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Hong S, Zhang H, Lee J, Yu T, Cho S, Park T, Walsh J, Ji Y, Kim JJ, Lee H, Kim DR, Xu B, Lee CH. Spongy Ag Foam for Soft and Stretchable Strain Gauges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26613-26623. [PMID: 38728055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Strain gauges, particularly for wearable sensing applications, require a high degree of stretchability, softness, sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity. They must also steer clear of challenges such as mechanical and electrical hysteresis, overshoot behavior, and slow response/recovery times. However, current strain gauges face challenges in satisfying all of these requirements at once due to the inevitable trade-offs between these properties. Here, we present an innovative method for creating strain gauges from spongy Ag foam through a steam-etching process. This method simplifies the traditional, more complex, and costly manufacturing techniques, presenting an eco-friendly alternative. Uniquely, the strain gauges crafted from this method achieve an unparalleled gauge factor greater than 8 × 103 at strains exceeding 100%, successfully meeting all required attributes without notable trade-offs. Our work includes systematic investigations that reveal the intricate structure-property-performance relationship of the spongy Ag foam with practical demonstrations in areas such as human motion monitoring and human-robot interaction. These breakthroughs pave the way for highly sensitive and selective strain gauges, showing immediate applicability across a wide range of wearable sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokkyoon Hong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Haozhe Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1738, United States
| | - Junsang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tianhao Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Seungse Cho
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Taewoong Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julia Walsh
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuhyun Ji
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joshua Jeremiah Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Baoxing Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1738, United States
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Choi M, An J, Lee H, Jang H, Park JH, Cho D, Song JY, Kim SM, Oh MW, Shin H, Jeon S. High figure-of-merit for ZnO nanostructures by interfacing lowly-oxidized graphene quantum dots. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1996. [PMID: 38485943 PMCID: PMC10940299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermoelectric technology has potential for converting waste heat into electricity. Although traditional thermoelectric materials exhibit extremely high thermoelectric performances, their scarcity and toxicity limit their applications. Zinc oxide (ZnO) emerges as a promising alternative owing to its high thermal stability and relatively high Seebeck coefficient, while also being earth-abundant and nontoxic. However, its high thermal conductivity (>40 W m-1K-1) remains a challenge. In this study, we use a multi-step strategy to achieve a significantly high dimensionless figure-of-merit (zT) value of approximately 0.486 at 580 K (estimated value) by interfacing graphene quantum dots with 3D nanostructured ZnO. Here, we show the fabrication of graphene quantum dots interfaced 3D ZnO, yielding the highest zT value ever reported for ZnO counterparts; specifically, our experimental results indicate that the fabricated 3D GQD@ZnO exhibited a significantly low thermal conductivity of 0.785 W m-1K-1 (estimated value) and a remarkably high Seebeck coefficient of - 556 μV K-1 at 580 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungwoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Lee
- Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhwi Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Cho
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Song
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Wook Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosun Shin
- Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Z, Liu G, Li Z, Zhang W, Meng Q. Flexible tactile sensors with biomimetic microstructures: Mechanisms, fabrication, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 320:102988. [PMID: 37690330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, flexible devices have gained rapid development with great potential in daily life. As the core component of wearable devices, flexible tactile sensors are prized for their excellent properties such as lightweight, stretchable and foldable. Consequently, numerous high-performance sensors have been developed, along with an array of innovative fabrication processes. It has been recognized that the improvement of the single performance index for flexible tactile sensors is not enough for practical sensing applications. Therefore, balancing and optimization of overall performance of the sensor are extensively anticipated. Furthermore, new functional characteristics are required for practical applications, such as freeze resistance, corrosion resistance, self-cleaning, and degradability. From a bionic perspective, the overall performance of a sensor can be optimized by constructing bionic microstructures which can deliver additional functional features. This review briefly summarizes the latest developments in bionic microstructures for different types of tactile sensors and critically analyzes the sensing performance of fabricated flexible tactile sensors. Based on this, the application prospects of bionic microstructure-based tactile sensors in human detection and human-machine interaction devices are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqing Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Functional Printing and Transport Packaging of China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Paper-based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Functional Printing and Transport Packaging of China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Paper-based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhijian Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Functional Printing and Transport Packaging of China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Paper-based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Functional Printing and Transport Packaging of China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Paper-based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Meng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Functional Printing and Transport Packaging of China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of Paper-based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
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Peng S, Lu X, Tang L, Chang X, Yan J, Shi Q, Chen K, Li J, Du L, Huang W. Thermal and mechanical THz modulation of flexible all-dielectric metamaterial. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2644-2653. [PMID: 36785273 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of Terahertz (THz) modulation is critical for applications in high-speed wireless communications, security screening and so on. Therefore, it is particularly significant to obtain THz wave modulation devices with stable and flexible performance, easy manipulation of the modulation method, and multi-functionality. Here, we propose a flexible all-dielectric metamaterial by embedding zirconia (ZrO2) microspheres into a vanadium dioxide/polydimethylsiloxane (VO2/PDMS) composite, which can achieve thermal and mechanical tuning of THz wave transmission. When the temperature of the ZrO2/VO2/PDMS metamaterial increases, VO2 changes from the insulating phase to the metallic phase, and the 1st (at 0.304 THz) and 2nd (at 0.414 THz) order magnetic resonances exhibit the tunability of 20 GHz and 15 GHz, respectively. When stretched, the 1st and 2nd order magnetic resonances show the tunability of 12 GHz and 10 GHz, respectively. In the meantime, there are accompanying changes in transmittance at the resonances. The ZrO2/VO2/PDMS all-dielectric metamaterial presented in this work provides an alternative strategy for developing actively tunable, flexible, and versatile THz devices. In addition, it has the merits of simple preparation and low cost, promising large-area and rapid preparation of meta-arrays.
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5
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Feng Y, Cai R, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Wang Y, Liu D, Han S, Zhao J, Xu L, Meng Q. A high-performance porous flexible composite film sensor for tension monitoring. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26285-26296. [PMID: 36275087 PMCID: PMC9477071 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible, lightweight sensors with a wide strain-sensing range are showing increasing significance in structural health monitoring compared with conventional hard sensors, which typically have a small strain range, are heavyweight, and have a large volume. In this work, salt particle precipitation and mechanical coating methods are used to fabricate porous graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible sensors for tension monitoring in structural health applications. The signal transformation through the Back Propagation (BP) algorithm is integrated to provide monitoring data that are comparable with other sensors. The results reveal that the flexible sensors with a low content of GNPs (0.1-0.25 wt%) possess better flexibility, allowing tensile strains over 200% to be measured. In addition, due to the enhanced deformation capacity of the pore structures, they can achieve high sensitivity (1-1000) under 65% strain, and a fast response time (70 ms) under 10% strain at 60 mm min-1. They also show high performance in the fatigue test (20 000 cycles) under 5% strain, and can effectively respond to bending and torsion. In addition, the sensors show an obvious response to temperature. Overall, the prepared flexible composite sensors in this work have the advantages of a wide strain-sensing range, a full-coverage conductive network, and being lightweight, and show potential for structural health monitoring in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Feng
- College of Aerospace Engineering and College of Civil Aviation Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang 110136 China
- Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute, AVIC Shenyang 110135 China
| | - Rui Cai
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Coventry University Coventry CV1 2JH UK
| | - Yi Zhou
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2DB UK
| | - Zonghao Hu
- Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute, AVIC Shenyang 110135 China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- College of Aerospace Engineering and College of Civil Aviation Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang 110136 China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- College of Aerospace Engineering and College of Civil Aviation Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang 110136 China
| | - Sensen Han
- Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- College of Aerospace Engineering and College of Civil Aviation Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang 110136 China
| | - Lisheng Xu
- College of Medicine and Bioinformatics Engineering, Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Qingshi Meng
- College of Aerospace Engineering and College of Civil Aviation Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang 110136 China
- Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute, AVIC Shenyang 110135 China
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6
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Comparison between Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Wearable Gait Monitoring Techniques. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144837. [PMID: 35888304 PMCID: PMC9321623 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Insole plantar stress detection (PSD) techniques play an important role in gait monitoring. Among the various insole PSD methods, piezoelectric- and piezoresistive-based architectures are broadly used in medical scenes. Each year, a growing number of new research outcomes are reported. Hence, a deep understanding of these two kinds of insole PSD sensors and state-of-the-art work would strongly benefit the researchers in this highly interdisciplinary field. In this context, this review article is composed of the following aspects. First, the mechanisms of the two techniques and corresponding comparisons are explained and discussed. Second, advanced materials which could enhance the performance of current piezoelectric and piezoresistive insole prototypes are introduced. Third, suggestions for designing insole PSD prototypes/products for different diseases are offered. Last, the current challenge and potential future trends are provided.
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Lin JC, Liatsis P, Alexandridis P. Flexible and Stretchable Electrically Conductive Polymer Materials for Physical Sensing Applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2059673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Panos Liatsis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Paschalis Alexandridis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
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8
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Paghi A, Corsi M, Corso S, Mariani S, Barillaro G. In situ controlled and conformal coating of polydimethylsiloxane foams with silver nanoparticle networks with tunable piezo-resistive properties. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:425-436. [PMID: 35244124 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-polymer composites hold promise in enabling material functionalities that are difficult to achieve otherwise, yet are hampered to date by the scarce control and tunability of the nanoparticle collective properties on the polymer surface, especially for polymer foams featuring a complex three-dimensional pore network. Here we report on the controlled and conformal in situ coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) foams with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with surface coverage finely tunable over a large range, from 0 to 75%, via the one-step room temperature reduction of AgF directly on the PDMS surface. This enables the design of AgNP electrical networks on the PDMS foam surface with piezo-resistive properties tunable up to a factor of 1000. We leveraged the control of the piezoresistive properties of the AgNP electrical network formed on PDMS foams to fabricate flexible and wearable pressure sensors with sensitivity of 0.41 kPa-1, an operation range >120 kPa, and a detection limit of 25 Pa. As a proof-of-concept application in wearable biomedical electronics, we successfully used the sensors to monitor the real-time radial artery pulse wave on the human wrist of a young male with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paghi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Martina Corsi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Samuele Corso
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, via G. Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Fabrication of electrically conductive poly(styrene-b-ethylene-ran-butylene-b-styrene)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite fiber and its application in ultra-stretchable strain sensor. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Lo LW, Zhao J, Wan H, Wang Y, Chakrabartty S, Wang C. A Soft Sponge Sensor for Multimodal Sensing and Distinguishing of Pressure, Strain, and Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9570-9578. [PMID: 35156792 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft wearable sensors are essential components for applications such as motion tracking, human-machine interface, and soft robots. However, most of the reported sensors are either specifically designed to target an individual stimulus or capable of responding to multiple stimuli (e.g., pressure and strain) but without the necessary selectivity to distinguish those stimuli. Here we report an elastomeric sponge-based sensor that can respond to and distinguish three different kinds of stimuli: pressure, strain, and temperature. The sensor utilizes a porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge fabricated from a sugar cube sacrificial template, which was subsequently coated with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conductive polymer through a low-cost dip-coating process. Responses to different types of stimuli can be distinguished by simultaneously recording resistance and capacitance changes. Because pressure, tensile strain, and temperature change result in different trends in resistance and capacitance change, those stimuli can be clearly distinguished from each other by simultaneously measuring the resistance and capacitance of the sensor. We have also studied the effect of the pore size on the sensor performance and have found that the sponge sensor with smaller pores generally offers greater resistance change and better sensitivity. As a proof-of-concept, we have demonstrated the use of the porous sponge sensor on an artificial hand for object detection, gesture recognition, and temperature sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Lo
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Junyi Zhao
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Haochuan Wan
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Shantanu Chakrabartty
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Verma P, Ubaid J, Varadarajan KM, Wardle BL, Kumar S. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube-Doped Thermoplastic Nanocomposites for the Additive Manufacturing of Self-Sensing Piezoresistive Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8361-8372. [PMID: 35119271 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced polypropylene random copolymer (PPR) nanocomposites for the additive manufacturing of self-sensing piezoresistive materials via fused filament fabrication. The PPR/CNT feedstock filaments were synthesized through high shear-induced melt blending with controlled CNT loading up to 8 wt % to enable three-dimensional (3D) printing of nanoengineered PPR/CNT composites. The CNTs were found to enhance crystallinity (up to 6%) in PPR-printed parts, contributing to the overall CNT-reinforcement effect that increases both stiffness and strength (increases of 56% in modulus and 40% in strength at 8 wt % CNT loading). Due to electrical conductivity (∼10-4-10-1 S/cm with CNT loading) imparted to the PPR by the CNT network, multifunctional in situ strain and damage sensing in 3D-printed CNT/PPR bulk composites and lattice structures are revealed. A useful range of gauge factors (k) is identified for strain sensing (ks = 10.1-17.4) and damage sensing (kd = 20-410) across the range of CNT loadings for the 0° print direction. Novel auxetic re-entrant and S-unit cell lattices are printed, with multifunctionality demonstrated as strain- and damage-sensing in tension. The PPR/CNT multifunctional nanocomposite lattices demonstrated here exhibit tunable strain and damage sensitivity and have application in biomedical engineering for the creation of self-sensing patient-specific devices such as orthopedic braces, where the ability to sense strain (and stress) can provide direct information for optimization of brace design/fit over the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Verma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Jabir Ubaid
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K
| | - Kartik M Varadarajan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Brian L Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - S Kumar
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K
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Chen H, Cho D, Ko K, Qin C, Kim MP, Zhang H, Lee JH, Kim E, Park D, Shen X, Yang J, Ko H, Hong JW, Kim JK, Jeon S. Interdigitated Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Nanocomposites for High-Performance Mechanochromic Smart Membranes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:68-77. [PMID: 34797045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic smart membranes capable of optical modulation have great potential in smart windows, artificial skins, and camouflage. However, the realization of high-contrast optical modulation based on light scattering activated at a low strain remains challenging. Here, we present a strategy for designing mechanochromic scattering membranes by introducing a Young's modulus mismatch between the two interdigitated polydimethylsiloxane phases with weak interfaces in a periodic three-dimensional (3D) structure. The refractive index-matched interfaces of the nanocomposite provide a high optical transparency of 93%. Experimental and computational studies reveal that the 3D heterogeneity facilitates the generation of numerous nanoscale debonds or "nanogaps" at the modulus-mismatching interfaces, enabling incident light scattering under tension. The heterogeneous scatterer delivers both a high transmittance contrast of >50% achieved at 15% strain and a maximum contrast of 82%. When used as a smart window, the membrane demonstrates effective diffusion of transmitting sunlight, leading to moderate indoor illumination by eliminating extremely bright or dark spots. At the other extreme, such a 3D heterogeneous design with strongly bonded interfaces can enhance the coloration sensitivity of mechanophore-dyed nanocomposites. This work presents insights into the design principles of advanced mechanochromic smart membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonhwan Ko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Caiyan Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo P Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Dawon Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wuk Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Rahmani P, Shojaei A. A review on the features, performance and potential applications of hydrogel-based wearable strain/pressure sensors. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102553. [PMID: 34768136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, development of wearable devices has gained increasing momentum. Notably, the demand for stretchable strain sensors has significantly increased due to many potential and emerging applications such as human motion monitoring, prosthetics, robotic systems, and touch panels. Recently, hydrogels have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of the elastomer-based wearable strain sensors, caused by insufficient biocompatibility, brittle mechanical properties, complicated fabrication process, as the hydrogels can provide a combination of various exciting properties such as intrinsic electrical conductivity, suitable mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. There are numerous research works reported in the literature which consider various aspects as preparation approaches, design strategies, properties control, and applications of hydrogel-based strain sensors. This article aims to present a review on this exciting topic with a new insight on the hydrogel-based wearable strain sensors in terms of their features, strain sensory performance, and prospective applications. In this respect, we first briefly review recent advances related to designing the materials and the methods for promoting hydrogels' intrinsic features. Then, strain (both tensile and pressure) sensing performance of prepared hydrogels is critically studied, and alternative approaches for their high-performance sensing are proposed. Subsequently, this review provides several promising applications of hydrogel-based strain sensors, including bioapplications and human-machine interface devices. Finally, challenges and future outlooks of conductive and stretchable hydrogels employed in the wearable strain sensors are discussed.
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14
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Suh JM, Cho D, Lee S, Lee TH, Jung JW, Lee J, Cho SH, Eom TH, Hong JW, Shim YS, Jeon S, Jang HW. Rationally Designed TiO 2 Nanostructures of Continuous Pore Network for Fast-Responding and Highly Sensitive Acetone Sensor. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100941. [PMID: 34928023 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the last several years, indoor air quality monitoring has been a significant issue due to the increasing time portion of indoor human activities. Especially, the early detection of volatile organic compounds potentially harmful to the human body by the prolonged exposure is the primary concern for public human health, and such technology is imperatively desired. In this study, highly porous and periodic 3D TiO2 nanostructures are designed and studied for this concern. Specifically, extremely high gas molecule accessibility throughout the whole nanostructures and precisely controlled internecks of 3D TiO2 nanostructures can achieve an unprecedented gas response of 299 to 50 ppm CH3 COCH3 with an extremely fast response time of less than 1s. The systematic approach to utilize the whole inner and outer surfaces of the gas sensing materials and periodically formed internecks to localize the current paths in this study can provide highly promising perspectives to advance the development of chemoresistive gas sensors using metal oxide nanostructures for the Internet of Everything application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Min Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Jung
- Structural Safety & Prognosis Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wuk Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Shim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Silla University, Busan, 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
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15
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Guo Y, Chen Z, Yang W, Li K, Yang D, Zhang Q, Wang H. Multifunctional Mechanical Sensing Electronic Device Based on Triboelectric Anisotropic Crumpled Nanofibrous Mats. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55481-55488. [PMID: 34767341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrating multiple mechanical sensing capabilities in one device is highly desired to mimic the amazing functions of human skin, and it demonstrates promising applications in the human-machine interface and wearable robotic exoskeletons. Yet, challenges remain in how to couple the multisensations using as few modules as possible to increase the compactness and conformality of the electronics. Herein, we report a self-powered multiple mechanical sensing electronic device capable of sensing multiple motion modes of strain ratios, strain direction, and pressure. The self-powered property derives from the triboelectric working mechanism of the sensor. The multiple mechanical sensing is realized by utilizing an anisotropic crumpled nanofibrous membrane as the triboelectric layer and ionic conductor as the electrode layer. For strain ratios and pressure sensing, the output voltages of the sensor changed with the changes of these external stimulus with a comparable sensitivity. More importantly, contributed by the anisotropic structure of the designed crumples, the directional strain sensing is realized by the anisotropic sensitivity in three stretched directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinben Guo
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Kerui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Dongye Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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16
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Chae S, Choi WJ, Fotev I, Bittrich E, Uhlmann P, Schubert M, Makarov D, Wagner J, Pashkin A, Fery A. Stretchable Thin Film Mechanical-Strain-Gated Switches and Logic Gate Functions Based on a Soft Tunneling Barrier. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104769. [PMID: 34486188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical-strain-gated switches are cornerstone components of material-embedded circuits that perform logic operations without using conventional electronics. This technology requires a single material system to exhibit three distinct functionalities: strain-invariant conductivity and an increase or decrease of conductivity upon mechanical deformation. Herein, mechanical-strain-gated electric switches based on a thin-film architecture that features an insulator-to-conductor transition when mechanically stretched are demonstrated. The conductivity changes by nine orders of magnitude over a wide range of tunable working strains (as high as 130%). The approach relies on a nanometer-scale sandwiched bilayer Au thin film with an ultrathin poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomeric barrier layer; applied strain alters the electron tunneling currents through the barrier. Mechanical-force-controlled electric logic circuits are achieved by realizing strain-controlled basic (AND and OR) and universal (NAND and NOR) logic gates in a single system. The proposed material system can be used to fabricate material-embedded logics of arbitrary complexity for a wide range of applications including soft robotics, wearable/implantable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and Internet of Things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosang Chae
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Won Jin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ivan Fotev
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Bittrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Deprtment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, (IFM), Linkoping University, Linkoping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Wagner
- Chair for Circuit Design and Network Theory, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexej Pashkin
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Cho D, Li R, Jeong H, Li S, Wu C, Tzavelis A, Yoo S, Kwak SS, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Bitter Flavored, Soft Composites for Wearables Designed to Reduce Risks of Choking in Infants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103857. [PMID: 34369002 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wireless, skin-integrated devices for continuous, clinical-quality monitoring of vital signs have the potential to greatly improve the care of patients in neonatal and pediatric intensive-care units. These same technologies can also be used in the home, across a broad spectrum of ages, from beginning to end of life. Although miniaturized forms of such devices minimize patient burden and improve compliance, they represent life-threatening choking hazards for infants. A materials strategy is presented here to address this concern. Specifically, composite materials are introduced as soft encapsulating layers and gentle adhesives that release chemical compounds designed to elicit an intense bitter taste when placed in the mouth. Reflexive reactions to this sensation strongly reduce the potential for ingestion, as a safety feature. The materials systems described involve a non-toxic bitterant (denatonium benzoate) as a dopant in an elastomeric (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) or hydrogel matrix. Experimental and computational studies of these composite materials and the kinetics of release of the bitterant define the key properties. Incorporation into various wireless skin-integrated sensors demonstrates their utility in functional systems. This simple strategy offers valuable protective capabilities, with broad practical relevance to the welfare of children monitored with wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Cho
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Andreas Tzavelis
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Seonggwang Yoo
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sung Soo Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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18
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Nam HJ, Choa SH, Park SH. Development and Characteristics of Multipurpose Transparent Polyurethane Film. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:5222-5228. [PMID: 33875110 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In industry, recent research developments include flexible films and foldable films. The next step is the development of stretchable films, and studies are being intensively carried out. Research on the development of stretchable and transparent materials is also increasing greatly. Currently, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most commonly used film in the industry. However, PDMS surfaces are hydrophobic, so their use is limited to making materials and compounds with hydrophilic properties. In this study, we developed a transparent polyurethane film that can be used for multiple purposes. A transparency comparison between the transparent polyurethane film and the general polyurethane film was used to verify their future application. The conventional polyurethane films showed a transmittance rate of 2.2 percent, but the transparent polyurethane films achieved a high transmittance rate of 85 percent. To determine whether the film can be realized, we produced a conductive paste using resin for the transparent polyurethane film. In addition, a conductive paste was made based on the material used in the transparent polyurethane film to verify the hardness and reliability of the adhesion of electrodes, and we confirmed this with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The transparent polyurethane based paste was made with stretchable electrodes through a screen printing method. The manufactured stretchable electrodes were demonstrated by mechanical and adhesion tests. Finally, a permittivity test was conducted to determine the suitability of the film for application to printed electrodes for antennas in the future. The genetic rate of transparent polyurethane films was better than that of conventional polyurethane films. Moreover, the adhesion of the transparent polyurethane film and stretchable electrodes was as good as that of conventional polyurethane film and stretchable electrodes, and observation by optical microscopy confirmed that the printing performance was also excellent. In addition, the conductive paste made based on the transparent polyurethane film material was cured for 1 hour at 120 °C, and TGA analysis confirmed that both the binders and curing agent responded well in the test for curing the developed stretchable electrodes and transparent polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Nam
- ICT Device Packaging Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Choa
- Graduate School of Nano IT Design Fusion, Seoul National University of Science and Technology Seoul, 139-743, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Park
- ICT Device Packaging Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Korea
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19
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Wang H, Zhou R, Li D, Zhang L, Ren G, Wang L, Liu J, Wang D, Tang Z, Lu G, Sun G, Yu HD, Huang W. High-Performance Foam-Shaped Strain Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Ti 3C 2T x MXene for the Monitoring of Human Activities. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9690-9700. [PMID: 34086439 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The flexible strain sensor is of significant importance in wearable electronics, since it can help monitor the physical signals from the human body. Among various strain sensors, the foam-shaped ones have received widespread attention owing to their light weight and gas permeability. However, the working range of these sensors is still not large enough, and the sensitivity needs to be further improved. In this work, we develop a high-performance foam-shaped strain sensor composed of Ti3C2Tx MXene, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). MXene sheets are adsorbed on the surface of a composite foam of MWCNTs and TPU (referred to as TPU/MWCNTs foam), which is prefabricated by using a salt-templating method. The obtained TPU/MWCNTs@MXene foam works effectively as a lightweight, easily processable, and sensitive strain sensor. The TPU/MWCNTs@MXene device can deliver a wide working strain range of ∼100% and an outstanding sensitivity as high as 363 simultaneously, superior to the state-of-the-art foam-shaped strain sensors. Moreover, the composite foam shows an excellent gas permeability and suitable elastic modulus close to those of skin, indicating its being highly comfortable as a wearable sensor. Owing to these advantages, the sensor works effectively in detecting both subtle and large human movements, such as joint motion, finger motion, and vocal cord vibration. In addition, the sensor can be used for gesture recognition, demonstrating its perspective in human-machine interaction. Because of the high sensitivity, wide working range, gas permeability, and suitable modulus, our foam-shaped composite strain sensor may have great potential in the field of flexible and wearable electronics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ruicong Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Donghai Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Linrong Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guozhang Ren
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Deyang Wang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Gang Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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20
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Park S, Choi H, Cho Y, Jeong J, Sun J, Cha S, Choi M, Bae J, Park JJ. Wearable Strain Sensors with Aligned Macro Carbon Cracks Using a Two-Dimensional Triaxial-Braided Fabric Structure for Monitoring Human Health. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22926-22934. [PMID: 33960762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, wearable sensors, due to their ability to exhibit characteristics, have been appealing for health monitoring through detection of human motions and vital signals. The development of strain sensors with high sensing performance and wearability has been a great challenge to date. In this study, a textile-based strain sensor with good skin affinity was fabricated through a simple fabrication process of dip-coating 2D triaxial-braided fabrics using carbon ink and then drying. The macro crack aligned on the 2D triaxial-braided fabric with a high-density structure and good recovery force. The sensitivity of textile-based strain sensor can be enhanced due to aligned macro crack formed by prestrained fabricating process and characteristic of the 2D triaxial braided fabric with high dense structure. The optimized sensor exhibits high sensitivity (gauge factor: 128) in a strain range of 0-30%, durability (5000 cycles), washability, low hysteresis, and fast response time (90 ms). Therefore, it can be applied as a wearable sensor that can monitor human motions (large strain) and biosignals (subtle strain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangki Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Hyeongsub Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Yujang Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jaeseon Jeong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jingzhe Sun
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seokjun Cha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Bae
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Department of Clothing & Textiles, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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21
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Li C, Liu D, Xu C, Wang Z, Shu S, Sun Z, Tang W, Wang ZL. Sensing of joint and spinal bending or stretching via a retractable and wearable badge reel. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2950. [PMID: 34011979 PMCID: PMC8136475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human motions, such as joint/spinal bending or stretching, often contain information that is useful for orthopedic/neural disease diagnosis, rehabilitation, and prevention. Here, we show a badge-reel-like stretch sensing device with a grating-structured triboelectric nanogenerator exhibiting a stretching sensitivity of 8 V mm−1, a minimum resolution of 0.6 mm, a low hysteresis, and a high durability (over 120 thousand cycles). Experimental and theoretical investigations are performed to define the key features of the device. Studies from human natural daily activities and exercise demonstrate the functionality of the sensor for real-time recording of knee/arm bending, neck/waist twisting, and so on. We also used the device in a spinal laboratory, monitoring human subjects’ spine motions, and validated the measurements using the commercial inclinometer and hunchback instrument. We anticipate that the lightweight, precise and durable stretch sensor applied to spinal monitoring could help mitigate the risk of long-term abnormal postural habits induced diseases. Human motions often contain information that is useful for orthopedic/neural disease diagnosis, rehabilitation, and prevention. Here, the authors show a badge-reel-like stretch sensing device with a grating-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for joints/spine bending or stretching sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoran Sun
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China. .,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,CUSPEA Institute of Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Yu JC, Chen K, Ji H, Zhang Y, Zhang YM, Pan ZJ. Facile and Large-scale Fabrication of Self-crimping Elastic Fibers for Large Strain Sensors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Wang Y, Chen G, Zhang H, Zhao C, Sun L, Zhao Y. Emerging Functional Biomaterials as Medical Patches. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5977-6007. [PMID: 33856205 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Medical patches have been widely explored and applied in various medical fields, especially in wound healing, tissue engineering, and other biomedical areas. Benefiting from emerging biomaterials and advanced manufacturing technologies, great achievements have been made on medical patches to evolve them into a multifunctional medical device for diverse health-care purposes, thus attracting extensive attention and research interest. Here, we provide up-to-date research concerning emerging functional biomaterials as medical patches. An overview of the various approaches to construct patches with micro- and nanoarchitecture is presented and summarized. We then focus on the applications, especially the biomedical applications, of the medical patches, including wound healing, drug delivery, and real-time health monitoring. The challenges and prospects for the future development of the medical patches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008 Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008 Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 210008 Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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24
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Liu X, Huang L, Qian K. Nanomaterial‐Based Electrochemical Sensors: Mechanism, Preparation, and Application in Biomedicine. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes Division of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University 160 Pujian Road Shanghai 200127 P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering Institute of Medical Robotics and Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030 P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Stem Cell Research Center Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University 160 Pujian Road Shanghai 200127 P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes Division of Cardiology Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University 160 Pujian Road Shanghai 200127 P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering Institute of Medical Robotics and Med-X Research Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030 P.R. China
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25
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Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor Based on Pre-Generated Crack Networks Using Ag Nanoparticles/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) Hybrid Fillers and a Polyester Woven Elastic Band. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072531. [PMID: 33916602 PMCID: PMC8038452 DOI: 10.3390/s21072531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are receiving a great deal of interest owing to their prospective applications in monitoring various human activities. Among various efforts to enhance the sensitivity of strain sensors, pre-crack generation has been well explored for elastic polymers but rarely on textile substrates. Herein, a highly sensitive textile-based strain sensor was fabricated via a dip-coat-stretch approach: a polyester woven elastic band was dipped into ink containing single-walled carbon nanotubes coated with silver paste and pre-stretched to generate prebuilt cracks on the surface. Our sensor demonstrated outstanding sensitivity (a gauge factor of up to 3550 within a strain range of 1.5-5%), high stability and durability, and low hysteresis. The high performance of this sensor is attributable to the excellent elasticity and woven structure of the fabric substrate, effectively generating and propagating the prebuilt cracks. The strain sensor integrated into firefighting gloves detected detailed finger angles and cyclic finger motions, demonstrating its capability for subtle human motion monitoring. It is also noteworthy that this novel strategy is a very quick, straightforward, and scalable method of fabricating strain sensors, which is extremely beneficial for practical applications.
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26
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Cho D, Suh JM, Nam S, Park SY, Park M, Lee TH, Choi KS, Lee J, Ahn C, Jang HW, Shim Y, Jeon S. Optically Activated 3D Thin-Shell TiO 2 for Super-Sensitive Chemoresistive Responses: Toward Visible Light Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001883. [PMID: 33552851 PMCID: PMC7856904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the well-known strategies for achieving high-performance light-activated gas sensors is to design a nanostructure for effective surface responses with its geometric advances. However, no study has gone beyond the benefits of the large surface area and provided fundamental strategies to offer a rational structure for increasing their optical and chemical performances. Here, a new class of UV-activated sensing nanoarchitecture made of highly periodic 3D TiO2, which facilitates 55 times enhanced light absorption by confining the incident light in the nanostructure, is prepared as an active gas channel. The key parameters, such as the total 3D TiO2 film and thin-shell thicknesses, are precisely optimized by finite element analysis. Collectively, this fundamental design leads to ultrahigh chemoresistive response to NO2 with a theoretical detection limit of ≈200 ppt. The demonstration of high responses with visible light illumination proposes a future perspective for light-activated gas sensors based on semiconducting oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCenter for Bio‐Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Jun Min Suh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyeon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Soon Choi
- National research Facilities and Equipment Center (NFEC)Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)Daejeon34133Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Changui Ahn
- Engineering Ceramic CenterKorea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and TechnologyIcheon17303Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Seok Shim
- Division of Materials Science and EngineeringSilla UniversityBusan46958Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanocenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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27
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Cho D, Jang JS, Nam SH, Ko K, Hwang W, Jung JW, Lee J, Choi M, Hong JW, Kim ID, Jeon S. Focused Electric-Field Polymer Writing: Toward Ultralarge, Multistimuli-Responsive Membranes. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12173-12183. [PMID: 32880440 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cost-effective direct writing of polymer nanofibers (NFs) has garnered considerable research attention as a compelling one-pot strategy for obtaining key building blocks of electrochemical and optical devices. Among the promising applications, the changes in optical response from external stimuli such as mechanical deformation and changes in the thermal environment are of great significance for emerging applications in smart windows, privacy protection, aesthetics, artificial skin, and camouflage. Herein, we propose a rational design for the mass production of customized NFs through the development of focused electric-field polymer writing (FEPW) coupled with the roll-to-roll technique. As a proof of key applications, we demonstrate multistimuli-responsive (mechano- and thermochromism) membranes with an exceptional production scale (over 300 cm2). Specifically, the membranes consist of periodically aligned ultrathin (∼60 nm) alumina nanotubes inserted in the elastomers. We performed a two-phase finite element analysis of the unit cells to verify the underlying physics of light scattering at heterogeneous interfaces of the strain-induced air gaps. By adding thermochromic dye during the FEPW, the optical modulation of transmittance change (∼83% to 37% at visible wavelength) was successfully extended to high-contrast thermal-dependent coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics at the Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ji-Soo Jang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Sang-Hyeon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonhwan Ko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wontae Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Jung
- Structural Safety and Prognosis Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daedeok-daero 989-111, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wuk Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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28
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Seo MH, Yoo JY, Jo MS, Yoon JB. Geometrically Structured Nanomaterials for Nanosensors, NEMS, and Nanosieves. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907082. [PMID: 32253800 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, geometrically structured nanomaterials have received great attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which originate from the geometric variation in such materials. Indeed, the use of various geometrically structured nanomaterials has been actively reported in enhanced-performance devices in a wide range of applications. Recent significant progress in the development of geometrically structured nanomaterials and associated devices is summarized. First, a brief introduction of advanced nanofabrication methods that enable the fabrication of various geometrically structured nanomaterials is given, and then the performance enhancements achieved in devices utilizing these nanomaterials, namely, i) physical and gas nanosensors, ii) nanoelectromechanical devices, and iii) nanosieves are described. For the device applications, a systematic summary of their structures, working mechanisms, fabrication methods, and output performance is provided. Particular focus is given to how device performance can be enhanced through the geometric structures of the nanomaterials. Finally, perspectives on the development of novel nanomaterial structures and associated devices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Seo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jae-Young Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seung Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bo Yoon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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29
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Lee G, Bae GY, Son JH, Lee S, Kim SW, Kim D, Lee SG, Cho K. User-Interactive Thermotherapeutic Electronic Skin Based on Stretchable Thermochromic Strain Sensor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001184. [PMID: 32999818 PMCID: PMC7507701 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
User-interactive electronic skin (e-skin) with a distinguishable output has enormous potential for human-machine interfaces and healthcare applications. Despite advances in user-interactive e-skins, advances in visual user-interactive therapeutic e-skins remain rare. Here, a user-interactive thermotherapeutic device is reported that is fabricated by combining thermochromic composites and stretchable strain sensors consisting of strain-responsive silver nanowire networks on surface energy-patterned microwrinkles. Both the color and heat of the device are easily controlled through electrical resistance variation induced by applied mechanical strain. The resulting monolithic device exhibits substantial changes in optical reflectance and temperature with durability, rapid response, high stretchability, and linear sensitivity. The approach enables a low-expertise route to fabricating dynamic interactive thermotherapeutic e-skins that can be used to effectively rehabilitate injured connective tissues as well as to prevent skin burns by simultaneously accommodating stretching, providing heat, and exhibiting a color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Son
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Seong Won Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of UlsanUlsan44610Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
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30
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Cho D, Shim Y, Jung J, Nam S, Min S, Lee S, Ham Y, Lee K, Park J, Shin J, Hong J, Jeon S. High-Contrast Optical Modulation from Strain-Induced Nanogaps at 3D Heterogeneous Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903708. [PMID: 32537413 PMCID: PMC7284194 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The realization of high-contrast modulation in optically transparent media is of great significance for emerging mechano-responsive smart windows. However, no study has provided fundamental strategies for maximizing light scattering during mechanical deformations. Here, a new type of 3D nanocomposite film consisting of an ultrathin (≈60 nm) Al2O3 nanoshell inserted between the elastomers in a periodic 3D nanonetwork is proposed. Regardless of the stretching direction, numerous light-scattering nanogaps (corresponding to the porosity of up to ≈37.4 vol%) form at the interfaces of Al2O3 and the elastomers under stretching. This results in the gradual modulation of transmission from ≈90% to 16% at visible wavelengths and does not degrade with repeated stretching/releasing over more than 10 000 cycles. The underlying physics is precisely predicted by finite element analysis of the unit cells. As a proof of concept, a mobile-app-enabled smart window device for Internet of Things applications is realized using the proposed 3D nanocomposite with successful expansion to the 3 × 3 in. scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Seok Shim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Division of Materials Science & EngineeringSilla University140 Baegyang‐daero 700beon‐gilSasang‐guBusanKorea
| | - Jae‐Wook Jung
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Structural Safety & Prognosis Research DivisionKorea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)Daedeok‐daero 989‐111Yusung‐guDaejeon34057South Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyeon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Min
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Eon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Ham
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjae Lee
- Department of Information Security EngineeringSang Myung UniversityCheonan‐siChungcheongnam‐do31066Republic of Korea
| | - Junyong Park
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKumoh National Institute of TechnologyGumiGyeongbuk39177Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Shin
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Wuk Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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31
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Cheng S, Han S, Cao Z, Xu C, Fang X, Wang X. Wearable and Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor Based on High-Quality GaN pn Junction Microwire Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907461. [PMID: 32187862 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth in wearable electronics sensing devices, flexible sensing devices that monitor the human body have shown great promise in personalized healthcare. In the study, high-quality GaN pn junction microwire arrays with different aspect ratios and large-area uniformity are fabricated through an easy, repeatable fabrication process. The piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ) of GaN pn junction microwire arrays increases from 7.23 to 14.46 pm V-1 with the increasing of the aspect ratio, which is several times higher than that of GaN bulk material. Furthermore, flexible ultrasensitive strain sensor based on GaN microwires with the highest d33 is demonstrated to achieve the maximum open circuit voltage of 10.4 V, and presents excellent durability with stable output signals over 10 000 cycles with a response time of 50 ms. As a flexible and wearable sensor attached to the human skin, the GaN microwire pn junction arrays with such a high degree of uniformity can precisely monitor subtle human pulse and motions, which show great promise in future personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiduo Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Sancan Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Chenchao Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xianying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China
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32
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Sun Z, Yang S, Zhao P, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ye X, Zhao X, Cui N, Tong Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Tang Q. Skin-like Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor for Full-Range Detection of Human Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13287-13295. [PMID: 32100528 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of strain sensors with high sensitivity and stretchability, which can accurately detect different human activities such as subtle physiological signals and large-scale joint motions is essential for disease diagnosis and human health monitoring. However, achieving both high sensitivity and stretchability is still an enormous challenge at the moment, particularly for intrinsically stretchable strain sensors. Herein, utilizing large differences in the conductivity and stretchability of micropatterned Au and SWCNTs, we present an ultrasensitive intrinsically stretchable strain sensor by a one-step photolithography process. Its high sensitivity is inspired from spiders' slit organ and the high stretchability is enlightened from spiders' neural pathway. The skin-like sensor exhibits many superior merits, including ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factors of 7.1 × 104 to 3.4 × 106), wide detection range (up to 100% strain), excellent durability (1000 cycles), ultralow limit of detection (0.1% strain), fast response (1.3 ms), and minimal feature size (≤100 μm). These fascinating merits allow the strain sensor to precisely detect diverse human activities. This work opens up a feasible path to fabricate highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensors, presenting their promising potential in future personalized healthcare, as electronic skins, and being a portable friendly human-machine interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Sun
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Junmo Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yahan Yang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaolin Ye
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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Hierarchically porous Au nanostructures with interconnected channels for efficient mass transport in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5680-5685. [PMID: 32132207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918837117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is a promising way to provide renewable energy from gaseous CO2 The development of nanostructures improves energy efficiency and selectivity for value-added chemicals, but complex nanostructures limit the CO2 conversion rates due to poor mass transport during vigorous electrolysis. Herein, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically porous Au comprising interconnected macroporous channels (200-300 nm) and nanopores (∼10 nm) fabricated via proximity-field nanopatterning. The interconnected macropores and nanopores enable efficient mass transport and large active areas, respectively. The roles of each pore network are investigated using reliable 3D nanostructures possessing controlled pore distribution and size. The hierarchical nanostructured electrodes show a high CO selectivity of 85.8% at a low overpotential of 0.264 V and efficient mass activity that is maximum 3.96 times higher than that of dealloyed nanoporous Au. Hence, the systematic model study shows the proposed hierarchical nanostructures have important value in increasing the efficiency of expensive Au.
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Shi Q, Tian K, Zhu H, Li ZR, Zhu LG, Deng H, Huang W, Fu Q. Flexible and Giant Terahertz Modulation Based on Ultra-Strain-Sensitive Conductive Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9790-9796. [PMID: 31995363 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic tuning of terahertz (THz) wave has a great potential application as smart THz devices, such as switches, modulators, sensors, and so on. However, the realization of flexible THz modulation with high efficiency is rarely observed, which is nearly absent from the booming development and demands on flexible electronics. Here, we report a flexible THz modulation based on conductive polymer composites composed of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and conductive particles (Ni). By designing the additive content of Ni particles, such a flexible layer exhibits resistivity change of 6-7 orders under tensile strain due to the formation of an electron-transport channel provided by the in situ evolution of the Ni network. It could be used to dynamically control the THz transmission with a giant modulation depth of around 96%, at a high strain operation (up to around 58.5%). Moreover, these characteristics are demonstrated to be available for highly tension sensitive THz spectroscopy and imaging. This work opens up a connection between flexible polymer-based composites and THz dynamic devices. It proposes an unprecedented flexible THz modulation with giant tuning efficiency and provides a scheme for contactless and passive tension sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ke Tian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Hongfu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Zi-Run Li
- Institute of Fluid Physics , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , Sichuan , China
| | - Li-Guo Zhu
- Institute of Fluid Physics , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , Sichuan , China
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
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Tian Q, Yan W, Li Y, Ho D. Bean Pod-Inspired Ultrasensitive and Self-Healing Pressure Sensor Based on Laser-Induced Graphene and Polystyrene Microsphere Sandwiched Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9710-9717. [PMID: 31992041 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are currently at the center stage of wearable electronics. Despite tremendous progress in the recent years, flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity, high stability, and mechanical robustness are still challenging. In this paper, as inspired by the bean pod structure, a sensor architecture consisting a microspacer core layer of polystyrene (PS) microspheres, sandwiched between two laser-induced graphene/polyurethane (LIG/PU) films, is presented. A flexible and self-healable pressure sensor is prepared, achieving ultrahigh sensitivity, improved linearity, wide sensing range up to 100 kPa, and excellent stability (for over 1000 loading-unloading cycles). Specifically, the pressure sensor achieves high sensitivities of 149, 659, and 2048 kPa-1 for the pressure ranges of 0-1, 1-10, and 10-100 kPa, respectively. Upon three cut-heal cycles at room temperature, severely damaged devices are self-healed and are able to maintain high sensitivity. The sensors have been further verified in stringent applications, such as human arterial pulse monitoring and gait detection. The novel device architecture enabling facile fabrication and high performance paves the way to the scalable production of pressure sensors for human physiological diagnostics and other advanced wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wenrong Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Yuqiao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Derek Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
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Parameswaran C, Gupta D. Large area flexible pressure/strain sensors and arrays using nanomaterials and printing techniques. NANO CONVERGENCE 2019; 6:28. [PMID: 31495907 PMCID: PMC6732266 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensors are becoming more demanding in all spheres of human activities for their advancement in terms of fabrication and cost. Several methods of fabrication and configurations exist which provide them myriad of applications. However, the advantage of fabrication for sensors lies with bulk fabrication and processing techniques. Exhaustive study for process advancement towards miniaturization from the advent of MEMS technology has been going on and progressing at high pace and has reached a highly advanced level wherein batch production and low cost alternatives provide a competitive performance. A look back to this advancement and thus understanding the route further is essential which is the core of this review in light of nanomaterials and printed technology based sensors. A subjective appraisal of these developments in sensor architecture from the advent of MEMS technology converging present date novel materials and process technologies through this article help us understand the path further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra Parameswaran
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076 India
| | - Dipti Gupta
- Plastic Electronics and Energy Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076 India
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Zhang XA, Chen IT, Chang CH. Recent progress in near-field nanolithography using light interactions with colloidal particles: from nanospheres to three-dimensional nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:352002. [PMID: 31100738 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The advance of nanotechnology is firmly rooted in the development of cost-effective, versatile, and easily accessible nanofabrication techniques. The ability to pattern complex two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials are particularly desirable, since they can have novel physical properties that are not found in bulk materials. This review article will report recent progress in utilizing self-assembly of colloidal particles for nanolithography. In these techniques, the near-field interactions of light and colloids are the sole mechanisms employed to generate the intensity distributions for patterning. Based on both 'bottom-up' self-assembly and 'top-down' lithography approaches, these processes are highly versatile and can take advantage of a number of optical effects, allowing the complex 3D nanostructures to be patterned using single exposures. There are several key advantages including low equipment cost, facile structure design, and patterning scalability, which will be discussed in detail. We will outline the underlying optical effects, review the geometries that can be fabricated, discuss key limitations, and highlight potential applications in nanophotonics, optoelectronic devices, and nanoarchitectured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu A Zhang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
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Zhu J, Wang X, Xing Y, Li J. Highly Stretchable All-Rubber-Based Thread-Shaped Wearable Electronics for Human Motion Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Biomechanical Tracking. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:247. [PMID: 31338603 PMCID: PMC6650513 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of stretchable smart electronics has attracted great attentions due to their potential applications in human motions energy collection systems and self-powered biomechanical tracking technologies. Here, we present a newly stretchable all-rubber-based thread-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) composed of the silver-coated glass microspheres/silicone rubber as the stretchable conductive thread (SCT) and the silicone rubber-coated SCT (SSCT) as the other triboelectric thread. The stretchable all-rubber-based thread-shaped TENG (SATT) generates an open-circuit voltage of 3.82 V and short-circuit current of 65.8 nA under the 100% strain and can respond to different finger motion states. Furthermore, the self-powered smart textile (SPST) woven by the SCT and SSCT units has two kinds of working mechanisms about stretch-release and contact-separation modes. The stretching-releasing interaction between knitting units can generate an open-circuit voltage of 8.1 V and short-circuit current of 0.42 μA, and the contacting-separating mode occurs between cotton and two types material outside the SPST producing peak voltage of 150 V and peak current of 2.45 μA. To prove the promising applications, the SPST device is capable to provide electrical energy to commercial electronics and effectively scavenge full-range biomechanical energy from human joint motions. Therefore, this work provides a new approach in the applications of stretchable wearable electronics for power generation and self-powered tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- School of Computer and Remote Sensing Information Technology, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000 China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- School of Computer and Remote Sensing Information Technology, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000 China
| | - Yilan Xing
- School of Computer and Remote Sensing Information Technology, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000 China
| | - Jianyi Li
- School of Computer and Remote Sensing Information Technology, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, 065000 China
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Kim H, Choi E, Jung M, Sul O, Lee SB. Buckled carbon nanotube network thin-film fabricated using chemically swelled elastomer substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:285501. [PMID: 30913552 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of buckled carbon nanotube thin-film networks (CNTN) that increases in conductivity with applied tactile pressure. When tactile pressure was applied, the buckled nanotubes collapsed and increased in interconnected density and as a result increased the thin-film conductivity. Unlike conventional methods using mechanically expanded elastomers, we utilize chemically swollen elastomers as the expanded substrate to transfer the CNTN. As the chemical evaporates, it compresses the CNTN causing the thin-film to buckle. The CNTN compression can be controlled by using organic solvents with differing elastomer absorption rates. Our method requires no mechanical instruments and shows in-plane multi-axial uniform strain for the entire substrate surface. Since the buckling was controlled chemically, the buckled CNTN can be produced reliably, furthering the possibility of its application as the active sensing material for highly sensitive tactile pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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40
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Lee K, Yoon H, Ahn C, Park J, Jeon S. Strategies to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2: 3D nanostructuring and heterostructuring with graphitic carbon nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7025-7040. [PMID: 30920558 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01260e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
TiO2-based photocatalysis has been considered to be one of the most promising avenues for environmental remediation including water purification. However, several technical issues such as the limited surface area of bulk TiO2, the large band gap of TiO2, and rapid charge recombination still limit the practical application of TiO2 photocatalysts. Therefore, here we focus on two structural design strategies: (i) monolithic three-dimensional (3D) nanostructuring, and (ii) heterostructuring with graphitic carbon nanomaterials. A monolithic 3D nanostructure enables maximal surface area in a given volume and efficient reuse of the photocatalyst without recollection. Heterostructuring with carbon nanomaterials helps achieve maximal utilization of the solar spectrum and charge separation and provides efficient TiO2 photocatalysts. In this review, recent progress on TiO2 photocatalysts toward the abovementioned strategies will be summarized. Further discussion and direction will provide insights into the rational design of highly efficient TiO2 photocatalysts, and help develop advanced photocatalyst models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Advanced Battery Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Pan J, Yang M, Luo L, Xu A, Tang B, Cheng D, Cai G, Wang X. Stretchable and Highly Sensitive Braided Composite Yarn@Polydopamine@Polypyrrole for Wearable Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7338-7348. [PMID: 30673211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable devices for various applications have attracted research attention in recent years. To date, it is still a big challenge to fabricate strain sensors with a large workable strain range while maintaining their high sensitivity. Herein, we report the fabrication of highly sensitive wearable strain sensors from braided composite yarns (BYs) by in situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of yarns after polydopamine templating (BYs-PDA). The electromechanical performance and strain sensing properties of the fabricated braided composite yarn@polydopamine@polypyrrole (BYs-PDA-PPy) were investigated. Because of the unique braided structure of BYs, the BYs-PDA-PPy strain sensors exhibit fascinating performance, including a large workable strain range (up to 105% strain), high sensitivity (gauge factor of 51.2 in strain of 0%-40% and of 27.6 in strain of 40%-105%), long-term stability and great electrical heating performance. Furthermore, the BYs-PDA-PPy sensors can be used in real-time monitoring subtle and large human motions. The BYs-PDA-PPy strain sensors can also be woven into fabrics for large area electric heating. These results demonstrate the potential of BYs-PDA-PPy in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Mengyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Lei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Anchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong 3216 , Australia
| | - Deshan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Guangming Cai
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies , Wuhan Textile University , Wuhan 430073 , China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Fashion and Textiles , RMIT University , Melbourne 3056 , Australia
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Ding Y, Xu T, Onyilagha O, Fong H, Zhu Z. Recent Advances in Flexible and Wearable Pressure Sensors Based on Piezoresistive 3D Monolithic Conductive Sponges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6685-6704. [PMID: 30689335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-performance flexible strain and pressure sensors are important components of the systems for human motion detection, human-machine interaction, soft robotics, electronic skin, etc., which are envisioned as the key technologies for applications in future human healthcare monitoring and artificial intelligence. In recent years, highly flexible and wearable strain/pressure sensors have been developed based on various materials/structures and transduction mechanisms. Piezoresistive three-dimensional (3D) monolithic conductive sponge, the resistance of which changes upon external pressure or stimuli, has emerged as a forefront material for flexible and wearable pressure sensor due to its excellent sensor performance, facile fabrication, and simple circuit integration. This review focuses on the rapid development of the piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 3D conductive sponges. Various piezoresistive conductive sponges are categorized into four different types and their material and structural characteristics are summarized. Methods for preparation of the 3D conductive sponges are reviewed, followed by examples of device performance and selected applications. The review concludes with a critical reflection of the current status and challenges. Prospects of the 3D conductive sponge for flexible and wearable pressure sensor are discussed.
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Ray TR, Choi J, Bandodkar AJ, Krishnan S, Gutruf P, Tian L, Ghaffari R, Rogers JA. Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5461-5533. [PMID: 30689360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance. Recent advances in material science, chemical analysis techniques, device designs, and assembly methods form the foundations for a uniquely differentiated type of wearable technology, characterized by noninvasive, intimate integration with the soft, curved, time-dynamic surfaces of the body. This review summarizes the latest advances in this emerging field of "bio-integrated" technologies in a comprehensive manner that connects fundamental developments in chemistry, material science, and engineering with sensing technologies that have the potential for widespread deployment and societal benefit in human health care. An introduction to the chemistries and materials for the active components of these systems contextualizes essential design considerations for sensors and associated platforms that appear in following sections. The subsequent content highlights the most advanced biosensors, classified according to their ability to capture biophysical, biochemical, and environmental information. Additional sections feature schemes for electrically powering these sensors and strategies for achieving fully integrated, wireless systems. The review concludes with an overview of key remaining challenges and a summary of opportunities where advances in materials chemistry will be critically important for continued progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Ray
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Jungil Choi
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Amay J Bandodkar
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Siddharth Krishnan
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Arizona Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Limei Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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Sang Z, Ke K, Manas-Zloczower I. Interface Design Strategy for the Fabrication of Highly Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36483-36492. [PMID: 30280558 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously achieving high piezoresistive sensitivity, stretchability, and good electrical conductivity in conductive elastomer composites (CECs) with carbon nanofillers is crucial for stretchable strain sensor and electrode applications. Here, we report a facile and environmentally friendly strategy to realize these three goals at once by using branched carbon nanotubes, also known as the carbon nanostructure (CNS). Inspired by the brick-wall structure, a robust segregated conductive network of a CNS is formed in the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix at a very low filler fraction, which renders the composite very good electrical, mechanical, and piezoresistive properties. An extremely low percolation threshold of 0.06 wt %, currently the lowest for TPU-based CECs, is achieved via this strategy. Meanwhile, the electrical conductivity is up to 1 and 40 S/m for the composites with 0.7 and 4 wt % CNS, respectively. Tunable piezoresistive sensitivity dependent on CNS content is obtained, and the composite with 0.7 wt % filler has a gauge factor up to 6861 at strain ε = 660% (elongation at break is 950%). In addition, this strategy also renders the composites' attractive tensile modulus. The composite with 3 wt % CNS shows 450% improvement in Young's modulus versus neat TPU. This work introduces a facile strategy to fabricate highly stretchable strain sensors by designing CNS network structures, advancing understanding of the effects of polymer-filler interfaces on the mechanical and electrical property enhancements for polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 2100 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-7202 , United States
| | - Kai Ke
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 2100 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-7202 , United States
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 2100 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-7202 , United States
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Hyun G, Cho SH, Park J, Kim K, Ahn C, Tiwari AP, Kim ID, Jeon S. 3D ordered carbon/SnO2 hybrid nanostructures for energy storage applications. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stretchable and Washable Strain Sensor Based on Cracking Structure for Human Motion Monitoring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13241. [PMID: 30185926 PMCID: PMC6125599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretchable and wearable strain sensors have been intensively studied in recent years for applications in human motion monitoring. However, achieving a high-performance strain sensor with high stretchability, ultra-sensitivity, and functionality, such as tunable sensing ranges and sensitivity to various stimuli, has not yet been reported, even though such sensors have great importance for the future applications of wearable electronics. Herein, a novel and versatile strain sensor based on a cracking (silver ink patterned silicone elastomer)-(silver plated nylon structure) (Ag-DS/CF) has been designed and fabricated. The unique structure combined precisely shaped stretchable conductive fabrics and wrinkled Ag-ink pattern to achieve an excellent electrical performance. The Ag-DS/CF could be used to detect both large and subtle human motions and activities, pressure changes, and physical vibrations by achieving high stretchability up to 75%, ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor >104–106), tunable sensing ranges (from 7 to 75%). Excellent durability was demonstrated for human motion monitoring with machine washability. The extremely versatile Ag-DS/CF showed outstanding potential for the future of wearable electronics in real-time monitoring of human health, sports performance, etc.
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Oh J, Yang JC, Kim JO, Park H, Kwon SY, Lee S, Sim JY, Oh HW, Kim J, Park S. Pressure Insensitive Strain Sensor with Facile Solution-Based Process for Tactile Sensing Applications. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7546-7553. [PMID: 29995382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors that can mechanically decouple, and therefore differentiate, various tactile inputs are highly important to properly mimic the sensing capabilities of human skin. Herein, we present an all-solution processable pressure insensitive strain sensor that utilizes the difference in structural change upon the application of pressure and tensile strain. Under the application of strain, microcracks occur within the multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) network, inducing a large change in resistance with gauge factor of ∼56 at 70% strain. On the other hand, under the application of pressure to as high as 140 kPa, negligible change in resistance is observed, which can be attributed to the pressure working primarily to close the pores, and hence minimally changing the MWCNT network conformation. Our sensor can easily be coated onto irregularly shaped three-dimensional objects (e.g., robotic hand) via spray coating, or be attached to human joints, to detect bending motion. Furthermore, our sensor can differentiate between shear stress and normal pressure, and the local strain can be spatially mapped without the use of patterned electrode array using electrical impedance tomography. These demonstrations make our sensor highly useful and important for the future development of high performance tactile sensors.
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48
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Song P, Qin H, Gao HL, Cong HP, Yu SH. Self-healing and superstretchable conductors from hierarchical nanowire assemblies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2786. [PMID: 30018323 PMCID: PMC6050250 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still a great challenge to improve deformability and fatigue-resistance of stretchable conductors when maintaining their high-level conductivity for practical use. Herein, a high-performance stretchable conductor with hierarchically ternary network and self-healing capability is demonstrated through in situ polymerizing N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) on well-defined sulfur-containing molecule-modified Ag nanowire (AgNW) aerogel framework. Owing to hierarchical architecture from nanoscale to microscale and further to macroscale and strong interactions of polymer chains and AgNWs, the composite exhibits good conductivity of 93 S cm−1, excellent electromechanical stability up to superhigh tensile strain of 800% and strong fatigue-resistant ability through well accommodating the applied deformations and sharing external force in the network. Furthermore, the composite delivers a fast and strong healing capability induced by reversible Ag–S bonds, which enables the healed conductor to hold an impressive electromechanical property. These prominent demonstrations confirm this material as top performer for use as flexible, stretchable electronic devices. Stretchable conductors are important for further developments in the electronics industry, but improving the deformability when maintaining the high-level conductivity is still challenging. Here the authors demonstrate a ternary self-healing silver nanowire/polymer network as high-performance stretchable conductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P.R. China
| | - Haili Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Ling Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Ping Cong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P.R. China.
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China.
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Liu C, Huang N, Xu F, Tong J, Chen Z, Gui X, Fu Y, Lao C. 3D Printing Technologies for Flexible Tactile Sensors toward Wearable Electronics and Electronic Skin. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060629. [PMID: 30966663 PMCID: PMC6403645 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Over the past three decades, various 3D printing technologies have been developed including photopolymerization-based, materials extrusion-based, sheet lamination-based, binder jetting-based, power bed fusion-based and direct energy deposition-based processes. 3D printing offers unparalleled flexibility and simplicity in the fabrication of highly complex 3D objects. Tactile sensors that emulate human tactile perceptions are used to translate mechanical signals such as force, pressure, strain, shear, torsion, bend, vibration, etc. into electrical signals and play a crucial role toward the realization of wearable electronics and electronic skin. To date, many types of 3D printing technologies have been applied in the manufacturing of various types of tactile sensors including piezoresistive, capacitive and piezoelectric sensors. This review attempts to summarize the current state-of-the-art 3D printing technologies and their applications in tactile sensors for wearable electronics and electronic skin. The applications are categorized into five aspects: 3D-printed molds for microstructuring substrate, electrodes and sensing element; 3D-printed flexible sensor substrate and sensor body for tactile sensors; 3D-printed sensing element; 3D-printed flexible and stretchable electrodes for tactile sensors; and fully 3D-printed tactile sensors. Latest advances in the fabrication of tactile sensors by 3D printing are reviewed and the advantages and limitations of various 3D printing technologies and printable materials are discussed. Finally, future development of 3D-printed tactile sensors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Liu
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Ninggui Huang
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Junda Tong
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhangwei Chen
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xuchun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yuelong Fu
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Changshi Lao
- Additive Manufacturing Institute, College of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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50
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Cho S, Ahn C, Park J, Jeon S. 3D nanostructured N-doped TiO 2 photocatalysts with enhanced visible absorption. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:9747-9751. [PMID: 29767206 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the environmental issues, it is essential to develop highly efficient and recyclable photocatalysts in purification systems. Conventional TiO2 nanoparticles have strong intrinsic oxidizing power and high surface area, but are difficult to collect after use and rarely absorb visible light, resulting in low photocatalytic efficiency under sunlight. Here we develop a new type of highly efficient and recyclable photocatalyst made of a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured N-doped TiO2 monolith with enhanced visible light absorption. To prepare the sample, an ultrathin TiN layer (∼10 nm) was conformally coated using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on 3D nanostructured TiO2. Subsequent thermal annealing at low temperature (550 °C) converted TiN to anatase phase N-doped TiO2. The resulting 3D N-doped TiO2 showed ∼33% enhanced photocatalytic performance compared to pure 3D TiO2 of equivalent thickness under sunlight due to the reduced bandgap, from 3.2 eV to 2.75 eV through N-doping. The 3D N-doped TiO2 monolith could be easily collected and reused at least 5 times without any degradation in photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for The Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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