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Santos AFM, Figueirinhas JL, Dionísio M, Godinho MH, Branco LC. Ionic Liquid Crystals as Chromogenic Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4563. [PMID: 39336305 PMCID: PMC11432927 DOI: 10.3390/ma17184563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), a class of soft matter materials whose properties can be tuned by the wise pairing of the cation and anion, have recently emerged as promising candidates for different applications, combining the characteristics of ionic liquids and liquid crystals. Among those potential uses, this review aims to cover chromogenic ILCs. In this context, examples of photo-, electro- and thermochromism based on ILCs are provided. Furthermore, thermotropic and lyotropic ionic liquid crystals are also summarised, including the most common chemical and phase structures, as well as the advantages of confining these materials. This manuscript also comprises the following main experimental techniques used to characterise ILCs: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) and X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Chromogenic ILCs can be interesting smart materials for energy and health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F M Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João L Figueirinhas
- CeFEMA and Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Dionísio
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria H Godinho
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luis C Branco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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2
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Li Z, Raab A, Kolmangadi MA, Busch M, Grunwald M, Demel F, Bertram F, Kityk AV, Schönhals A, Laschat S, Huber P. Self-Assembly of Ionic Superdiscs in Nanopores. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14414-14426. [PMID: 38760015 PMCID: PMC11155240 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Discotic ionic liquid crystals (DILCs) consist of self-assembled superdiscs of cations and anions that spontaneously stack in linear columns with high one-dimensional ionic and electronic charge mobility, making them prominent model systems for functional soft matter. Compared to classical nonionic discotic liquid crystals, many liquid crystalline structures with a combination of electronic and ionic conductivity have been reported, which are of interest for separation membranes, artificial ion/proton conducting membranes, and optoelectronics. Unfortunately, a homogeneous alignment of the DILCs on the macroscale is often not achievable, which significantly limits the applicability of DILCs. Infiltration into nanoporous solid scaffolds can, in principle, overcome this drawback. However, due to the experimental challenges to scrutinize liquid crystalline order in extreme spatial confinement, little is known about the structures of DILCs in nanopores. Here, we present temperature-dependent high-resolution optical birefringence measurement and 3D reciprocal space mapping based on synchrotron X-ray scattering to investigate the thermotropic phase behavior of dopamine-based ionic liquid crystals confined in cylindrical channels of 180 nm diameter in macroscopic anodic aluminum oxide membranes. As a function of the membranes' hydrophilicity and thus the molecular anchoring to the pore walls (edge-on or face-on) and the variation of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance between the aromatic cores and the alkyl side chain motifs of the superdiscs by tailored chemical synthesis, we find a particularly rich phase behavior, which is not present in the bulk state. It is governed by a complex interplay of liquid crystalline elastic energies (bending and splay deformations), polar interactions, and pure geometric confinement and includes textural transitions between radial and axial alignment of the columns with respect to the long nanochannel axis. Furthermore, confinement-induced continuous order formation is observed in contrast to discontinuous first-order phase transitions, which can be quantitatively described by Landau-de Gennes free energy models for liquid crystalline order transitions in confinement. Our observations suggest that the infiltration of DILCs into nanoporous solids allows tailoring their nanoscale texture and ion channel formation and thus their electrical and optical functionalities over an even wider range than in the bulk state in a homogeneous manner on the centimeter scale as controlled by the monolithic nanoporous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqing Li
- Institute
for Materials and X-ray Physics, Hamburg
University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aileen Raab
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohamed Aejaz Kolmangadi
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Busch
- Institute
for Materials and X-ray Physics, Hamburg
University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Grunwald
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Demel
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andriy V. Kityk
- Faculty of
Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University
of Technology, Al. Armii
Krajowej 17, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute
for Materials and X-ray Physics, Hamburg
University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Yang DB, Oh JY, Choi BK, Lee DW, Kim DH, Seo DS. High electrical characteristics through graphene oxide doping process on physicochemically reformed inorganic thin films. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214502. [PMID: 38051098 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the improvement of the electro-optical properties of a liquid crystal (LC) cell fabricated through brush coating using graphene oxide (GO) doping. The physical deformation of the surface was analyzed using atomic force microscopy. The size of the groove increased as the GO dopant concentration increased, but the direction of the groove along the brush direction was maintained. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the number of C-C and O-Sn bonds increased as the GO concentration increased. Since the van der Waals force on the surface increases as the number of O-metal bonds increases, we were able to determine why the anchoring energy of the LC alignment layer increased. This was confirmed by residual DC voltage and anchoring energy measurements that were later performed. As the GO concentration increased, the width of the hysteresis curve decreased, indicating that the residual DC voltage decreased. Additionally, the 15% GO-doped sample exhibited a significant increase in its anchoring energy up to 1.34 × 10-3 J/m2, which is similar to that of rubbed polyimide. It also secured a high level of electro-optical properties and demonstrated potential as a next-generation thin-film display despite being produced via a simple brush-coating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Bin Yang
- IT Nano Electronic Device Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Oh
- IT Nano Electronic Device Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyeong Choi
- IT Nano Electronic Device Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 55069, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Cheongju University, 298 Daesung-ro, Cheongju 28503, South Korea
| | - Dae-Shik Seo
- IT Nano Electronic Device Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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4
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The effect of position of (-)-menthyl on the mesomorphic and photoisomerization behavior in azobenzene chiral liquid crystals. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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5
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Isozaki Y, Higashiharaguchi S, Kaenko N, Yamazaki S, Taniguchi T, Takashi K, Ueda Y, Motokawa R. Polymer Photonic Crystals Prepared by Triblock Copolymerization-Induced in situ Microphase Separation. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Isozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Seiya Higashiharaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naoya Kaenko
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shun Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Karatsu Takashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Ueda
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Motokawa
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Smart soft materials are envisioned to be the building blocks of the next generation of advanced devices and digitally augmented technologies. In this context, liquid crystals (LCs) owing to their responsive and adaptive attributes could serve as promising smart soft materials. LCs played a critical role in revolutionizing the information display industry in the 20th century. However, in the turn of the 21st century, numerous beyond-display applications of LCs have been demonstrated, which elegantly exploit their controllable stimuli-responsive and adaptive characteristics. For these applications, new LC materials have been rationally designed and developed. In this Review, we present the recent developments in light driven chiral LCs, i.e., cholesteric and blue phases, LC based smart windows that control the entrance of heat and light from outdoor to the interior of buildings and built environments depending on the weather conditions, LC elastomers for bioinspired, biological, and actuator applications, LC based biosensors for detection of proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses, LC based porous membranes for the separation of ions, molecules, and microbes, living LCs, and LCs under macro- and nanoscopic confinement. The Review concludes with a summary and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for LCs as smart soft materials. This Review is anticipated to stimulate eclectic ideas toward the implementation of the nature's delicate phase of matter in future generations of smart and augmented devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States.,Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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7
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Wang JW, Wu X, Yu XQ, Guo M, Zhao J, Zhu L, Chen S. Armored colloidal photonic crystals for solar evaporation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16189-16196. [PMID: 34545905 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs) with a highly ordered crystal structure have attracted great attention in displays, colorimetric sensors and solar energy utilization fields. However, the easily cracking microstructure, inferior assembly efficiency and low refractive index contrast result in poor structural colors. Herein, we develop core-shell poly(styrene-acrylic)@polypyrrole (P(St-AA)@PPy) colloidal nanoparticles by the in situ chemical coupling reaction via droplet microfluidic technology. By membrane separation-assisted assembly (MSAA) and electrostatic spraying strategies, the P(St-AA)@PPy colloidal nanoparticles are assembled into the CPC film, which presents high assembly efficiency and saturated angle-independent structural colors, due to the light-absorbing PPy shell and hydrogen-bond interaction between nanoparticles. Benefitting from these outstanding performances, the P(St-AA)@PPy film shows excellent photothermal properties, which can realize a solar vaporization rate of 1.5825 kg m-2 h-1, corresponding to a light-to-vapor efficiency of 94.20%, under 1.0 sun solar irradiance conditions. Our findings open a path for the design of functional CPCs and new-generation photothermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
| | - Xingjiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China.
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8
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Enhanced electrochemical and electro-optical properties of nematic liquid crystal doped with Ni:ZnCdS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Park W, Ha T, Jung TS, Sim KI, Kim JH, Wolska JM, Pociecha D, Gorecka E, Kim TT, Yoon DK. Security use of the chiral photonic film made of helical liquid crystal structures. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21629-21634. [PMID: 32716441 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03743e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The color change of photonic crystals (PCs) has been widely studied due to their beauty and anti-counterfeiting applications. Herein, we demonstrated security codes based on chiral PCs that cannot be easily mimicked and are quite different from the conventional technology used currently. The chiral PCs can be made by self-assembly and the structural colors change based on the polarization of the light in the transmission mode. These color changes are easily detected in real-time and are useful in the fabrication of anti-counterfeiting patterns that show beautiful and diverse color changes with rotating polarizers. We believe this can provide a new platform in various security and color-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Wang X, Li Z, Zhao H, Chen S. New azobenzene liquid crystal with dihydropyrazole heterocycle and photoisomerization studies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200474. [PMID: 32874643 PMCID: PMC7428282 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New azobenzene derivatives with dihydropyrazole heterocycle have been prepared and characterized. According to thermal polarizing microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies, the compounds consisting of four linearly linked rings and a long alkoxy chain on the azobenzene side (3a-8 and 3a-14) displayed no liquid crystal properties. When the length of mesogenic unit increased to five rings, except for compound 5a-8, all compounds from 5a-10 to 5a-16 containing a long chain of 10-16 carbon atoms on the side of ester group displayed liquid crystalline properties, and the mesogenic domain gradually narrowed with increase of the chain length. However, in the case of the molecule with long alkoxy chains on both sides, only 5c-16 with a long chain of 16 carbon atoms exhibited liquid crystal behaviour. In addition, these azo compounds underwent isomerization from E to Z under ultraviolet irradiation and then thermal back relaxation slowly in the dark, which can be recycled many times.
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11
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Zhou S, Chen S, Wu Y, Liao S, Li H, Xie C, Chan M. Bistable active spectral tuning of one-dimensional nanophotonic crystal by phase change. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:8341-8349. [PMID: 32225461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.387814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active spectral tuning of nanophotonic devices offers many fascinating prospects for the realization of novel optical function. Here, switchable spectral response is enabled by the architecture of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC) integrated with phase change material of the germanium antimony telluride (GST). Active and precise tuning of the bistable passband and central resonant frequency is demonstrated in the 1D PC composed of alternate SiN and GST nanofilms. An analytical model is derived to specify the tunable spectral features, including the band gap and resonant frequencies. Both the measured and calculated results show distinct red shifts of passband and the resonant minima (or maxima), well confirming theoretical predictions. This work demonstrates a route to construct active photonic devices with the electrically or thermally tunable spectra via 1D PC and potentially extends diverse applications based on the PC platform.
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12
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Detailed investigation of N-(4-n-pentyl-oxybenzylidene)-4′-n-hexylaniline liquid crystal molecule. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Begum N, Kaur S, Mohiuddin G, Nandi R, Gupta SP, Rao NVS, Pal SK. Structural Understanding, Photoswitchability, and Supergelation of a New Class of Four Ring-Based Bent-Shaped Liquid Crystal. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4443-4451. [PMID: 31042387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new type of azobenzene-based unsymmetrical bent-core molecules exhibiting photoswitchability in the liquid crystalline state, solid state, and solution state and in mixture upon UV irradiation and intense visible light. The compounds exhibited solid-state photochromism upon exposure to UV light, whereas in liquid crystalline state, reversible phase transitions were observed via both UV irradiation and intense visible light exposure. Crystal structure analysis reveals the basic structural understanding such as nonplanar bent molecular shape, antiparallel arrangement of the polar bent molecules, intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and different π-π interactions and interdigitation of long alkyl chains. The compounds are also found to act as supergelator toward various organic solvents. Hence, this is an excellent example of such potential bent-shaped liquid crystals that promise an immense perspective for device applications such as optical storage, molecular switches, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma Begum
- Department of Chemistry , Assam University , Silchar 788011 , Assam , India.,Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , Sector-81 , Knowledge City, Manauli 140306 , India
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , Sector-81 , Knowledge City, Manauli 140306 , India
| | - Golam Mohiuddin
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , Sector-81 , Knowledge City, Manauli 140306 , India
| | - Rajib Nandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , Sector-81 , Knowledge City, Manauli 140306 , India
| | | | - Nandiraju V S Rao
- Department of Chemistry , Assam University , Silchar 788011 , Assam , India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali , Sector-81 , Knowledge City, Manauli 140306 , India
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14
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Isapour G, Lattuada M. Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive Color-Changing Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707069. [PMID: 29700857 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive colors are a unique characteristic of certain animals, evolved as either a method to hide from enemies and prey or to communicate their presence to rivals or mates. From a material science perspective, the solutions developed by Mother Nature to achieve these effects are a source of inspiration to scientists for decades. Here, an updated overview of the literature on bioinspired stimuli-responsive color-changing systems is provided. Starting from natural systems, which are the source of inspiration, a classification of the different solutions proposed is given, based on the stimuli used to trigger the color-changing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Isapour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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15
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Synthesis and Characterization of Photo-Responsive Thermotropic Liquid Crystals Based on Azobenzene. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of new thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) containing azobenzene units was synthesized. The structures of the compounds were characterized by means of NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Their mesomorphic behaviors were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). Based on the POM and DSC measurements, the optical properties of the Razo-ester were tested using UV-vis spectroscopy. The azobenzene side chain displayed a strong ability to influence the formation of thermotropic LCs.
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16
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Busch M, Kityk AV, Piecek W, Hofmann T, Wallacher D, Całus S, Kula P, Steinhart M, Eich M, Huber P. A ferroelectric liquid crystal confined in cylindrical nanopores: reversible smectic layer buckling, enhanced light rotation and extremely fast electro-optically active Goldstone excitations. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:19086-19099. [PMID: 29199756 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The orientational and translational order of a thermotropic ferroelectric liquid crystal (2MBOCBC) imbibed in self-organized, parallel, cylindrical pores with radii of 10, 15, or 20 nm in anodic aluminium oxide monoliths (AAO) are explored by high-resolution linear and circular optical birefringence as well as neutron diffraction texture analysis. The results are compared to experiments on the bulk system. The native oxidic pore walls do not provide a stable smectogen wall anchoring. By contrast, a polymeric wall grafting enforcing planar molecular anchoring results in a thermal-history independent formation of smectic C* helices and a reversible chevron-like layer buckling. An enhancement of the optical rotatory power by up to one order of magnitude of the confined compared to the bulk liquid crystal is traced to the pretransitional formation of helical structures at the smectic-A*-to-smectic-C* transformation. A linear electro-optical birefringence effect evidences collective fluctuations in the molecular tilt vector direction along the confined helical superstructures, i.e. the Goldstone phason excitations typical of the para-to-ferroelectric transition. Their relaxation frequencies increase with the square of the inverse pore radii as characteristic of plane-wave excitations and are two orders of magnitude larger than in the bulk, evidencing an exceptionally fast electro-optical functionality of the liquid-crystalline-AAO nanohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Busch
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andriy V Kityk
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany. and Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Piecek
- Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tommy Hofmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylwia Całus
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland.
| | | | - Martin Steinhart
- Institute for the Chemistry of New Materials, University Osnabrück, 49067 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Manfred Eich
- Institute of Optical and Electronic Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany and Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Chiu CF, Tsai HP, Chen YC, He YX, Lin KYA, Yang H. Self-Assembled Curved Macroporous Photonic Crystal-Based Surfactant Detectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26333-26340. [PMID: 28722392 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are extensively used as detergents, dispersants, and emulsifiers. Thus, wastewater containing high-concentration surfactants discharged to the environment pose a serious threat to the ecosystem. Unfortunately, conventional detection methods for surfactants suffer from the use of sophisticated instruments and cannot perform detections for various surfactants by a single analysis. The article reports the development of simple and sensitive surfactant detection using doctor-blade-coated three-dimensional curved macroporous photonic crystals on a cylindrical rod. The photonic crystals exhibit different hydrophobicities at various angular positions after surface modification. The penetration of aqueous surfactant solutions in the interconnected macropores causes red-shift as well as reduction in amplitude in the optical stop bands, resulting in surfactant detection with visible readout. The correlation between the surface tension, as well as the solution-infiltrated angular position, and the concentration of aqueous surfactant solutions has also been investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Civil Engineering, and §Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ping Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Civil Engineering, and §Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Civil Engineering, and §Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xuan He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Civil Engineering, and §Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Civil Engineering, and §Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hongta Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Civil Engineering, and §Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
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18
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Ryu SH, Yoon DK. Switchable Plasmonic Film Using Nanoconfined Liquid Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25057-25061. [PMID: 28677393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural coloration using plasmonic particles has received substantial attention due to its robust, permanent, and scalable characteristics across the full color range. In this study, a plasmonic structure based on a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film coated with a metallic film was fabricated. Colors were varied by changing the refractive index, which was achieved with a convolution with nanopores of AAO film and an infiltrated liquid crystal (LC) material. LC molecules confined in the porous AAO film were uniformly aligned, and they exhibited pore-size-dependent colors because of the specific refractive index. The thermal phase transition of the LC material in the nanopores changed the effective refractive index, switching the reflected colors, and the LC-infiltrated AAO remained stable over a month. We believe LC materials can extend the use of rigid conventional plasmonic structures from simple sensor applications to multifunctional uses such as color printing, writing pens, and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and KINC, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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19
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Xia T, Luo W, Hu F, Qiu W, Zhang Z, Lin Y, Liu XY. Fabrication of Crack-Free Photonic Crystal Films on Superhydrophobic Nanopin Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:22037-22041. [PMID: 28593758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of their superior optical performance, photonic crystals (PCs) have been investigated as excellent candidates for widespread applications including sensors, displays, separation processes, and catalysis. However, fabrication of structurally controllable large-area PC assemblies with no defects is still a tough task. Herein, we develop an effective strategy for preparing centimeter-scale crack-free photonic crystal films by the combined effects of soft assembly and superhydrophobic nanopin surfaces. Owing to its large contact angle and low-adhesive force on the superhydrophobic substrate, the colloidal suspension exhibits a continuous retraction of the three-phase (gas-liquid-solid) contact line (TCL) in the process of solvent (water molecules) evaporation. The constantly receding TCL can bring the colloidal spheres closer to each other, which could timely close the gaps due to the loss of water molecules. As a result, close-packed and well-ordered assembly structures can be easily obtained. We expect that this work may pave the way to utilize novel superhydrophobic materials for designing and developing high-quality PCs and to apply PCs in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Materials & College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenhao Luo
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Materials & College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Materials & College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wu Qiu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Materials & College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhisen Zhang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Materials & College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Youhui Lin
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Materials & College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xiang Yang Liu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Materials & College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3, 117542 Singapore
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20
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Zhu X, Yin F, Zhao H, Chen S, Bian Z. Some new azobenzene liquid crystals involving chalcone and ester linkages. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06958h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New azobenzene derivatives containing chalcone and ester linkages showed photo-responsive behaviours and alkoxy chain and terminal group effects on their mesomorphic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyou Zhu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Fengnan Yin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
| | - Zhanxi Bian
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot 010021
- China
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