1
|
Dacha P, Hambsch M, Pohl D, Haase K, Löffler M, Lan T, Feng X, Rellinghaus B, Mannsfeld SCB. Tailoring the Morphology of a Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based Polymer as Films or Wires for High-Performance OFETs using Solution Shearing. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300842. [PMID: 38009770 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers often show efficient charge carrier transport along their backbone which is a primary factor in the electrical behavior of Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFETs) devices fabricated from these materials. Herein, a solution shearing procedure is reported to fabricate micro/nano wires from a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer. Millimeter to nanometer long polymer wires orientated in the coating direction are developed after a thorough analysis of the deposition conditions. It shows several morphological regimes-film, transition, and wires and experimentally derive a phase diagram for the parameters coating speed and surface energy of the substrate. The as-fabricated wires are isolated, which is confirmed by optical, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy. Beside the macroscopic alignment of wires, cross-polarized optical microscopy images show strong birefringence suggesting a high degree of molecular orientation. This is further substantiated by polarized UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction transmission electron microscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Finally, an enhanced electrical performance of single wire OFETs is observed with a 15-fold increase in effective charge carrier mobility to 1.57 cm2 V-1 s-1 over devices using films (0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) with similar values for on/off current ratio and threshold voltage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Dacha
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Darius Pohl
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katherina Haase
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tianshu Lan
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernd Rellinghaus
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Milos F, Tullii G, Gobbo F, Lodola F, Galeotti F, Verpelli C, Mayer D, Maybeck V, Offenhäusser A, Antognazza MR. High Aspect Ratio and Light-Sensitive Micropillars Based on a Semiconducting Polymer Optically Regulate Neuronal Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23438-23451. [PMID: 33983012 PMCID: PMC8161421 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many nano- and microstructured devices capable of promoting neuronal growth and network formation have been previously investigated. In certain cases, topographical cues have been successfully complemented with external bias, by employing electrically conducting scaffolds. However, the use of optical stimulation with topographical cues was rarely addressed in this context, and the development of light-addressable platforms for modulating and guiding cellular growth and proliferation remains almost completely unexplored. Here, we develop high aspect ratio micropillars based on a prototype semiconducting polymer, regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), as an optically active, three-dimensional platform for embryonic cortical neurons. P3HT micropillars provide a mechanically compliant environment and allow a close contact with neuronal cells. The combined action of nano/microtopography and visible light excitation leads to effective optical modulation of neuronal growth and orientation. Embryonic neurons cultured on polymer pillars show a clear polarization effect and, upon exposure to optical excitation, a significant increase in both neurite and axon length. The biocompatible, microstructured, and light-sensitive platform developed here opens up the opportunity to optically regulate neuronal growth in a wireless, repeatable, and spatio-temporally controlled manner without genetic modification. This approach may be extended to other cell models, thus uncovering interesting applications of photonic devices in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frano Milos
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH
University Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Tullii
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Gobbo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche G. Natta (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- Istituto
di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maybeck
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH
University Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ko J, Berger R, Lee H, Yoon H, Cho J, Char K. Electronic effects of nano-confinement in functional organic and inorganic materials for optoelectronics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3585-3628. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the electronic effects of nano-confinement (from 1D to 3D geometries) on optoelectronic materials and their applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongkuk Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical & Biological Engineering
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Physics at Interfaces
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Hyemin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Seoul National University of Science & Technology
- Seoul 01811
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Yoon
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- Seoul National University of Science & Technology
- Seoul 01811
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology
| | - Kookheon Char
- School of Chemical & Biological Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tullii G, Giona F, Lodola F, Bonfadini S, Bossio C, Varo S, Desii A, Criante L, Sala C, Pasini M, Verpelli C, Galeotti F, Antognazza MR. High-Aspect-Ratio Semiconducting Polymer Pillars for 3D Cell Cultures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28125-28137. [PMID: 31356041 PMCID: PMC6943816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid interfaces between living cells and nano/microstructured scaffolds have huge application potential in biotechnology, spanning from regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies to localized drug delivery and from biosensing and tissue engineering to neural computing. However, 3D architectures based on semiconducting polymers, endowed with responsivity to visible light, have never been considered. Here, we apply for the first time a push-coating technique to realize high aspect ratio polymeric pillars, based on polythiophene, showing optimal biocompatibility and allowing for the realization of soft, 3D cell cultures of both primary neurons and cell line models. HEK-293 cells cultured on top of polymer pillars display a remarkable change in the cell morphology and a sizable enhancement of the membrane capacitance due to the cell membrane thinning in correspondence to the pillars' top surface, without negatively affecting cell proliferation. Electrophysiology properties and synapse number of primary neurons are also very well preserved. In perspective, high aspect ratio semiconducting polymer pillars may find interesting applications as soft, photoactive elements for cell activity sensing and modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tullii
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Lodola
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Bossio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Varo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Neuroscience
Institute, Milan 20129, Italy
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAC-CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAC-CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Günaydın O, Demir A, Atahan A, Yardım T, Yücedağ İ. Evaluation of novel thiophene branched polystyrene as insulator layer in organic electronic device. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
6
|
Selivanova M, Chuang CH, Billet B, Malik A, Xiang P, Landry E, Chiu YC, Rondeau-Gagné S. Morphology and Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymer and Branched Polyethylene Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12723-12732. [PMID: 30854843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for influencing the solid-state morphology of conjugated polymers was developed through physical blending with a low-molecular-weight branched polyethylene. This nontoxic and low-boiling-point additive was blended with a high-charge-mobility diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymer, and a detailed investigation of the new blended materials was performed by various characterization tools, including X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Interestingly, the branched additive was shown to reduce the crystallinity of the conjugated polymer while promoting aggregation and phase separation in the solid state. Upon thermal removal of the olefinic additive, the thin films maintained a lower crystallinity and aggregated morphology in comparison to a nonblended polymer. The semiconducting performance of the new branched polyethylene/conjugated polymer blends was also investigated in organic field-effect transistors, which showed a stable charge mobility of around 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 without thermal annealing, independent of the blending ratio. Furthermore, using the new polyethylene-based additive, the concentration of a conjugated polymer required for the fabrication of organic field-effect transistor devices was reduced down to 0.05 wt %, without affecting charge transport, which represents a significant improvement compared to usual concentrations used for solution deposition. Our results demonstrate that the physical blending of a conjugated polymer with nontoxic, low-molecular-weight branched polyethylene is a promising strategy for the modification and fine-tuning of the solid-state morphology of conjugated polymers without sacrificing their charge-transport properties, thus creating new opportunities for the large-scale processing of organic semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Selivanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Ching-Heng Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Blandine Billet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Aleena Malik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Peng Xiang
- PolyAnalytik Inc , 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202 , London , Ontario N6G 4X8 , Canada
| | - Eric Landry
- PolyAnalytik Inc , 700 Collip Circle, Suite 202 , London , Ontario N6G 4X8 , Canada
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor, Essex Centre of Research (CORe) , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inaba S, Arai R, Mihai G, Lazar O, Moise C, Enachescu M, Takeoka Y, Vohra V. Eco-Friendly Push-Coated Polymer Solar Cells with No Active Material Wastes Yield Power Conversion Efficiencies over 5.5. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10785-10793. [PMID: 30788961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Push-coating is a simple process that can be employed for extremely low-cost polymer electronic device production. Here, we demonstrate its application to the fabrication of poly(2,7-carbazole- alt-dithienylbenzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) active layers processed in air, yielding similar photovoltaic performances as thermally annealed spin-coated thin films when used in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). During push-coating, the polydimethylsiloxane layer temporarily traps the deposition solvent, resulting in simultaneous film formation and solvent annealing effect. This removes the necessity for a postdeposition thermal annealing step which is required for spin-coated PSCs to produce high photovoltaic performances. Optimized PSC active layers are produced with a push-coating time of 5 min at room temperature with 20 times less hazardous solvent and 40 times less active material than spin-coating. Annealed spin-coated active layers and active layers push-coated for 5 min both produce average power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 5.77%, while those push-coated for a shorter time of 1 min yield a slightly lower value of 5.59%. We demonstrate that, despite differences in their donor:acceptor vertical concentration gradients, unencapsulated PCDTBT:PC71BM active layers push-coated for 1 min produce PSCs with similar operational stability and upscaling capacity as thermally annealed spin-coated ones. As fast device fabrication can be achieved with short-time push-coating, we further demonstrate the potential of this deposition technique by manufacturing push-coated PSC-based semitransparent photovoltaic devices with a PCE of 4.23%, relatively neutral colors and an average visible transparency of 40.2%. Our work thus confirms that push-coating is not limited to the widely employed poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) but can also be used with low band gap copolymers and opens the path to low-cost and eco-friendly, yet efficient and stable PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Inaba
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka , Chofu City , 182-8585 Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ryosuke Arai
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences , Sophia University , 7-1 Kioicho , Chiyoda Ward , 102-8554 Tokyo , Japan
| | - Geanina Mihai
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Oana Lazar
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Calin Moise
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Marius Enachescu
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Yuko Takeoka
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences , Sophia University , 7-1 Kioicho , Chiyoda Ward , 102-8554 Tokyo , Japan
| | - Varun Vohra
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka , Chofu City , 182-8585 Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Squeo BM, Carulli F, Lassi E, Galeotti F, Giovanella U, Luzzati S, Pasini M. Benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polyelectrolytes for interfacial engineering in optoelectronic devices. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polar semiconducting polymers based on a conjugated polymer backbone endowed with chemically anchored polar groups on the side chains have proved to be particularly interesting as optimization layer at organic/cathode interface in optoelectronic devices. In particular, the pendant phosphonate groups impart water-alcohol solubility allowing easy solution processing, and improve electron injection thanks to both a favorable interfacial dipole of phosphonate groups and an intense coordination interaction between the phosphonate groups and Al cathode. In this work we synthesize alternating fluorene-benzothiadiazole copolymers by proposing a post-polymerization reaction to insert the phosphonate groups. Thanks to this approach it is possible to use standard Suzuki coupling conditions, simplifying the process of synthesis, purification and characterization. The polymer Poly[9,9-bis(6′-diethoxylphosphorylhexyl)-alt-benzothiadiazole] (P2), is tested in conventional organic solar cells as cathode interfacial layers showing, with respect to the control device, an increasing of all the photovoltaic parameters, with a final power conversion efficiency that reaches 5.35% starting from 4.6%. The same trend is observed for multilayered polymer light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency of the P2-based PLED enhanced of 1.5 times with respect to the basic devices with bare Al cathode, and negligible roll-off efficiency. The synergic effects of energy gap modulation and of polar phosphonated pendant functionalities of P2 are compared with the corresponding fluorene-based polar homopolymer. Our results show that, not only a proper selection of side functionalities, but also the tailoring of the energy gap of cathode interfacial materials (CIMs) is a possible effective strategy to engineer cathode of different optoelectronic devices and enhance their performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Maria Squeo
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Milano , Italy
| | - Francesco Carulli
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Milano , Italy
| | - Elisa Lassi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Milano , Italy
| | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Milano , Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Milano , Italy
| | - Silvia Luzzati
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Milano , Italy
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wadsworth A, Moser M, Marks A, Little MS, Gasparini N, Brabec CJ, Baran D, McCulloch I. Critical review of the molecular design progress in non-fullerene electron acceptors towards commercially viable organic solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1596-1625. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical analysis of the molecular design strategies employed in the recent progress of non-fullerene electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Mark S. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I-MEET)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern)
| | - Derya Baran
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- KSC Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs): An update review on current innovation and performance of material properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Vohra V. Can Polymer Solar Cells Open the Path to Sustainable and Efficient Photovoltaic Windows Fabrication? CHEM REC 2018; 19:1166-1178. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vohra
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of Electro-communications 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu City Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang J, Lin Y, Zheng W, Liu A, Cai W, Yu X, Zhang F, Liang Q, Wu H, Qin D, Hou L. Roll-to-Roll Slot-Die-Printed Polymer Solar Cells by Self-Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22485-22494. [PMID: 29893117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extremely simplified one-step roll-to-roll slot-die-printed flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)-free polymer solar cells (PSCs) are demonstrated based on the ternary blends of electron-donor polymer thieno[3,4- b]thiophene/benzodithiophene, electron-acceptor fullerene [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, and electron-extracting polymer poly[(9,9-bis(3'-( N, N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)- alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN) at room temperature (RT) in ambient air. The flexible ITO-free PSC exhibits a comparable power conversion efficiency (PCE) with the device employing complicated two-step slot-die printing (5.29% vs 5.41%), which indicates that PFN molecules can migrate from the ternary nanocomposite toward the Ag cathode via vertical self-assembly during the one-step slot-die printing process in air. To confirm the migration of PFN, the morphology and elemental analysis as well as charge transport of different active layers are investigated by the in situ transient film drying process, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle and surface energy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, transient photovoltage and transient photocurrent, and laser-beam-induced current. Moreover, the good air and mechanical stability of the flexible device with a decent PCE achieved in 1 cm2 PSCs at RT in air suggests the feasibility of energy-saving and time-saving one-step slot-die printing to large-scale roll-to-roll manufacture in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Alei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Wanzhu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Fengling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Quanbin Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Donghuan Qin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Lintao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu A, Zhu H, Sun H, Xu Y, Noh YY. Solution Processed Metal Oxide High-κ Dielectrics for Emerging Transistors and Circuits. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706364. [PMID: 29904984 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electronic functionalities of metal oxides comprise conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. Metal oxides have attracted great interest for construction of large-area electronics, particularly thin-film transistors (TFTs), for their high optical transparency, excellent chemical and thermal stability, and mechanical tolerance. High-permittivity (κ) oxide dielectrics are a key component for achieving low-voltage and high-performance TFTs. With the expanding integration of complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistors, the replacement of SiO2 with high-κ oxide dielectrics has become urgently required, because their provided thicker layers suppress quantum mechanical tunneling. Toward low-cost devices, tremendous efforts have been devoted to vacuum-free, solution processable fabrication, such as spin coating, spray pyrolysis, and printing techniques. This review focuses on recent progress in solution processed high-κ oxide dielectrics and their applications to emerging TFTs. First, the history, basics, theories, and leakage current mechanisms of high-κ oxide dielectrics are presented, and the underlying mechanism for mobility enhancement over conventional SiO2 is outlined. Recent achievements of solution-processed high-κ oxide materials and their applications in TFTs are summarized and traditional coating methods and emerging printing techniques are introduced. Finally, low temperature approaches, e.g., ecofriendly water-induced, self-combustion reaction, and energy-assisted post treatments, for the realization of flexible electronics and circuits are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Liu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Huihui Zhu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Huabin Sun
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vohra V, Galeotti F, Giovanella U, Mróz W, Pasini M, Botta C. Nanostructured Light-Emitting Polymer Thin Films and Devices Fabricated by the Environment-Friendly Push-Coating Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11794-11800. [PMID: 29546977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Push-coating is a green and extremely low-cost process in which only few microliters of conjugated polymer solutions are used to produce thin films using capillary forces. Here, we adapt this fabrication technique to replicate self-assembled nanoporous structures on green and red light-emitting conjugated polymer thin films. These films display ring-like photoluminescence and are successfully integrated into polymer light-emitting devices as emitting layers. At low applied voltages, the green-emitting devices exhibit electroluminescence (EL) from hexagonally arranged nanopixel arrays resulting from a stronger electric field in the thinner areas inside the pores. By gradually increasing the voltage up to 10 V, the emission extends to the areas around the pores. At voltages higher than 10 V, a nonreversible nanopixel to nanoring-like switching of the EL can be observed. After filling the pores with a second blue-emitting conjugated polymer, voltage-dependent reversible color tuning of the EL is achieved in the nanostructured light-emitting bilayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vohra
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka , Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR-ISMAC , Via Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR-ISMAC , Via Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Wojciech Mróz
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR-ISMAC , Via Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR-ISMAC , Via Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR-ISMAC , Via Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Strongly Iridescent Hybrid Photonic Sensors Based on Self-Assembled Nanoparticles for Hazardous Solvent Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8030169. [PMID: 29547540 PMCID: PMC5869660 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Facile detection and the identification of hazardous organic solvents are essential for ensuring global safety and avoiding harm to the environment caused by industrial wastes. Here, we present a simple method for the fabrication of silver-coated monodisperse polystyrene nanoparticle photonic structures that are embedded into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. These hybrid materials exhibit a strong green iridescence with a reflectance peak at 550 nm that originates from the close-packed arrangement of the nanoparticles. This reflectance peak measured under Wulff-Bragg conditions displays a 20 to 50 nm red shift when the photonic sensors are exposed to five commonly employed and highly hazardous organic solvents. These red-shifts correlate well with PDMS swelling ratios using the various solvents, which suggests that the observable color variations result from an increase in the photonic crystal lattice parameter with a similar mechanism to the color modulation of the chameleon skin. Dynamic reflectance measurements enable the possibility of clearly identifying each of the tested solvents. Furthermore, as small amounts of hazardous solvents such as tetrahydrofuran can be detected even when mixed with water, the nanostructured solvent sensors we introduce here could have a major impact on global safety measures as innovative photonic technology for easily visualizing and identifying the presence of contaminants in water.
Collapse
|
16
|
Polarized Emission from Conjugated Polymer Chains Aligned by Epitaxial Growth during Off-Center Spin-Coating. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/8637108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their macromolecular nature, conjugated polymers can be relatively easily aligned by applying a variety of processes resulting in either elongation or ordering of their conjugated backbones. Processes that induce chain alignment include electrospinning, mechanical rubbing, epitaxial growth, and nanoconfinement and unidirectional deposition techniques such as off-center spin-coating. In this study, we compare these deposition techniques by applying them to a green-emitting conjugated polymer material that exhibits liquid crystalline phase behavior. Our study reveals that while methods such as electrospinning and mechanical rubbing can be useful to locally generate polymer chain alignment, the combination of epitaxial growth using 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene as crystallizing agent with off-center spin-coating results in the formation of anisotropic nanofiber-like structures with enhanced crystallinity degree and polarized light-emission properties. The unidirectional epitaxial growth was also applied to a red-emitting polymer that exhibits polarization ratios up to 4.1. Our results emphasize that this simple solution formulation and process can be used for the fabrication of polarized thin films of a variety of conjugated polymers with potential applications in the advanced display technologies or analytical equipment fields.
Collapse
|