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Jia M, Zhao C, Tang Z, Jin Z, Zhang N, Han X. Continuous manipulation of electromagnetic radiation based on ultrathin flexible frequency coding metasurface. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18915. [PMID: 39143133 PMCID: PMC11325028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical characteristics of electromagnetic waves are combined with digital information in coding metasurfaces. Coding metasurfaces enable precise control of beams by flexibly designing coding sequences. However, achieving continuous multivariate modulation of electromagnetic waves on passive flexible coded metasurfaces remains a challenge. Previous passive coding metasurfaces have a fixed phase difference between adjacent coding units throughout the operating frequency band, and when the coding pattern is defined, the coded metasurface can only achieve a single electromagnetic function. Our proposed frequency coding metasurface units vary linearly in phase difference over the operating frequency band with different phase sensitivities. Frequency coding metarsurfaces enable a wide range of tunable and versatile electromagnetic energy radiation, without introducing any active devices and changing the coding pattern. As a demonstration of the concept, we have shown theoretically and numerically that frequency coding metasurface can achieve successive transformations of electromagnetic functions, including multi-beam generation, anomalous deflection and diffuse scattering. In addition, beam sweeping function is achieved by means of spatially non-periodically distributed frequency coding metasurface. When the frequency of the incident wave is changed, the deflection angle of the beam is also changed. In addition to the tunability of properties, research on coding metasurfaces has tended to be limited to rigid materials. Flexible coding metasurfaces have potential applications in microwave antennas, radar and aircraft. The passive flexible frequency coding metasurfaces provide a novel approach to manipulating electromagnetic waves with increased design flexibility. This promises applications in microwave antennas, radar, aircraft, and satellite communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zhouhao Tang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Ziliang Jin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Ningtao Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
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Zhang S, Cao W, Wu T, Wang J, Wei Y. The Design of a Multifunctional Coding Transmitarray with Independent Manipulation of the Polarization States. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1014. [PMID: 39203665 PMCID: PMC11356009 DOI: 10.3390/mi15081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Manipulating orthogonally polarized waves independently in a single metasurface is pivotal. However, independently controlling the phase shifts of orthogonally polarized waves is difficult, especially in the same frequency bands. Here, we propose a receiver-phase shift-transmitter transmitarray with independent control of arbitrary polarization states in the same frequency bands, in which transmission rates reach more than 90% in the frequency bands 4.2~4.9 GHz and 5.3~5.5 GHz. By introducing a phase-regulation structure to each element, phases covering 360° for different polarized incident waves can be independently controlled by different geometric parameters, and two-bit coding phases can be obtained. The design principle based on the two-port network's scattering matrix has been analyzed. To verify the independent tuning abilities of the proposed transmitarray for different polarization incidences in the same frequency bands, a multifunctional receive-phase shift-radiation coding transmitarray (RPRCT), which is composed of 16×16 elements, with functions of anomalous refraction (for example, orbital angular momentum wave) and focusing transmission for different polarized incident waves was simulated and measured. The measured results agree reasonably well with the simulated ones. Our findings provide a simple method for obtaining a multifunctional metasurface with orthogonal polarization in the same frequency bands, which greatly improves the capacity and spectral efficiency of communication channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China (J.W.)
| | - Weiping Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China (J.W.)
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Wang C, Wang R, Cheng X, Hu X, Wang C. Passively Broadband Tunable Dual Circular Dichroism via Bound States in the Continuum in Topological Chiral Metasurface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18922-18932. [PMID: 38990704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic control for a strong circular dichroism (CD) response is essential in engineering applications such as polarization manipulation, sensing, and imaging. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a broadband tunable dual CD response via bound states in the continuum (BICs) in two-dimensional topologically protected metasurfaces composed of all-dielectric Si chiral grating structures that generate a pair of mixed and degenerated BIC mode and circular dichroic mode (CDM) as an additional degree of freedom in CD manipulation. It is found that a singular CD peak of nearly 100% at 1.6 μm can be achieved by CDM when BIC is hidden under normal incidence, while the CD peak can be split into two in which peak wavelengths can be precisely and linearly tuned over a bandwidth of 180 nm by the incident angle when the BIC mode is excited under oblique incidence. Additionally, dynamic modulation of output polarization states from linear to circular can be arbitrarily achieved at the split CD peaks by controlling the incident angle when asymmetry perturbations on chiral gratings are introduced due to the decoupling of various polarization states at Γ point by BIC to different positions in K space. The proposed chiral grating metasurface exhibits unique angle-sensitive tunable CD spectral characteristics, making it ideal for hyperspectral and spin-selective wavefront shaping, and holds significant promise in various applications such as optical security, angle sensors, chiral lasers, nonlinear filters, and other active chiral optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqian Wang
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiguo Cheng
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chinhua Wang
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Du Z, He C, Xin J, Song Z. Terahertz dynamic multichannel holograms generated by spin-multiplexing reflective metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:248-259. [PMID: 38175052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, metasurfaces have attracted considerable interest for their unprecedented capabilities to manipulate intensity, phase, and polarization of an electromagnetic wave. Although metasurface-based wavefront modulation has achieved numerous successful results, implementation of multifunctional devices in a single metasurface still meet significant challenges. Here, a novel multilayer structure is designed using properties of vanadium dioxide (VO2). Propagation phase and geometric phase are introduced in this structure to achieve multichannel holographic imaging in terahertz band. When the temperature is above 68°C, VO2 becomes a metal and it plays a role in wavefront modulation for terahertz wave. The left-handed channel realizes a hologram letter L and the right-handed channel realizes a hologram letter R. When the temperature is below 68°C, VO2 changes to an insulator, and electromagnetic wave is controlled by gold structures embedded inside a VO2 film. In this case, hologram number 2 is realized in the left-handed channel and hologram number 6 appears in the right-handed channel. Our structure has advantages of low crosstalk, multiple channels, and large bandwidth. This novel design paves a new road for multichannel imaging and information encryption.
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Li F, Yin X, Deng JY. Wideband reflective metasurface for independent control of mode and circular polarization of orbital angular momentum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43975-43988. [PMID: 38178480 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase, usually utilized for phase manipulation of circularly polarized (CP) waves, has inherent symmetrical response on left-handed polarized (LCP) and right-handed polarized (RCP) for orbital angular momentum (OAM), which severely hinders its application. By modulating both propagation and PB phase allows independent control of LCP and RCP of OAM, but increases the design difficulty. Here, we propose a phase compensation scheme to independent control the CP states of OAM only utilizing PB phase, where arbitrary topological charges and deflection directions of LCP and RCP beams can be realized. Two wideband metasurfaces are designed to independent control the mode, circular polarization and beam directions of OAM at the frequency range of 10-20 GHz. This work significantly motivates the development of polarization division multiplexing in wireless communication system.
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Xin J, Du Z, Zhou Z, Song Z. Optical reflective metasurfaces enable spin-decoupled OAM and focusing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27008-27016. [PMID: 37789700 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02321d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the physically unrestricted set of orthogonally helical modes of orbital angular momentum (OAM), it has contributed significantly to wireless communication and information capacity. Meanwhile, focusing has important applications in fields such as super-resolution microscopic imaging and optical integration. Plasmonic metasurfaces have a powerful ability to modulate electromagnetic (EM) waves, and diversified functionalities in them are strongly desired. As of today, few plasmonic metasurfaces are reported which have multi-function in a single flat device. Herein, by fine-tuning the geometric dimensions and orientation angle of the meta-atom, the geometric phase is combined with the propagation phase to produce an independent phase response when left-handed circular polarization (LCP) and right-handed circular polarization (RCP) waves illuminate the metasurface. This paper presents three plasmonic metasurfaces, and each of them implements multiple functions on a single plasmonic metasurface. Firstly, normal reflection of OAM and a focused beam is achieved. Secondly, we realize anomalous reflection of OAM by convolving a gradient sequence and implement computational focusing at any point. Finally, addition theorem is adopted to implement the above two functions, and this design contains normal and inclined output beams. Our work provides novel approaches for the integration of multifunctional EM modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Xin
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zekai Zhou
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhengyong Song
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Li Q, Wu C, Xie Y, Li S, Li H, Jin L. Full Complex-Amplitude Modulation of Surface Waves Based on Spin-Decoupled Metasurface. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1511. [PMID: 37630047 PMCID: PMC10456954 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a method for surface wave (SW) coupling along with flexible complex amplitude modulation of its wavefront. The linearly polarized incident plane wave is coupled into the surface mode with complex wavefront by exploiting the spin-decouple nature of a reflective chiral meta-atom. As verification, two kinds of metasurface couplers are designed. The first kind contains two examples for SW airy beam generation with and without deflection under linearly polarized illumination, respectively. The second kind is a bi-functional device capable of SW focusing under left-handed circularly polarized illumination, and propagating wave deflection under right-handed circularly polarized illumination, respectively, to verify the fundamental spin-decoupled character. Simulated and experimental results are in good agreement. We believe that this method provides a flexible approach for complex SW applications in integrated optics, optical sensing, and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Chao Wu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
- The Institute of Dongguan—Tongji University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yu Xie
- China North Industries Corporation, Beijing 100053, China;
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Composite, Beijing 102101, China;
| | - Hongqiang Li
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
- The Institute of Dongguan—Tongji University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lijun Jin
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; (Q.L.); (H.L.); (L.J.)
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Zhang S, Cao W, Wu T, Wang J, Li H, Duan Y, Rong H, Zhang Y. Transmission-Reflection-Integrated Multifunctional Passive Metasurface for Entire-Space Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4242. [PMID: 37374425 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many intriguing electromagnetic (EM) phenomena have come into being utilizing metasurfaces (MSs). However, most of them operate in either transmission or reflection mode, leaving the other half of the EM space completely unmodulated. Here, a kind of transmission-reflection-integrated multifunctional passive MS is proposed for entire-space electromagnetic wave manipulation, which can transmit the x-polarized EM wave and reflect the y-polarized EM wave from the upper and lower space, respectively. By introducing an H-shaped chiral grating-like micro-structure and open square patches into the unit, the MS acts not only as an efficient converter of linear-to-left-hand circular (LP-to-LHCP), linear-to-orthogonal (LP-to-XP), and linear-to-right-hand circular (LP-to-RHCP) polarization within the frequency bands of 3.05-3.25, 3.45-3.8, and 6.45-6.85 GHz, respectively, under the x-polarized EM wave, but also as an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) within the frequency band of 12.6-13.5 GHz under the y-polarized EM wave. Additionally, the LP-to-XP polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is up to -0.52 dB at 3.8 GHz. To discuss the multiple functions of the elements to manipulate EM waves, the MS operating in transmission and reflection modes is designed and simulated. Furthermore, the proposed multifunctional passive MS is fabricated and experimentally measured. Both measured and simulated results confirm the prominent properties of the proposed MS, which validates the design's viability. This design offers an efficient way to achieve multifunctional meta-devices, which may have latent applications in modern integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing, Guilin 541004, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Radio and Information Processing (Ministry of Education), Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Weiping Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing, Guilin 541004, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Radio and Information Processing (Ministry of Education), Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tiesheng Wu
- School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanliang Duan
- School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Haoyu Rong
- School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Wei L, Huang H. Metasurface-based triple-band beam splitter with large spatial separation at visible wavelengths. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:583-589. [PMID: 37133041 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.480647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The dual-function of a wavelength beam splitter and a power beam splitter is desired in both classical optics and quantum optics. We propose a triple-band large-spatial-separation beam splitter at visible wavelengths using a phase-gradient metasurface in both the x- and y-directions. Under x-polarized normal incidence, the blue light is split in the y-direction into two equal-intensity beams owing to the resonance inside a single meta-atom, the green light is split in the x-direction into another two equal-intensity beams owing to the size variation between adjacent meta-atoms, while the red light passes directly without splitting. The size of the meta-atoms was optimized based on their phase response and transmittance. The simulated working efficiencies under normal incidence are 68.1%, 85.0%, and 81.9% at the wavelengths of 420 nm, 530 nm, and 730 nm, respectively. The sensitivities of the oblique incidence and polarization angle are also discussed.
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Rezaee Rezvan B, Yazdi M, Hosseininejad SE. On the Design of Multibeam Digital Metasurfaces With Multiple Feeds. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Rezaee Rezvan
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol 47148 Iran
| | - Mohammad Yazdi
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol 47148 Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Hosseininejad
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol 47148 Iran
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Li J, Guo F, Zhang S, Liu C. Bidirectional Terahertz Vortex Beam Regulator. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8639. [PMID: 36500135 PMCID: PMC9735746 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most of the reported vortex beam generators with orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the terahertz region only operate in either the reflection mode or the transmission mode, which greatly limits the integration and application in terahertz technology systems. Herein, we propose a full-space vortex beam regulator at two different frequencies. By changing the VO2 phase transition state, the transmission and reflection mode OAM beams can be flexibly controlled by a single metasurface. For the transmission mode, the proposed structure realizes an OAM beam at the topological charges of l = 1 and 2 at 0.6 THz and 1.4 THz. For the reflection mode, our structure generates an OAM beam at the topological charges of l = 1 and 2 at 0.9 THz and 1.5 THz. Based on the superposition theorem and convolution operation principle, the regulation of an OAM vortex beam with a specific deflection angle and a symmetrical deflection OAM vortex beam are realized. The designed metasurface integrates multiple transmitted and reflected vortex beam functions in full space and has potential application in different terahertz systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiusheng Li
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Information Engineering Department, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 735400, China
| | - Fenglei Guo
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Information Engineering Department, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 735400, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Information Engineering Department, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 735400, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Information Engineering Department, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 735400, China
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He J, Shi Z, Ye S, Li M, Dong J. Mid-infrared reconfigurable all-dielectric metasurface based on Ge 2Sb 2Se 4Te 1 phase-change material. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:34809-34823. [PMID: 36242485 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a reconfigurable all-dielectric metasurface based on Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (GSST) phase-change material is proposed. By changing GSST from amorphous state to crystalline state, the metasurface can achieve high circular dichroism (CD) and wideband polarization conversion for circularly polarized waves in the mid-infrared (MIR) band. The maximum CD value reaches 0.95 at 74 THz, and circular polarization conversion efficiency is more than 90% in the wideband range of 41 THz - 48 THz. In addition, based on Pancharatnam-Berry phase, three kinds of wavefront manipulation of light have been realized: abnormal refraction, orbital angular momentum vortex beam and orbital angular momentum vortex beam splitting. This work has potential applications in the future MIR optical integrated system.
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Ren B, Tang S, Feng Y, Cui Y, Liu J, Song J, Jiang Y. Dynamic and complete terahertz wavefront manipulation via an anisotropic coding metasurface. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7558-7564. [PMID: 36256353 DOI: 10.1364/ao.470274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A reconfigurable anisotropic coding metasurface composed of a graphene layer and anisotropic Jerusalem-cross metallic layer is proposed for dynamic and complete multi-channel terahertz wavefront manipulation. By controlling the Fermi energy of graphene, continuous amplitude modulation is realized for the coding elements with certain phase responses. By arranging anisotropic phase coding elements with a specific coding sequence and changing the Fermi energy of graphene, the proposed metasurface can dynamically control multi-channel reflection beams with designed power distribution and simultaneously manipulate the scattering pattern from diffusion to mirror scattering under x- and y-polarized incidence, respectively. Compared with the dynamic phase modulation metasurface, such a tunable metasurface uses three degrees of freedom, including the polarization, phase, and amplitude responses to fully control the reflected wavefronts, which may have promising applications in tunable terahertz multi-functional holograms and multi-channel information communication.
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Liu Y, Ding H, Li J, Lou X, Yang M, Zheng Y. Light-driven single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay. ELIGHT 2022; 2:13. [PMID: 35965781 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-022-00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interaction between cell surface receptors and extracellular ligands is highly related to many physiological processes in living systems. Many techniques have been developed to measure the ligand-receptor binding kinetics at the single-cell level. However, few techniques can measure the physiologically relevant shear binding affinity over a single cell in the clinical environment. Here, we develop a new optical technique, termed single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay (scRAFA), that mimics in vivo cell adhesion to achieve label-free determination of both homogeneous and heterogeneous binding kinetics of targeted cells at the subcellular level. Moreover, the scRAFA is also applicable to analyze the binding affinities on a single cell in native human biofluids. With its superior performance and general applicability, scRAFA is expected to find applications in study of the spatial organization of cell surface receptors and diagnosis of infectious diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43593-022-00020-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Hongru Ding
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Xin Lou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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Li SJ, Han BW, Li ZY, Liu XB, Huang GS, Li RQ, Cao XY. Transmissive coding metasurface with dual-circularly polarized multi-beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26362-26376. [PMID: 36236830 DOI: 10.1364/oe.466036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase can be used to control the phase of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves. However, there are few studies on the modulation of dual-circularly polarized multi-beam using the transmissive coding metasurface. A scheme of spin-controlling multi-beam by transmissive coding metasurface is proposed for dual-circular polarization simultaneously. The transmissive coding metasurface (TCMS) can transmit linearly polarized incidence into multi-beam with orthogonally circular polarization. The phase distribution is designed based the convolution theorem, and the elements of metasurface conforming to the PB phase are arranged according to the phase distribution. In order to compensate the emitting spherical waves into plane waves and realize the transmissive waves with dual-circular polarization, an interesting scheme of elements in different regions with different rotating phase are presented based on the principle of phase compensation. TCMS can transmit linearly polarized waves into two left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) beams and two right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) beams. The prototype of TCMS is fabricated and measured, and the experimental results agree well with the simulated data. The transmissive metasurface has potential application in holograms and satellite communication.
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Ren B, Feng Y, Tang S, Wu JL, Liu B, Song J, Jiang Y. Ultra-thin 2-bit anisotropic Huygens coding metasurface for terahertz wave manipulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:16229-16241. [PMID: 36221471 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we design an ultrathin 2-bit anisotropic Huygens coding metasurface (AHCM) composed by bilayer metallic square-ring structures for flexible manipulation of the terahertz wave. Based on the polarized-dependent components of electric surface admittance and magnetic surface impedance, we confirm that both the electric and magnetic resonances on coding meta-atoms are excited, so as to provide a full phase coverage and significantly low reflection. By encoding the elements with distinct coding sequences, the x- and y-polarized incident waves are anomalously refracted into opposite directions. More uniquely, we also demonstrate that the designed AHCM can be utilized as a transmission-type quarter-wave plate. The proposed metasurface paves a new way toward multifunctional terahertz wavefront manipulation.
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17
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Yin S, Zeng D, Chen Y, Huang W, Zhang C, Zhang W, E Y. Optically Controlled Terahertz Dynamic Beam Splitter with Adjustable Split Ratio. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071169. [PMID: 35407287 PMCID: PMC9000664 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The beam splitter is an important functional device due to its ability to steer the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The split-ratio-variable splitter is of significance for optical, terahertz and microwave systems. Here, we are the first (to our knowledge) to propose an optically controlled dynamic beam splitter with adjustable split ratio in the terahertz region. Based on the metasurface containing two sets of reversed phase-gradient supercells, we split the terahertz wave into two symmetrical beams. Associated with the reconfigurable pump laser pattern programmed with the spatial light modulator, dynamic modulation of the split ratio varying from 1:1 to 15:1 is achieved. Meanwhile, the beam splitter works at a split angle of 36° for each beam. Additionally, we obtain an exponential relationship between the split ratio and the illumination proportion, which can be used as theoretical guidance for beam splitting with an arbitrary split ratio. Our novel beam splitter shows an outstanding level of performance in terms of the adjustable split ratio and stable split angles and can be used as an advanced method to develop active functional devices applied to terahertz systems and communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dehui Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuting Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yiwen E
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA;
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18
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Liu T, Meng Y, Ma H, Wang J, Wang X, Zhu R, Wang H, Yang J, Li Y, Qu S. Generating diverse functionalities simultaneously and independently for arbitrary linear polarized illumination enabled by a chiral transmission-reflection-selective bifunctional metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7124-7136. [PMID: 35299482 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional metasurface is capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves and achieving kaleidoscopic functions flexibly, which significantly improves the integration and utilization of a single metasurface and has become one of the hotspots in electromagnetics. However, the majority of designs to date can only operate for limited polarization states in half-space and are difficult to show diverse functions at the same time, which restrict the widespread applications of multifunctional metadevices. Herein, an inspiring strategy of a chiral transmission-reflection-selective bifunctional metasurface is proposed to generate two independent functions in co-polarized reflection channel for left-handed circular polarized (LCP) incidence utilizing rotation-induced geometric phase modulation and in co-polarized transmission channel for right-handed circular polarized (RCP) incidence utilizing scaling-induced propagation phase modulation, and both functions appear concurrently under arbitrary linear polarized (LP) incident waves. To verify the feasibility of this methodology, three proof-of-concept metadevices composed of a dual-mode orbital angular momentum (OAM) generator, a bifocal metalens and an integrated metadevice of OAM generator and metalens are constructed and their performances in simulations and experiments are in good accordance with the theoretical ones. This exotic design of bifunctional metasurface will open up a promising way for multifunctional metadevices in engineering applications.
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Wang H, Wan W, Huang L, Li Y, Wei Q, Zhao R, Bai H, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Qu S. Tailoring the Excited and Cutoff States of Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons for Full-Space Quadruple Functionalities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6230-6238. [PMID: 35044175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrating diversified functionalities within a single aperture is crucial for microwave and optics-integrated devices. To date, research on this issue suffers from restricted bifunctionality, inadequate efficiency, and the limitation of extending to manipulate full-space wave. Here, we propose a general paradigm to achieve full-space multifunctional integration via tailoring the excited and cutoff states of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). A plasmonic meta-atom consisting of judiciously arranged metallic strips is used to excite and cut off the SSPP mode with uniaxially anisotropic characteristics. By shaping the topological structure of the meta-atom, the transmission and reflection phases are arbitrarily controlled at each pixel. Accordingly, the cross-placed meta-atom arrays can be designed to achieve independent phase profiles for x-/y-polarized transmission/reflection waves through dispersion engineering. A metamaterial with quadruple functionalities of backward beams scattering/anomalous reflection and electromagnetic transmission focusing/vortex is designed and fabricated as a proof-of-principle to reveal flexible manipulation. Both simulation and experimental verification are carried out in microwave frequency to demonstrate the feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weipeng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunshuo Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jieqiu Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaobo Qu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
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20
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Zhu J, Yang Y, Hu N, Liao S, Nulman J. Additively Manufactured Multi-Material Ultrathin Metasurfaces for Broadband Circular Polarization Decoupled Beams and Orbital Angular Momentum Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59460-59470. [PMID: 34856100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the wavefront and manipulating the polarization of the electromagnetic wave using an ultrathin flat device are highly desirable in many emerging fields. To shape the wavefront between two decoupled orthogonal circular polarization states, that is, the right-hand circular polarization (RCP) and the left-hand circular polarization (LCP), most state-of-the-art metasurfaces (MSs) combine the propagation phase and Pancharatnam-Berry phase into meta-atoms. This article proposes a different strategy to fully decouple the LCP and RCP and control their wavefronts independently. By taking advantage of the conductive and dielectric multi-material-integrated additive manufacturing technique, the proposed transmissive MS has an ultrathin thickness (0.11 free-space wavelength) and controls the LCP and RCP wavefronts independently under linearly polarized incidence illumination. The proposed meta-atom consists of a receiving antenna on the top, a transmitting antenna at the bottom with a strip-line connecting them. The strip-line introduces the same phase shifts for both RCP and LCP waves, while the transmitting antenna with in-plane rotation leads to the opposite phase shifts for RCP and LCP waves. Therefore, the phase delays from the strip-line and the angular rotation of the transmitting antenna provide two degrees of freedom, enabling independent beam shaping of LCP and RCP waves. Two MSs with different functionalities are printed for proof-of-concept, and the performances are experimentally verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhu
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nathan Hu
- Rosenberger Technologies Australia, 5/13 Boundary Rd, Northmead, NSW 2152, Australia
| | - Shaowei Liao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Gou Y, Ma HF, Wu LW, Wang ZX, Xu P, Cui TJ. Broadband Spin-Selective Wavefront Manipulations Based on Pancharatnam-Berry Coding Metasurfaces. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30019-30026. [PMID: 34778673 PMCID: PMC8582030 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin-selective reflection metadevices are usually realized by using chiral metamirrors that can reflect one state of circularly polarized (CP) waves and restrain the other one. However, most of the chiral metamirrors only exhibit chirality in a narrow band, which may impede their potential applications. Here, we propose a Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) coding metasurface composed of the spin-decoupled elements to realize broadband spin-selective reflections with arbitrary wavefront manipulations. The spin-selective anomalous reflection is designed and measured to validate the performance of the proposed PB coding metasurface. Both simulation and experiment results show that the designated CP wave can be efficiently reflected without reversing the spin state, while at the same time, its orthogonally polarized wave is suppressed by random diffusion, in a broad band from 16 to 24 GHz. The results also reveal that the proposed PB coding metasurface has the chiral-like characteristics, even though it is composed of nonchiral meta-elements.
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22
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Li X, Chen J, Xi X, Li X, Cheng Q, Wu RX. Broadband trifunctional metasurface and its application in a lens antenna. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23244-23257. [PMID: 34614592 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional metasurfaces have attracted extensive attention due to their ability to achieve diversified wavefront controls in flat devices. To date, most designs through metasurface are confined to realize one or two functionalities. In this work, we implement a broadband trifunctional metasurface by using different meta-atoms of the same type. The meta-atoms can independently manipulate the amplitude and phase of transmitted waves and the phase of reflected waves in a wide frequency range. Thus, they help the metasurface achieving the functionalities of beam deflection, diffuse scattering, and beam focusing according to the polarization and the direction of incident waves. The metasurface is applied to a metalens antenna, which features broadband, low side-lobe, and stealth. The metalens antenna works at the frequency range 9.8 GHz to 11.6 GHz with gain over 25 dBi. Experiments verify the functions of the trifunctional metasurface and are in good agreement with the designs. Our approach provides a solid platform for high-efficiency wideband metadevices with diverse functionalities.
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23
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Yang P, Yang R, Li Y. Compact cascaded meta-surface system for controlling the spin and orbital angular momentum of electromagnetic fields simultaneously. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20229-20239. [PMID: 34266116 DOI: 10.1364/oe.428494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a compact cascaded meta-surface system (CCMS) to produce well converged orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex waves with tailored spin angular momentum (SAM) by integrating a meta-surface lens (ML) with an assistant meta-mirror (AM). Specifically, the co-linearly polarized (LP) waves from the feed would be reflected by the ML firstly and then twisted into the cross-LP counterparts by the AM to penetrate the ML for the perfect synthesis of the OAM vortex beams while performing the linear-to-circular polarization conversion. Especially, the CCMS can pack the ML and the AM closely together with a quarter of the ML focal length when we apply proper phase distributions on the AM. In addition, the proposed CCMS can readily be extended to the generation of multiple circularly polarized OAM vortex waves with different modes. Our design should thus pave the way for building up more efficient wireless communication systems with expanded channel capacity.
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24
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He X, Yang Y, Deng L, Li S, Feng B. 3D Printed Sub-Terahertz All-Dielectric Lens for Arbitrary Manipulation of Quasi-Nondiffractive Orbital Angular Momentum Waves. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20770-20778. [PMID: 33886275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) vortex waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) hold great potential in dealing with the capacity crunch in wireless high-speed communication systems. Nevertheless, it is quite a challenge for the widespread applications of OAM in the THz regime due to the beam divergence and stringent alignment requirement. To address this issue, an all-dielectric lens (ADL) is proposed for the arbitrary manipulation of quasi-nondiffractive THz OAM waves (QTOWs). On the basis of the concept of the optical conical lens and the multivorticity metasurface, the beam number, the topological charge (TC), and the deflection angle as well as the nondiffractive depth of the generated THz OAM waves are controllable. For proof-of-concept, two ADLs are 3D printed to create single and dual deflected QTOWs, respectively. Remarkably, measured by a THz imaging camera, the desired QTOWs with high mode purity are observed in predesigned directions with a nondiffractive depth predefined theoretically. The proposed designs and experiments, for the first time, verified that the QTOWs could be achieved with a nondiffractive range of 55.58λg (λg = wavelength at 140 GHz) and large deflection angles of 30° and 45°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan He
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks and Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Tech Lab, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Botany, New South Wales 2019, Australia
| | - Li Deng
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks and Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shufang Li
- Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks and Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Botao Feng
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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25
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Zhao A, Pham A, Drezet A. Plasmonic fork-shaped hologram for vortex-beam generation and separation. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:689-692. [PMID: 33528442 DOI: 10.1364/ol.411374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a multifunctional compact device that integrates a polarization beam splitter and an orbital angular momentum generator based on a plasmonic nano-aperture assisted detour phase meta-hologram. The proposed metasurface, which combines a phase singularity characterized fork hologram and polarization featured Λ-shaped antenna, achieves vortex generation and spin-based vortex splitting in transmission mode. Experimental demonstrations are launched under a linearly polarized incident beam, with polarization tomography as the analysis method. We expect this work to have applications in chip-level beam shaping and high-capacity communication.
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26
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Tan ZY, Fan F, Li TF, Chang SJ. Magnetically active terahertz wavefront control and superchiral field in a magneto-optical Pancharatnam-Berry metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2037-2048. [PMID: 33726405 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the manipulation of the chiral light field is highly desired to characterize chiral substances more effectively, since the chiral responses of most molecules are generally weak. Terahertz (THz) waves are related to the vibration-rotational energy levels of chiral molecules, so it is significant to actively control and enhance the chirality of THz field. Here, we propose a metal/magneto-optical (MO) hybrid Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase structure, which can serve as tunable broadband half-wave plate and control the conversion of THz chiral states with the highest efficiency of over 80%. Based on this active PB element, MO PB metasurfaces are proposed to manipulate THz chiral states as different behaviors: beam deflector and scanning, Bessel beam, and vortex beam. Due to the magnetic-tunablibity, these proposed MO PB metasurfaces can be turned from an "OFF" to "ON" state by changing the external magnetic field. We further investigate the near-field optical chirality and the chirality enhancement factors in far field of the chiral Bessel beam and vortex beam, achieving the superchiral field with the highest chiral enhancement factor of 40 for 0th Bessel beam. These active, high efficiency and broadband chiral PB metasurfaces have promising applications for manipulation the THz chiral light and chiroptical spectroscopic techniques.
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27
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Zhang L, Cui TJ. Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurfaces: Principles and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9802673. [PMID: 34386772 PMCID: PMC8328401 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9802673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Space-time-modulated metastructures characterized by spatiotemporally varying properties have recently attracted great interest and become one of the most fascinating and promising research fields. In the meantime, space-time-coding digital metasurfaces with inherently programmable natures emerge as powerful and versatile platforms for implementing the spatiotemporal modulations, which have been successfully realized and used to manipulate the electromagnetic waves in both the spectral and spatial domains. In this article, we systematically introduce the general concepts and working principles of space-time-coding digital metasurfaces and provide a comprehensive survey of recent advances and representative applications in this field. Specifically, we illustrate the examples of complicated wave manipulations, including harmonic beam control and programmable nonreciprocal effect. The fascinating strategy of space-time-coding opens the door to exciting scenarios for information systems, with abundant applications ranging from wireless communications to imaging and radars. We summarize this review by presenting the perspectives on the existing challenges and future directions in this fast-growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Center for Intelligent Metamaterials, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Center for Intelligent Metamaterials, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510330, China
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28
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Phon R, Lim S. Dynamically Self-Reconfigurable Multifunctional All-Passive Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42393-42402. [PMID: 32845599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metasurfaces have shown their great potentials and are needed in multiple applications, such as radar, wireless communication systems, and security. To date, however, it is challenging to realize low-cost and simple reconfigurable and multifunctional metasurfaces. In this proposed work, we present a low-cost and simple multifunctional all-passive metasurface that achieves a self-switching characteristic relying on a modulating incident wave without additional supporting devices. As proof-of-principle application examples, we realize a prototype of the proposed all-passive metasurface with an antenna for radome applications, that can achieve self-switching operation between a high directional antenna at the transmitting mode, and radar absorbing structure and reflector at the receiving mode. The reported strategy will open up a new avenue for future smart devices and could extend to some smarter applications such as high-power pulse skin protection for electronic devices and self-reconfigurable beam switching metasurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanak Phon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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29
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Cui TJ, Li L, Liu S, Ma Q, Zhang L, Wan X, Jiang WX, Cheng Q. Information Metamaterial Systems. iScience 2020; 23:101403. [PMID: 32777776 PMCID: PMC7415848 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials have great capabilities and flexibilities in controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves because their subwavelength meta-atoms can be designed and tailored in desired ways. However, once the structure-only metamaterials (i.e., passive metamaterials) are fabricated, their functions will be fixed. To control the EM waves dynamically, active devices are integrated into the meta-atoms, yielding active metamaterials. Traditionally, the active metamaterials include tunable metamaterials and reconfigurable metamaterials, which have either small-range tunability or a few numbers of reconfigurability. Recently, a special kind of active metamaterials, digital coding and programmable metamaterials, have been presented, which can realize a large number of distinct functionalities and switch them in real time with the aid of field programmable gate array (FPGA). More importantly, the digital coding representations of metamaterials make it possible to bridge the digital world and physical world using the metamaterial platform and make the metamaterials process digital information directly, resulting in information metamaterials. In this review article, we firstly introduce the evolution of metamaterials and then present the concepts and basic principles of digital coding metamaterials and information metamaterials. With more details, we discuss a series of information metamaterial systems, including the programmable metamaterial systems, software metamaterial systems, intelligent metamaterial systems, and space-time-coding metamaterial systems. Finally, we introduce the current progress and predict the future trends of information metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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30
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Yuan Y, Zhang K, Ratni B, Song Q, Ding X, Wu Q, Burokur SN, Genevet P. Independent phase modulation for quadruplex polarization channels enabled by chirality-assisted geometric-phase metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4186. [PMID: 32826879 PMCID: PMC7442839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geometric-phase metasurfaces, recently utilized for controlling wavefronts of circular polarized (CP) electromagnetic waves, are drastically limited to the cross-polarization modality. Combining geometric with propagation phase allows to further control the co-polarized output channel, nevertheless addressing only similar functionality on both co-polarized outputs for the two different CP incident beams. Here we introduce the concept of chirality-assisted phase as a degree of freedom, which could decouple the two co-polarized outputs, and thus be an alternative solution for designing arbitrary modulated-phase metasurfaces with distinct wavefront manipulation in all four CP output channels. Two metasurfaces are demonstrated with four arbitrary refraction wavefronts, and orbital angular momentum modes with four independent topological charge, showcasing complete and independent manipulation of all possible CP channels in transmission. This additional phase addressing mechanism will lead to new components, ranging from broadband achromatic devices to the multiplexing of wavefronts for application in reconfigurable-beam antenna and wireless communication systems. Here the authors propose an approach to construct metasurfaces, which activate all circularly polarized channels and make full utilization of transmitted energy simultaneously. By introducing chirality-assisted phase all the components in the Jones matrix can be decoupled and independently tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Yuan
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Kuang Zhang
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China.
| | | | - Qinghua Song
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Xumin Ding
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China. .,Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150080, Harbin, China.
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, China
| | | | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France.
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Shabanpour J, Beyraghi S, Cheldavi A. Ultrafast reprogrammable multifunctional vanadium-dioxide-assisted metasurface for dynamic THz wavefront engineering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8950. [PMID: 32488027 PMCID: PMC7265406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, a new generation of ultrafast reprogrammable multi-mission bias encoded metasurface is proposed for dynamic terahertz wavefront engineering by employing VO2 reversible and fast monoclinic to tetragonal phase transition. The multi-functionality of our designed VO2 based coding metasurface (VBCM) was guaranteed by elaborately designed meta-atom comprising three-patterned VO2 thin films whose operational statuses can be dynamically tuned among four states of "00"-"11" by merely changing the biasing voltage controlled by an external Field-programmable gate array platform. Capitalizing on such meta-atom design and by driving VBCM with different spiral-like and spiral-parabola-like coding sequences, single vortex beam and focused vortex beam with interchangeable orbital angular momentum modes were satisfactorily generated respectively. Additionally, by adopting superposition theorem and convolution operation, symmetric/asymmetric multiple beams and arbitrarily-oriented multiple vortex beams in pre-demined directions with different topological charges are realized. Several illustrative examples successfully have clarified that the proposed VBCM is a promising candidate for solving crucial terahertz challenges such as high data rate wireless communication where ultrafast switching between several missions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Shabanpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16486-13114, Iran.
| | - Sina Beyraghi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16486-13114, Iran
| | - Ahmad Cheldavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16486-13114, Iran
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32
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Chung H, Kim D, Sawant A, Lee I, Choi E, Lee J. Generation of E-band metasurface-based vortex beam with reduced divergence angle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8289. [PMID: 32427962 PMCID: PMC7237678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have attracted considerable attention for the development of high-capacity wireless communication systems due to their infinite sets of orthogonal modes. However, the practical applications of Laguerre-Gaussian type vortex beams are limited due to the fact that the divergence angle increases as the order of the OAM mode increases. In this work, we present metasurfaces that generate vortex beams carrying OAM modes with reduced divergence angles in the E-band frequency range. The metasurfaces were designed using eight different meta-atom phase elements, including a spiral phase distribution for OAM modes l = 1 and 2, a phase gradient array to avoid interference with the source beam, and a lens pattern array to reduce the divergence angle. Through simulation and experimental measurement, it was confirmed that the divergence angle of the vortex beam generated by the metasurface with the lens pattern was reduced from 13° to 9° and 14° to 11° for OAM modes l = 1 and 2, respectively, in comparison with the metasurface without the lens pattern. Our results provide new design methods for various applications based on OAM multiplexing especially in high frequency E-band range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongju Chung
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Daeik Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Ashwini Sawant
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Ingeun Lee
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Eunmi Choi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea.,Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Jongwon Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea.
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Ahamed E, Faruque MRI, Alam MJ, Mansor MFB, Islam MT. Digital metamaterial filter for encoding information. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3289. [PMID: 32094436 PMCID: PMC7039869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach to controlling the flow of a plasmatic electron packet at the interface between metallic and dielectric layers is described. The proposed metamaterial structure operates in the optical frequency range and can be used as a digital processing filter. It exhibits two double negative resonances and one special passband region, while the existence of a metal-dielectric nano-tunnel enhances electromagnetic wave-metal interactions. The structural arrangement of this metamaterial coupled with the tunnel layer can effectively control the electric field and allows digital encoding of electron packets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eistiak Ahamed
- Space Science Center (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Md Jubaer Alam
- Space Science Center (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fais Bin Mansor
- Dept. of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Dept. of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nadi M, Rajabalipanah H, Cheldavi A, Abdolali A. Flexible Manipulation of Emitting Beams Using Single‐Aperture Circularly Polarized Digital Metasurface Antennas: Multi‐Beam Radiation toward Vortex‐Beam Generation. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Nadi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846‐13114 Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabalipanah
- Applied Electromagnetic LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846‐13114 Iran
| | - Ahmad Cheldavi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846‐13114 Iran
| | - Ali Abdolali
- Applied Electromagnetic LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846‐13114 Iran
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Ma Q, Bai GD, Jing HB, Yang C, Li L, Cui TJ. Smart metasurface with self-adaptively reprogrammable functions. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:98. [PMID: 31700618 PMCID: PMC6823478 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intelligence at either the material or metamaterial level is a goal that researchers have been pursuing. From passive to active, metasurfaces have been developed to be programmable to dynamically and arbitrarily manipulate electromagnetic (EM) wavefields. However, the programmable metasurfaces require manual control to switch among different functionalities. Here, we put forth a smart metasurface that has self-adaptively reprogrammable functionalities without human participation. The smart metasurface is capable of sensing ambient environments by integrating an additional sensor(s) and can adaptively adjust its EM operational functionality through an unmanned sensing feedback system. As an illustrative example, we experimentally develop a motion-sensitive smart metasurface integrated with a three-axis gyroscope, which can adjust self-adaptively the EM radiation beams via different rotations of the metasurface. We develop an online feedback algorithm as the control software to make the smart metasurface achieve single-beam and multibeam steering and other dynamic reactions adaptively. The proposed metasurface is extendable to other physical sensors to detect the humidity, temperature, illuminating light, and so on. Our strategy will open up a new avenue for future unmanned devices that are consistent with the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Cyber-Space Science & Technology Co., Ltd., 12 Mozhou East Road, 211111 Nanjing, China
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
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36
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Zhang L, Chen XQ, Shao RW, Dai JY, Cheng Q, Castaldi G, Galdi V, Cui TJ. Breaking Reciprocity with Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904069. [PMID: 31420926 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are artificially engineered ultrathin structures that can finely tailor and control electromagnetic wavefronts. There is currently a strong interest in exploring their capability to lift some fundamental limitations dictated by Lorentz reciprocity, which have strong implications in communication, heat management, and energy harvesting. Time-varying approaches have emerged as attractive alternatives to conventional schemes relying on magnetic or nonlinear materials, but experimental evidence is currently limited to devices such as circulators and antennas. Here, the recently proposed concept of space-time-coding digital metasurfaces is leveraged to break reciprocity. Moreover, it is shown that such nonreciprocal effects can be controlled dynamically. This approach relies on inducing suitable spatiotemporal phase gradients in a programmable way via digital modulation of the metasurface-elements' phase repsonse, which enable anomalous reflections accompanied by frequency conversions. A prototype operating at microwave frequencies is designed and fabricated for proof-of-concept validation. Measured results are in good agreement with theory, hence providing the first experimental evidence of nonreciprocal reflection effects enabled by space-time-modulated digital metasurfaces. The proposed concept and platform set the stage for "on-demand" realization of nonreciprocal effects, in programmable or reconfigurable fashions, which may find several promising applications, including frequency conversion, Doppler frequency illusion, optical isolation, and unidirectional transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiao Qing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Rui Wen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Giuseppe Castaldi
- Fields & Waves Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Galdi
- Fields & Waves Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Rajabalipanah H, Abdolali A, Shabanpour J, Momeni A, Cheldavi A. Asymmetric Spatial Power Dividers Using Phase-Amplitude Metasurfaces Driven by Huygens Principle. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14340-14352. [PMID: 31508560 PMCID: PMC6733224 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an extraordinary spurt in attention toward the wave-manipulating strategies revealed by phase-amplitude metasurfaces. Recently, it has been shown that, when two different phase-encoded metasurfaces responsible for doing separate missions are added together based on the superposition theorem, the mixed digital phase distribution will realize both missions at the same time. In this paper, via a semi-analytical procedure, we demonstrate that such a theorem is not necessarily valid when using phase-only metasurfaces or ignoring the element pattern functions. We introduce the concept of asymmetric spatial power divider (ASPD) with arbitrary power ratio levels in which modulating both amplitude and phase of the meta-atoms is inevitable to fully control the power intensity pattern of a reflective metasurface. Numerical simulations illustrate that the proposed ASPD designed by proper phase and amplitude distribution over the surface can directly generate a desired number of beams with predetermined orientations and power budgets. The C-shaped Pancharatnam-Berry meta-atoms locally realize the optimal phase and amplitude distribution in each case, and the good conformity between simulations and theoretical predictions verifies the presented formalism. A prototype of our ASPD designs is also fabricated and measured, and the experimental results corroborate well our numerical and semi-analytical predictions. Our findings not only offer possibilities to realize arbitrary spatial power dividers over subwavelength scale but also reveal an economical and simple alternative for a beamforming array antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Rajabalipanah
- Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolali
- Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Javad Shabanpour
- Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Momeni
- Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ahmad Cheldavi
- Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
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38
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Shaping Electromagnetic Waves with Flexible and Continuous Control of the Beam Directions Using Holography and Convolution Theorem. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11825. [PMID: 31413284 PMCID: PMC6694119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, several versatile electromagnetic (EM) waves are presented with predefined shapes and directions based on the holography and convolution theorem. Inspiring the holography theory, a reflective interferogram is characterized by interfering the near field distributions of the object and reference waves. In this regard, the interference pattern on the hologram could be viewed as the inverse Fourier transform of the object and reference waves. Therefore, the capability of steering the EM shaped beam is realized using the convolution theorem (as an interesting property of the Fourier transform), which makes a link between the hologram impedance-pattern and far-field pattern domains. The main advantage of incorporating the holography concept and convolution theorem is realizing arbitrary shaped-beam EM waves with the possibility of flexible manipulation of the beam directions without employing any optimization algorithm and mathematical computation. It is demonstrated that the method could implement a combination of simple beams (such as collimated beams) and complex beams (such as cosecant squared, flat top, isoflux beams, etc.) with each beam possessing arbitrary direction by the same design topology. To experimentally verify the concept, a prototype of the hologram with three separate beams including two tilted cosecant squared shaped beam and one broadside pencil beam is fabricated and measured. The measured results show a significant agreement between theoretical findings.
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Zhang K, Yuan Y, Ding X, Ratni B, Burokur SN, Wu Q. High-Efficiency Metalenses with Switchable Functionalities in Microwave Region. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28423-28430. [PMID: 31296005 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Regarding miniaturized and integrated systems, a single flat device that possesses diversified functionalities is highly desirable in optical to microwave regimes. With this perspective, bifunctional metalenses constructed by meta-atoms with integrated response to propagation phase and geometric phase are proposed for independent manipulation of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized waves. The derived general criterion is verified in the microwave region from three bifunctional metalenses operating in transmission manner. The proof-of-concept measurements show that all these metalenses exhibit two independent functionalities that can be switched by flipping the helicity of the incident illumination. Very high efficiencies of around 80%, with peak value of 91%, are achieved by the ultrathin metasurfaces of thickness 0.15λ0. The proposed metasurfaces provide a promising route for the realization of reconfigurable lenses and antennas in wireless communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Zhang
- Department of Microwave Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
- Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Yueyi Yuan
- Department of Microwave Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
| | - Xumin Ding
- Department of Microwave Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
- Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | | | | | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
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40
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Jing Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Feng M, Ma H, Qu S. Full-space-manipulated multifunctional coding metasurface based on "Fabry-Pérot-like" cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:21520-21531. [PMID: 31510228 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.021520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional coding metasurfaces (CMs) have attracted extensive attention due to their ability to realize the multifunctional integration in optical devices. However, the researches on multifunctional CM mainly focus on dual functionality in reflected or transmitted space. Here, based on "Fabry-Pérot-like" cavity, we propose a novel multifunctional CM to simultaneously control different polarized light in full-space. It is revealed that the designed CM possesses asymmetric transmission characteristic, which can simultaneously achieve three different functionalities by changing the polarization state and the propagation direction of incident light. As a proof of concept, a single CM is designed to simultaneously realize the functionalities of beam splitting, diffusion scattering for co-polarized reflection and beam focusing for cross-polarized transmission. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results, which demonstrates the feasibility of the design. This finding provides an effective approach to design multifunctional devices with miniaturization and high integration, which can also be used to achieve desired functionalities in other frequency domains.
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41
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Metamaterial Lensing Devices. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132460. [PMID: 31277470 PMCID: PMC6650915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of metamaterials and metasurfaces has drawn great attention, enabling many important practical applications. Focusing and lensing components are of extreme importance because of their significant potential practical applications in biological imaging, display, and nanolithography fabrication. Metafocusing devices using ultrathin structures (also known as metasurfaces) with superlensing performance are key building blocks for developing integrated optical components with ultrasmall dimensions. In this article, we review the metamaterial superlensing devices working in transmission mode from the perfect lens to two-dimensional metasurfaces and present their working principles. Then we summarize important practical applications of metasurfaces, such as plasmonic lithography, holography, and imaging. Different typical designs and their focusing performance are also discussed in detail.
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42
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Chen T, Liang H, Hao X, Hou X, Kou W, Zhao Y, Zhou T, Liang S, Yang Z. A Review of THz Modulators with Dynamic Tunable Metasurfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E965. [PMID: 31266235 PMCID: PMC6669754 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation has received much attention during the past few decades for its potential applications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, imaging, and wireless communications. To use terahertz waves for data transmission in different application systems, the efficient and rapid modulation of terahertz waves is required and has become an in-depth research topic. Since the turn of the century, research on metasurfaces has rapidly developed, and the scope of novel functions and operating frequency ranges has been substantially expanded, especially in the terahertz range. The combination of metasurfaces and semiconductors has facilitated both new opportunities for the development of dynamic THz functional devices and significant achievements in THz modulators. This paper provides an overview of THz modulators based on different kinds of dynamic tunable metasurfaces combined with semiconductors, two-dimensional electron gas heterostructures, superconductors, phase-transition materials, graphene, and other 2D material. Based on the overview, a brief discussion with perspectives will be presented. We hope that this review will help more researchers learn about the recent developments and challenges of THz modulators and contribute to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Huajie Liang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Xiaolin Hao
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Wei Kou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Yuncheng Zhao
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Tianchi Zhou
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China
| | - Shixiong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Application Specific Integrated Circuit, Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- Terahertz Science Cooperative Innovation Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, China.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Li J, Yan X, Liang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Li J, Yang Y, Yao J. Amplitude modulation of anomalously reflected terahertz beams using all-optical active Pancharatnam-Berry coding metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5746-5753. [PMID: 30865757 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00675c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) metasurfaces introduce geometric phases to circularly polarized electromagnetic waves through geometric rotation of the unit cells, thereby converting spin angular momentum (SAM) to orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons and achieving flexible modulation of spin-polarized waves. It is highly desirable for dynamically tunable P-B metasurfaces to be actively applied. Here, combining double split-ring resonators (DSRRs) with photosensitive semiconductor germanium (Ge), we propose three types of all-optical active Pancharatnam-Berry coding metasurface for dynamic amplitude modulation of spin waves and vortex beams in the terahertz band. Coupled with signal processing methods such as the convolution operation, optical active P-B coding metasurfaces show a strong regulation effect on terahertz beams. This opens up a broad path for coding metasurface applications such as high-speed wireless terahertz communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute of Laser and Opto-Electronics, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Liu S, Zhang L, Bai GD, Cui TJ. Flexible controls of broadband electromagnetic wavefronts with a mechanically programmable metamaterial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1809. [PMID: 30755667 PMCID: PMC6372690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding and programmable metamaterials have experienced a rapid development since 2014, leading to many physical phenomena and engineering applications from microwave to terahertz frequencies, and even in the acoustic regime. The major challenge for current programmable metamaterials based on switching diodes is the experimental realization of a huge number of feeding lines for independent control of each digital unit. In this work, we provide an alternative approach for the experimental realization of the programmable metamaterial by developing a mechanical system, which consists of an array of metal blocks with adjustable height. The system supports the combination with conventional coding metamaterials to take full controls of both the phase and polarization of EM waves. As a theoretical byproduct of this work, we propose group delay code to achieve diffraction-limited achromatic redirection of linearly polarized broadband beam from 4 to 6 GHz by combining the group-delay code with the conventional phase code, a feat that traditionally requires complex structural design of unit cell. In view of the multifunctional performance afforded by the full-control of the phase, polarization and group delay, the mechanically controllable metamaterial in the microwave region may benefit different applications, such as imaging, communication, and radar detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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45
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Cao T, Liu K, Lu L, Chui HC, Simpson RE. Large-Area Broadband Near-Perfect Absorption from a Thin Chalcogenide Film Coupled to Gold Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:5176-5182. [PMID: 30632371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfect absorbers that can efficiently absorb electromagnetic waves over a broad spectral range are crucial for energy harvesting, light detection, and optical camouflage. Recently, perfect absorbers based on a metasurface have attracted intensive attention. However, high-performance metasurface absorbers in the visible spectra require strict fabrication tolerances, and this is a formidable challenge. Moreover, fabricating subwavelength meta-atoms requires a top-down approach, thus limiting their scalability and spectral applicability. Here, we introduce a plasmonic nearly perfect absorber that exhibits a measured polarization-insensitive absorptance of ∼92% across the spectral region from 400 to 1000 nm. The absorber is realized via a one-step self-assembly deposition of 50 nm gold (Au) nanoparticle (NP) clusters onto a 35 nm-thick Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST225) chalcogenide film. An excellent agreement between the measured and theoretically simulated absorptance was found. The coalescence of the lossy GST225 dielectric layer and high density of localized surface plasmon resonance modes induced by the randomly distributed Au NPs play a vital role in obtaining the nearly perfect absorptance. The exceptionally high absorptance together with large-area high-throughput self-assembly fabrication demonstrates their potential for industrial-scale manufacturability and consequential widespread applications in thermophotovoltaics, photodetection, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun Cao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Kuan Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Li Lu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road , 487372 , Singapore
| | - Hsiang-Chen Chui
- Department of Photonics , National Cheng-Kung University , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
- Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology , National Cheng-Kung University , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
| | - Robert E Simpson
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road , 487372 , Singapore
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Xu HX, Hu G, Li Y, Han L, Zhao J, Sun Y, Yuan F, Wang GM, Jiang ZH, Ling X, Cui TJ, Qiu CW. Interference-assisted kaleidoscopic meta-plexer for arbitrary spin-wavefront manipulation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:3. [PMID: 30651978 PMCID: PMC6325065 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving simultaneous polarization and wavefront control, especially circular polarization with the auxiliary degree of freedom of light and spin angular momentum, is of fundamental importance in many optical applications. Interferences are typically undesirable in highly integrated photonic circuits and metasurfaces. Here, we propose an interference-assisted metasurface-multiplexer (meta-plexer) that counterintuitively exploits constructive and destructive interferences between hybrid meta-atoms and realizes independent spin-selective wavefront manipulation. Such kaleidoscopic meta-plexers are experimentally demonstrated via two types of single-layer spin-wavefront multiplexers that are composed of spatially rotated anisotropic meta-atoms. One type generates a spin-selective Bessel-beam wavefront for spin-down light and a low scattering cross-section for stealth for spin-up light. The other type demonstrates versatile control of the vortex wavefront, which is also characterized by the orbital angular momentum of light, with frequency-switchable numbers of beams under linearly polarized wave excitation. Our findings offer a distinct interference-assisted concept for realizing advanced multifunctional photonics with arbitrary and independent spin-wavefront features. A variety of applications can be readily anticipated in optical diodes, isolators, and spin-Hall meta-devices without cascading bulky optical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Applications, College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, 421008 Hengyang, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi’an, China
| | - Yunming Sun
- Advanced Technique Department, Key Lab of Aeronautics Computing Technique, 710075 Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Guang-Ming Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Ling
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Applications, College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, 421008 Hengyang, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
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Cui TJ, Liu S, Bai GD, Ma Q. Direct Transmission of Digital Message via Programmable Coding Metasurface. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 2019:2584509. [PMID: 31549052 PMCID: PMC6750087 DOI: 10.34133/2019/2584509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In modern wireless communications, digital information is firstly converted to analog signal by a digital-analog convertor, which is then mixed to high-frequency microwave to be transmitted through a series of devices including modulator, mixer, amplifier, filter, and antenna and is finally received by terminals via a reversed process. Although the wireless communication systems have evolved significantly over the past thirty years, the basic architecture has not been challenged. Here, we propose a method to transmit digital information directly via programmable coding metasurface. Since the coding metasurface is composed of '0' and '1' digital units with opposite phase responses, the digital information can be directly modulated to the metasurface with certain coding sequences and sent to space under the illumination of feeding antenna. The information, being modulated in radiation patterns of the metasurface, can be correctly received by multiple receivers distributed in different locations. This method provides a completely new architecture for wireless communications without using complicated digital-analog convertor and a series of active/passive microwave devices. We build up a prototype to validate the new architecture experimentally, which may find promising applications where information security is highly demanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Jiangsu Xuantu Technology Co., Ltd., 12 Mozhou East Road, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Yang J, Zhang C, Ma H, Yuan W, Yang L, Ke J, Chen M, Mahmoud A, Cheng Q, Cui T. Tailoring polarization states of multiple beams that carry different topological charges of orbital angular momentums. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:31664-31674. [PMID: 30650750 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, orbital angular momentum (OAM) has aroused great interest in the scientific communities, because it shows great potential for enhancing capacities of radio and optical communication systems. Here, we propose anisotropic metasurfaces to generate multiple OAM vortex beams at microwave frequencies. A phase compensation theory is presented, in order to determine the phase distributions on metasurfaces, This theory enables independent control of beam numbers, polarizations, orientations, and topological charges of OAM vortex beams, respectively. The metasurface is composed of anisotropic elements, whose reflection phases can be engineered separately in different polarization directions. The scheme is validated by both simulation and experimental results and shows great potential for the polarization division multiplexing in OAM communication systems.
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Zhang Q, Liu C, Wan X, Zhang L, Liu S, Yang Y, Cui TJ. Machine‐Learning Designs of Anisotropic Digital Coding Metasurfaces. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Yan Yang
- Centre of Intelligent Acoustics and Immersive Communications and School of Marine Science and TechnologyNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xian 710072 China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
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50
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Zhang XG, Tang WX, Jiang WX, Bai GD, Tang J, Bai L, Qiu C, Cui TJ. Light-Controllable Digital Coding Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1801028. [PMID: 30479931 PMCID: PMC6247069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of digital coding metamaterials, a new paradigm is unfolded to sample, compute and program electromagnetic waves in real time with one physical configuration. However, one inconvenient truth is that actively tunable building blocks such as diodes, varactors, and biased lines must be individually controlled by a computer-assisted field programmable gate array and physically connected by electrical wires to the power suppliers. This issue becomes more formidable when more elements are needed for more advanced and multitasked metadevices and metasystems. Here, a remote-mode metasurface is proposed and realized that is addressed and tuned by illuminating light. By tuning the intensity of light-emitting diode light, a digital coding metasurface composed of such light-addressable elements enables dynamically reconfigurable radiation beams in a control-circuitry-free way. Experimental demonstration is validated at microwave frequencies. The proposed dynamical remote-tuning metasurface paves a way for constructing unprecedented digital metasurfaces in a noncontact remote fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Wen Xuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Lin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Cheng‐Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119620Singapore
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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