| | - Jaeyoo Choi
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
| | - Seung Jae Yang
- Department of Applied Organic Materials Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Rae Park
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials
- and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
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