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Mostafavi AH, Mishra AK, Gallucci F, Kim JH, Ulbricht M, Coclite AM, Hosseini SS. Advances in surface modification and functionalization for tailoring the characteristics of thin films and membranes via chemical vapor deposition techniques. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- College of Medicine and Chemical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang China
- Division of Nanomaterials Academy of Nanotechnology and Waste Water Innovations Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Chemistry Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa
| | - Fausto Gallucci
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven MB The Netherlands
| | - Jong Hak Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II Universität Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Graz Austria
| | - Seyed Saeid Hosseini
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
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2
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Vieira WT, da Silva MGC, de Oliveira Nascimento L, Vieira MGA. k-Carrageenan/sericin-based multiparticulate systems: A novel gastro-resistant polymer matrix for indomethacin delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123381. [PMID: 36731703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a natural and multiparticulate carrier of k-carrageenan (k-Car) and sericin (Ser) for encapsulation of indomethacin (IND) in order to minimize gastrointestinal effects caused by immediate-release. Increasing the amount of IND in the formulations subtly reduced the entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL) due to matrix saturation. Sericin was essential to improve EE and DL when compared to pure k-Car (EE > 90 % and DL > 47 %) with suitable particle sizes (1.3461 ± 0.1891-1.7213 ± 0.1586 mm). The incorporation and integrity of IND in the particles were confirmed by analytical techniques of HPLC, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Additionally, the k-Car/Ser matrix was pH-responsive with low IND release at pH 1.2 and extended-release at pH 6.8. The Weibull model had an adequate fit to the experimental data with R2aju 0.950.99 and AIC 82.4-24.9, with curves in parabolic profile (b < 1) and indicative of a controlled drug-release mechanism by diffusion. Besides, k-Car/Ser/IND and placebo were not cytotoxic (cell viability > 85 % at 150-600 μM) for the Caco-2 cell line. Therefore, the polymeric matrix is gastro-resistant, stable, and biocompatible to carry indomethacin and deliver it to the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedja Timóteo Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Laura de Oliveira Nascimento
- University of Campinas, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rua Cândido Portinari, 200, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
- University of Campinas, School of Chemical Engineering, Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil.
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3
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Tabriz AG, Mithu MS, Antonijevic MD, Vilain L, Derrar Y, Grau C, Morales A, Katsamenis OL, Douroumis D. 3D printing of LEGO® like designs with tailored release profiles for treatment of sleep disorder. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122574. [PMID: 36603670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
3D printed LEGO®-like designs are an attractive approach for the development of compartmental delivery systems due to their potential for dose personalisation through the customisation of drug release profiles. Additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) are ideal for the printing of structures with complex geometries and various sizes. This study is a paradigm for the fabrication of 3D printed LEGO® -like tablets by altering the design of the modular units and the filament composition for the delivery of different drug substances. By using a combination of placebo and drug loaded compartments comprising of immediate release (hydroxypropyl cellulose) and pH dependant polymers (hypromellose acetate succinate) we were able to customise the release kinetics of melatonin and caffeine that can potentially be used for the treatment of sleep disorders. The LEGO® -like compartments were designed to achieve immediate release of melatonin followed by variable lag times and controlled release of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sadeque Mithu
- Cubi-Tech Extrusion Ltd, 3 Sextant Park, Neptune Close, Rochester, Chatham, Kent ME2 4LU, UK
| | - Milan D Antonijevic
- University of Greenwich, Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Lilian Vilain
- Aix Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, School of Engineering, 3 Avenue of Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Youri Derrar
- Aix Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, School of Engineering, 3 Avenue of Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Clara Grau
- University of Haute-Alsace (UHA), School of Chemistry of Mulhouse (ENSCMu), 3 Street Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Anaïs Morales
- University of Haute-Alsace (UHA), School of Chemistry of Mulhouse (ENSCMu), 3 Street Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Orestis L Katsamenis
- University of Southampton, μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Delta Pharmaceutics Ltd, 20 Steven Close, Chatham, Kent ME4 5NG, UK; University of Greenwich, Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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4
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Materna P, Illek D, Unger K, Thonhofer M, Wrodnigg TM, Coclite AM. Chemical vapor deposition of carbohydrate-based polymers: a proof of concept study. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-03015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this work is to investigate if vinyl-modified carbohydrate compounds are suitable monomers for thin film polymerization via chemical vapor deposition in a proof-of-concept study. Synthetic carbohydrate-based polymers are explored as biodegradable, biocompatible, and biorenewable materials. A thin film of synthetic polymers bearing sugar residues can also offer a good surface for cell attachment, and thus might be applied in biomaterials and tissue engineering. The possibility of having such thin film deposited from the vapor phase would ease the implementation in complex device architectures. For a proof-of-concept study, sugar vinyl compound monomers are synthesized starting from methyl α-d-glucopyranoside and polymerized by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) leading to a thin polymer layer on a Si-substrate. Thus, a successful vapor polymerization of the sugar compounds could be demonstrated. Infrared spectroscopy shows that no unwanted crosslinking reactions take place during the vapor deposition. The solubility of the polymers in water was observed in situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry.
Graphical abstract
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5
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Kräuter M, Abu Ali T, Stadlober B, Resel R, Unger K, Coclite AM. Tuning the Porosity of Piezoelectric Zinc Oxide Thin Films Obtained from Molecular Layer-Deposited "Zincones". MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6786. [PMID: 36234125 PMCID: PMC9572196 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Porous zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were synthesized via the calcination of molecular layer-deposited (MLD) "zincone" layers. The effect of the MLD process temperature (110 °C, 125 °C) and of the calcination temperature (340 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C) on the chemical, morphological, and crystallographic properties of the resulting ZnO was thoroughly investigated. Spectroscopic ellipsometry reveals that the thickness of the calcinated layers depends on the MLD temperature, resulting in 38-43% and 52-56% of remaining thickness for the 110 °C and 125 °C samples, respectively. Ellipsometric porosimetry shows that the open porosity of the ZnO thin films depends on the calcination temperature as well as on the MLD process temperature. The maximum open porosity of ZnO derived from zincone deposited at 110 °C ranges from 14.5% to 24%, rising with increasing calcination temperature. Compared with the 110 °C samples, the ZnO obtained from 125 °C zincone yields a higher porosity for low calcination temperatures, namely 18% for calcination at 340 °C; and up to 24% for calcination at 500 °C. Additionally, the porous ZnO thin films were subjected to piezoelectric measurements. The piezoelectric coefficient, d33, was determined to be 2.8 pC/N, demonstrating the potential of the porous ZnO as an, e.g., piezoelectric sensor or energy harvester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kräuter
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Taher Abu Ali
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Str. 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- MATERIALS-Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Str. 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katrin Unger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Khlyustova A, Yang R. Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition Kinetics of Poly(4-aminostyrene). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:670541. [PMID: 33937221 PMCID: PMC8085358 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.670541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) is a free-radical polymerization technique used to synthesize functional polymer thin films. In the context of drug delivery, the conformality of iCVD coatings and the variety of functional chemical moieties make them excellent materials for encapsulating pharmaceutics. Poly(4-aminostyrene) (PAS) belongs to a class of functionalizable materials, whose primary amine allows decoration of the delivery vehicles with biomolecules that enable targeted delivery or biocompatibility. Understanding kinetics of PAS polymerization in iCVD is crucial for such deployments because drug release kinetics in thin-film encapsulation have been shown to be determined by the film thickness. Nevertheless, the effects of deposition conditions on PAS growth kinetics have not been studied systematically. To bridge that knowledge gap, we report the kinetics of iCVD polymerization as a function of fractional saturation pressure of the monomer (i.e., Pm/Psat) in a dual-regime fashion, with quadratic dependence under low Pm/Psat and linear dependence under high Pm/Psat. We uncovered the critical Pm/Psat value of 0.2, around which the transition also occurs for many other iCVD monomers. Because existing theoretical models for the iCVD process cannot fully explain the dual-regime polymerization kinetics, we drew inspiration from solution-phase polymerization and proposed updated termination mechanisms that account for the transition between two regimes. The reported model builds upon existing iCVD theories and allows the synthesis of PAS thin films with precisely controlled growth rates, which has the potential to accelerate the deployment of iCVD PAS as a novel biomaterial in controlled and targeted drug delivery with designed pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Yang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Gleason KK. Controlled Release Utilizing Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposited (iCVD) of Polymeric Nanolayers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:632753. [PMID: 33634089 PMCID: PMC7902001 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.632753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will focus on the controlled release of pharmaceuticals and other organic molecules utilizing polymeric nanolayers grown by initiated chemical vapor deposited (iCVD). The iCVD layers are able conform to the geometry of the underlying substrate, facilitating release from one- and two-dimensional nanostructures with high surface area. The reactors for iCVD film growth can be customized for specific substrate geometries and scaled to large overall dimensions. The absence of surface tension in vapor deposition processes allows the synthesis of pinhole-free layers, even for iCVD layers <10 nm thick. Such ultrathin layers also provide rapid transport of the drug across the polymeric layer. The mild conditions of the iCVD process avoid damage to the drug which is being encapsulated. Smart release is enabled by iCVD hydrogels which are responsive to pH, temperature, or light. Biodegradable iCVD layers have also be demonstrated for drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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8
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Unger K, Coclite AM. Conformal Coating of Powder by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition on Vibrating Substrate. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E904. [PMID: 32972030 PMCID: PMC7558006 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of pharmaceutical powders within thin functional polymer films is a powerful and versatile method to modify drug release properties. Conformal coating over the complete surface of the particle via chemical vapor deposition techniques is a challenging task due to the compromised gas-solid contact. In this study, an initiated chemical vapor deposition reactor was adapted with speakers and vibration of particles was achieved by playing AC/DC's song "Thunderstruck" to overcome the above-mentioned problem. To show the possibilities of this method, two types of powder of very different particle sizes were chosen, magnesium citrate (3-10 µm, cohesive powder) and aspirin (100-500 µm, good flowability), and coated with poly-ethylene-glycol-di-methacrylate. The release curve of coated magnesium citrate powder was retarded compared to uncoated powder. However, neither changing the thickness coating nor vibrating the powder during the deposition had influence on the release parameters, indicating, that cohesive powders cannot be coated conformally. The release of coated aspirin was as well retarded as compared to uncoated aspirin, especially in the case of the powder that vibrated during deposition. We attribute the enhancement of the retarded release to the formation of a conformal coating on the aspirin powder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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9
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Khlyustova A, Cheng Y, Yang R. Vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films in biological applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6588-6609. [PMID: 32756662 PMCID: PMC7429282 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional polymer coatings have become ubiquitous in biological applications, ranging from biomaterials and drug delivery to manufacturing-scale separation of biomolecules using functional membranes. Recent advances in the technology of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have enabled precise control of the polymer chemistry, coating thickness, and conformality. That comprehensive control of surface properties has been used to elicit desirable interactions at the interface between synthetic materials and living organisms, making vapor-deposited functional polymers uniquely suitable for biological applications. This review captures the recent technological development in vapor-deposited functional polymer coatings, highlighting their biological applications, including membrane-based bio-separations, biosensing and bio-MEMS, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The conformal nature of vapor-deposited coatings ensures uniform coverage over micro- and nano-structured surfaces, allowing the independent optimization of surface and bulk properties. The substrate-independence of CVD techniques enables facile transfer of surface characteristics among different applications. The vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films tend to be biocompatible because they are free of remnant toxic solvents and precursor molecules, potentially lowering the barrier to clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Khlyustova
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
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10
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Decandia G, Palumbo F, Treglia A, Armenise V, Favia P, Baruzzi F, Unger K, Perrotta A, Coclite AM. Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Crosslinked Organic Coatings for Controlling Gentamicin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E213. [PMID: 32121608 PMCID: PMC7150873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A coating consisting of a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was deposited over a gentamicin film by initiated chemical vapor deposition with the aim of controlling the drug release. Gentamicin release in water was monitored by means of conductance measurements and of UV-vis Fluorescence Spectroscopy. The influence of the polymer chemical composition, specifically of its crosslinking density, has been investigated as a tool to control the swelling behavior of the initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) coating in water, and therefore its ability to release the drug. Agar diffusion test and microbroth dilution assays against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on cellulose coated substrates confirmed that the antibacterial activity of the drug released by the coating was retained, though the release of gentamicin was not complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Decandia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.T.); (V.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Fabio Palumbo
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Italy, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Treglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.T.); (V.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Vincenza Armenise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.T.); (V.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Pietro Favia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.T.); (V.A.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Italy, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Katrin Unger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.U.); (A.P.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Alberto Perrotta
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.U.); (A.P.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria; (K.U.); (A.P.); (A.M.C.)
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Zhi B, Mao Y. Vapor-Deposited Nanocoatings for Sustained Zero-Order Release of Antiproliferative Drugs. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1088-1096. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhi
- Departments of Biosystems Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Yu Mao
- Departments of Biosystems Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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12
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Mansurnezhad R, Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Coclite AM, Beigi MH, Gharibi H, Werzer O, Khodadadi-Khorzoughi M, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Fabrication, characterization and cytocompatibility assessment of gelatin nanofibers coated with a polymer thin film by initiated chemical vapor deposition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110623. [PMID: 32204065 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of various functional groups in the structure of gelatin nanofibers (GNFs) has made it a suitable candidate for biomedical applications, yet its fast dissolution in aqueous media has been a real challenge for years. In the present work, we propose an efficient procedure to improve the durability of the GNFs. The electrospun GNFs were coated with poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (pEGDMA) using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) as a completely dry polymerization method. Morphological and chemical analysis revealed that an ultrathin layer formed around nanofibers (iCVD-GNFs) which has covalently bonded to gelatin chains. Against the instant dissolution of GNFs, the in vitro biodegradability test showed the iCVD-GNFs, to a large extent, preserve their morphology after 14 days of immersion and did not lose its integrity even after 31 days. In vitro cell culture studies, also, revealed cytocompatibility of the iCVD-GNFs for human fibroblast cells (hFC), as well as higher cell proliferation on the iCVD-GNFs compared to control made from tissue culture plate (TCP). Furthermore, contact angle measurements indicated that the hydrophilic GNFs became hydrophobic after the iCVD, yet FE-SEM images of cell-seeded iCVD-GNFs showed satisfactory cell adhesion. Taken together, the proposed method paves a promising way for the production of water-resistant GNFs utilized in biomedical applications; for instance, tissue engineering scaffolds and wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mansurnezhad
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Laleh Ghasemi-Mobarakeh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute for Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Beigi
- Silicon Hall: Micro/Nano Manufacturing Facility, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Gharibi
- Innovation management and Technology Commercialization Center, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mohammad-Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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13
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Muralter F, Coclite AM, Werzer O. Wrinkling of an Enteric Coating Induced by Vapor-Deposited Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Thin Films. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:24165-24171. [PMID: 31602284 PMCID: PMC6778969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b07340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report on the thin-film synthesis of a thermoresponsive polymer onto another polymer used as an enteric coating in drug applications. In particular, we deposit cross-linked poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (pNVCL) thin films by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) onto spin-coated Eudragit (EUD) layers. Already upon iCVD synthesis, the layered structure starts to form wrinkles at a minimum iCVD thickness of 30 nm. By changing the EUD layer thickness and the amount of cross-linking used during iCVD, the morphology of the wrinkles is demonstrated to be readily tunable. Laterally, the double-layer structures vary in morphology from being ultrasmooth to exhibiting up to a 3.5 μm wrinkle wavelength. The surface roughness and, thus, the wrinkles' height can be tailored from below 1 nm up to 100 nm. From the resulting wavelength of wrinkles, an estimation of the elastic modulus of pNVCL proves its tunability over a wide range of values thanks to the iCVD process. This study elucidates an uncomplicated way to tune the wrinkles' morphology and, thus, the surface area of a system that can be employed in drug delivery applications. Hence, an enteric coating of EUD together with an iCVD-synthesized thermoresponsive thin film is proposed as a promising composite encapsulation layer to outperform established systems in terms of tunability of the response to multiple external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Muralter
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Yang Q, Yuan F, Xu L, Yan Q, Yang Y, Wu D, Guo F, Yang G. An Update of Moisture Barrier Coating for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090436. [PMID: 31480542 PMCID: PMC6781284 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug hydrolytic degradation, caused by atmospheric and inherent humidity, significantly reduces the therapeutic effect of pharmaceutical solid dosages. Moisture barrier film coating is one of the most appropriate and effective approaches to protect the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from hydrolytic degradation during the manufacturing process and storage. Coating formulation design and process control are the two most commonly used strategies to reduce water vapor permeability to achieve the moisture barrier function. The principles of formulation development include designing a coating formulation with non-hygroscopic/low water activity excipients, and formulating the film-forming polymers with the least amount of inherent moisture. The coating process involves spraying organic or aqueous coating solutions made of natural or synthetic polymers onto the surface of the dosage cores in a drum or a fluid bed coater. However, the aqueous coating process needs to be carefully controlled to prevent hydrolytic degradation of the drug due to the presence of water during the coating process. Recently, different strategies have been designed and developed to effectively decrease water vapor permeability and improve the moisture barrier function of the film. Those strategies include newly designed coating formulations containing polymers with optimized functionality of moisture barrier, and newly developed dry coating processes that eliminate the usage of organic solvent and water, and could potentially replace the current solvent and aqueous coatings. This review aims to summarize the recent advances and updates in moisture barrier coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qinying Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Danjun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fangyuan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Gensheng Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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15
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Ghasemi‐Mobarakeh L, Werzer O, Keimel R, Kolahreez D, Hadley P, Coclite AM. Manipulating drug release from tridimensional porous substrates coated by initiated chemical vapor deposition. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Graz, 8010 Graz Austria
- BioTechMed Graz Austria
| | - Roman Keimel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Graz, 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Davood Kolahreez
- Department of Textile EngineeringIsfahan University of Technology Isfahan 84156‐83111 Iran
| | - Peter Hadley
- Institute for Solid State Physics, NAWI GrazGraz University of Technology, 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- BioTechMed Graz Austria
- Institute for Solid State Physics, NAWI GrazGraz University of Technology, 8010 Graz Austria
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16
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Werzer O, Tumphart S, Keimel R, Christian P, Coclite AM. Drug release from thin films encapsulated by a temperature-responsive hydrogel. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1853-1859. [PMID: 30698598 PMCID: PMC6390694 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02529k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Control over drug delivery may be interestingly achieved by using temperature responsive encapsulants, which change their thickness and mesh size with temperature. The prototype N-isopropylacrylamide hydrogel cross-linked with di(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether p(NIPAAm-co-DEGDVE) swells at low temperature and collapses above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), ∼29 °C in a buffer. It might be expected that drug release from such encapsulation is always favored below the LCST, due to the larger free volume present in the swollen polymer film. Recent results show contradicting behavior where some cases behave as expected and others release much less when the polymer layer is swollen. In this study, layers of the drugs phenytoin, clotrimazole and indomethacin were drop cast on glass and p(NIPAAM-co-DEGDVE) layers were then synthesized directly on top of these drug layers via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), a solvent-free and gentle polymerization technique. Dissolution experiments were then performed, in which the drug release through the hindrance of the hydrogel was measured at different pH values. The results show that not only the swelling but also the permeate (drug in this case)-polymer interaction plays an important role in the release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
, University of Graz
,
8010 Graz
, Austria
| | - Stephan Tumphart
- Institute for Solid State Physics
, NAWI Graz
, Graz University of Technology
,
8010 Graz
, Austria
.
| | - Roman Keimel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
, University of Graz
,
8010 Graz
, Austria
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute for Solid State Physics
, NAWI Graz
, Graz University of Technology
,
8010 Graz
, Austria
.
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute for Solid State Physics
, NAWI Graz
, Graz University of Technology
,
8010 Graz
, Austria
.
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17
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Tao J, Peng Y, Cai T. Impact of Polymer Enrichment at the Crystal–Liquid Interface on Crystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1385-1396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yayun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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18
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German SV, Novoselova MV, Bratashov DN, Demina PA, Atkin VS, Voronin DV, Khlebtsov BN, Parakhonskiy BV, Sukhorukov GB, Gorin DA. High-efficiency freezing-induced loading of inorganic nanoparticles and proteins into micron- and submicron-sized porous particles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17763. [PMID: 30531926 PMCID: PMC6288109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel approach to the controlled loading of inorganic nanoparticles and proteins into submicron- and micron-sized porous particles. The approach is based on freezing/thawing cycles, which lead to high loading densities. The process was tested for the inclusion of Au, magnetite nanoparticles, and bovine serum albumin in biocompatible vaterite carriers of micron and submicron sizes. The amounts of loaded nanoparticles or substances were adjusted by the number of freezing/thawing cycles. Our method afforded at least a three times higher loading of magnetite nanoparticles and a four times higher loading of protein for micron vaterite particles, in comparison with conventional methods such as adsorption and coprecipitation. The capsules loaded with magnetite nanoparticles by the freezing-induced loading method moved faster in a magnetic field gradient than did the capsules loaded by adsorption or coprecipitation. Our approach allows the preparation of multicomponent nanocomposite materials with designed properties such as remote control (e.g. via the application of an electromagnetic or acoustic field) and cargo unloading. Such materials could be used as multimodal contrast agents, drug delivery systems, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V German
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143026, Russia.,Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Marina V Novoselova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143026, Russia.,Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Daniil N Bratashov
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Polina A Demina
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia.,Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Vsevolod S Atkin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Denis V Voronin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Boris N Khlebtsov
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Bogdan V Parakhonskiy
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia.,University of Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143026, Russia. .,Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov, 410012, Russia.
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19
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Controlling Indomethacin Release through Vapor-Phase Deposited Hydrogel Films by Adjusting the Cross-linker Density. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7134. [PMID: 29739950 PMCID: PMC5940858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vapor-phase deposited polymer coatings are applied on thin indomethacin films to modify the drug release. Hydrogel-forming co-polymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were prepared directly on top of solution cast indomethacin thin films by initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD). This technique allows for solvent-free processing under mild conditions, thus minimizing a potential impact on the pharmaceutical. The drug release behavior, among other properties, was evaluated for polymers of different compositions and at different temperatures. The data show that the release kinetics can be tuned by several orders of magnitude as the cross-linker fraction is varied in the polymer coating. While uncoated indomethacin films were fully released within an hour, polymer coatings showed gradual liberation over several hours to days. Additional insight is gained from evaluating the experimental dissolution data in the framework of diffusive transport. The results of this study show that the iCVD technique has some promises for pharmaceutical technology, potentially allowing for tailored release behavior also for other drug systems.
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20
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Schrode B, Bodak B, Riegler H, Zimmer A, Christian P, Werzer O. Solvent Vapor Annealing of Amorphous Carbamazepine Films for Fast Polymorph Screening and Dissolution Alteration. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5582-5590. [PMID: 28983522 PMCID: PMC5623942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solubility enhancement and thus higher bioavailability are of great importance and a constant challenge in pharmaceutical research whereby polymorph screening and selection is one of the most important tasks. A very promising approach for polymorph screening is solvent vapor annealing where a sample is exposed to an atmosphere saturated with molecules of a specific chemical/solvent. In this work, amorphous carbamazepine thin films were prepared by spin coating, and the transformation into crystalline forms under exposure to solvent vapors was investigated. Employing grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, four distinct carbamazepine polymorphs, a solvate, and hydrates could be identified, while optical microscopy showed mainly spherulitic morphologies. In vitro dissolution experiments revealed different carbamazepine release from the various thin-film samples containing distinct polymorphic compositions: heat treatment of amorphous samples at 80 °C results in an immediate release; samples exposed to EtOH vapors show a drug release about 5 times slower than this immediate one; and all the others had intermediate release profiles. Noteworthy, even the sample of slowest release has a manifold faster release compared to a standard powder sample demonstrating the capabilities of thin-film preparation for faster drug release in general. Despite the small number of samples in this screening experiment, the results clearly show how solvent vapor annealing can assist in identifying potential polymorphs and allows for estimating their impact on properties like bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schrode
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitta Bodak
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans Riegler
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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21
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Tazreiter M, Christian P, Schennach R, Grießer T, Coclite AM. Simple method for the quantitative analysis of thin copolymer films on substrates by infrared spectroscopy using direct calibration. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:5266-5273. [PMID: 31497074 PMCID: PMC6688560 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay01748k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of a copolymer drives many important material properties and quantification in terms of comonomer volume fraction is thus of practical relevance for many studies. Infrared spectroscopy is one of the most common techniques for compositional analysis but it usually relies on manual evaluation of baselines and peak heights, which can be rather inaccurate and become a laborious task when having multiple spectra to evaluate. On the contrary, Maxwell's theory of electrodynamics can be used to calculate the complex index of refraction from measured spectra promising a more accurate quantification. Since this procedure is rather involved, we propose a simple in-house developed IR-quantification routine to automatically evaluate the comonomer volume fractions of thin copolymer films by using the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer approximation after correcting the baseline of all absorbance spectra automatically. This method was experimentally evaluated on over 40 thin polymeric coatings synthesized by initiated chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates. The samples comprised a wide range of different compositions and were synthesized from four different monomers, with single films consisting of up to three components. All data obtained by our routine was compared with data from spectroscopic ellipsometry and with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data of selected samples. The comparisons show that the IR-quantification routine reliably evaluated the polymer composition even when the involved comonomers exhibited similar chemistry, as it is the case for methacrylic acid cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tazreiter
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Robert Schennach
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Thomas Grießer
- Department Kunststofftechnik , Montanuniversität Leoben , 8700 Leoben , Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria .
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22
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Foppoli AA, Maroni A, Cerea M, Zema L, Gazzaniga A. Dry coating of solid dosage forms: an overview of processes and applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1919-1931. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1355923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Anna Foppoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche ‘M.E. Sangalli’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche ‘M.E. Sangalli’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche ‘M.E. Sangalli’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Zema
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche ‘M.E. Sangalli’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche ‘M.E. Sangalli’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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23
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Christian P, Coclite AM. Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:933-942. [PMID: 28546888 PMCID: PMC5433210 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the thermal, chemical and structural stability of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate polymers (p-PFDA) synthetized by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) were investigated. PFDA polymers are known for their interesting crystalline aggregation into a lamellar structure that induces super-hydrophobicity and oleophobicity. Nevertheless, when considering applications which involve chemical, mechanical and thermal stresses, it is important to know the limits under which the crystalline aggregation and the resulting polymer properties are stable. For this, chemical, morphological and structural properties upon multiple heating/cooling cycles were investigated both for linear PFDA polymers and for differently strong cross-linked alterations thereof. Heat treatment leaves the chemical composition of the linear PFDA polymers largely unchanged, while a more ordered crystalline structure with smoother morphology is observed. At the same time, the hydrophobicity and the integrity of the polymer deteriorate upon heating. The integrity and hydrophobicity of cross-linked p-PFDA films was preserved likely because of the lack of internal strain due to the coexistence of both crystalline and amorphous phases. The possibility to finely tune the degree of cross-linking can therefore expand the application portfolio in which PFDA polymers can be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Christian
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Christian P, Ehmann HMA, Werzer O, Coclite AM. Wrinkle formation in a polymeric drug coating deposited via initiated chemical vapor deposition. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:9501-9508. [PMID: 27841419 PMCID: PMC5315011 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01919f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer encapsulation of drugs is conventionally used as a strategy for controlled delivery and enhanced stability. In this work, a novel encapsulation approach is demonstrated, in which the organic molecule clotrimazole is enclosed into wrinkles of defined sizes. Having defined wrinkles at the drug/encapsulant interface, the contact between the encapsulating polymer and the drug can be improved. In addition, this can also allow for some control on the drug delivery as the available surface area changes with the wrinkle size. For this purpose, thin films of clotrimazole were deposited onto silica substrates and were then encapsulated by crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). The thickness and the solid state (crystalline or amorphous) of the clotrimazole layer were varied so that the conditions under which surface wrinkles emerge can be determined. A (critical) clotrimazole thickness of 76.6 nm was found necessary to induce wrinkles, whereby the wrinkle size is directly proportional to the thickness of the amorphous clotrimazole. When the pHEMA was deposited on top of crystalline clotrimazole instead, wrinkling was absent. The wrinkling effect can be understood in terms of elastic mismatch between the relatively rigid pHEMA film and the drug layer. In the case of amorphous clotrimazole, the relatively soft drug layer causes a large mismatch resulting in a sufficient driving force for wrinkle formation. Instead, the increased elastic modulus of crystalline clotrimazole reduces the elastic mismatch between drug and polymer, so that wrinkles do not form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Christian
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Heike M A Ehmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria. and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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