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Woźniak J, Popiel S, Nawała J, Szczęśniak B, Choma J, Zasada D. Novel Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks as Efficient Sorbents for Solid-Phase Extraction of Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Compounds in Water Samples. Molecules 2024; 29:3259. [PMID: 39064838 PMCID: PMC11279877 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we test metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as sorbents in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique to determine chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their related compounds in water samples. During this study, we used 13 target compounds to test the selectivity of MOFs thoroughly. Three MOFs were used: MIL-100(Fe), ZIF-8(Zn), and UiO-66(Zr). The obtained materials were characterized using FT-IR/ATR, SEM, and XRD. CWA's and related compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The effect of the type of elution solvent and the amount of sorbent (MOFs) in the column on the efficiency of the conducted extraction were verified. The LOD ranged from 0.04 to 7.54 ng mL-1, and the linearity range for the analytes tested extended from 0.11/22.62 (depending on the compound) to 1000 ng mL-1. It was found that MOFs showed the most excellent selectivity to compounds having aromatic rings in their structure or a "spread" spatial structure. The best recoveries were obtained for DPAA, CAP, and malathion. Environmental water samples collected from the Baltic Sea were analyzed using an optimized procedure to verify the developed method's usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanisław Popiel
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego Str. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (J.N.); (B.S.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
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Arias A, Windham PE, Cheyne NA, Gilliland WM. Rapid fabrication of hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterns on paper substrates for paper spray mass spectrometry. Analyst 2023; 148:5496-5506. [PMID: 37782094 PMCID: PMC10849044 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid chemical coating and patterning method was developed and optimized for paper-based substrates for use in paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). A variety of chlorosilanes were explored for coating paper substrates, and their effectiveness in forming hydrophobic surfaces was characterized via contact angle goniometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Trichloromethylsilane was selected as the primary coating agent because of the short time required to produce a hydrophobic surface (contact angle > 130°), as well as the ease of patterning. Patterning was performed using 3D-printed masks and an oxygen/plasma cleaner. Optimal mask thickness and oxygen/plasma cleaning parameters were determined to produce channels varying from 0.5 to 2.5 mm in width. The effectiveness of the patterned substrates for PS-MS was determined via analysis of four antiretrovirals: emtricitabine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and dolutegravir. Calibration curves were made for each antiretroviral at varying channel widths, and the limits of detection and limits of quantification for each drug were determined. These results show that this patterning method results in an average 7.2-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 190-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates in a neat matrix. In a proof-of-concept experiment, calibration curves were generated for each antiretroviral in urine. A patterned paper substrate with a 2-mm channel resulted in an average 7.4-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 18-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Arias
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - Peyton E Windham
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
| | - Natalie A Cheyne
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA.
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Guo X, Li J, Bai H, Ma Q. Rapid on-site detection of persistent organic pollutants using multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified paper spray ionization and a miniature mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37 Suppl 1:e9509. [PMID: 36945892 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rapid on-site detection of persistent organic pollutants (POP) is highly desirable for environmental protection. METHODS Herein, a rapid on-site analytical workflow was developed for the investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds using multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified paper spray ionization (PSI) coupled with a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. Critical parameters regarding PSI and miniature mass spectrometry analysis were optimized. RESULTS The analytical performance of the developed method was evaluated under optimized conditions, obtaining a short analysis duration of less than 1 min, sufficient linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99, acceptable recovery rates of 93.1%-105.8% with relative standard deviations of between 3.5% and 10.3%, and reasonable sensitivity with limits of detection and quantitation of 2-200 and 5-500 μg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Considering these aspects, it was concluded that the present approach demonstrated a promising solution for rapid on-site detection of emerging POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, China
| | - Junfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, China
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Huang J, Shu J, Yang B, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Li Z. Ultrasensitive detection of trace chemical warfare agent-related compounds by thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 235:122788. [PMID: 34517646 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A thermal desorption associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer was developed for ultrasensitive detection of semi-volatile chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization method presented a soft ionization characterization and an excellent sensitivity towards CWAs. The detection sensitivities of the investigated nine CWA-related substances were 2.56 × 105-5.01 × 106 counts ng-1 in a detection cycle (30 s or 100 s). The corresponding 3σ limits of detection (LODs) were 0.08-3.90 pg. Compared with the best-documented LODs via the dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) and secondary electrospray ionization (SESI), the obtained LODs of the investigated compounds were improved by 2-76 times. Additionally, the measured sensitivity of 2-Chloroethyl ethyl, a proxy for mustard gas, is 550 counts pptv-1, which exceeds the DBDI and SESI's corresponding values (4.4 counts pptv-1 and 6.5 counts pptv-1) nearly by two orders of magnitude. A field application simulation was conducted by putting a strip of PTFE film contaminated with the CWA-related agent into the thermal desorption unit. The simulation showed that the sensitivities of the instrument via swipe surveying could achieve 2.19 × 105 to 5.23 × 106 counts ng-1. The experimental results demonstrate that the excited-state CH2Cl2-induced associative ionization is an ultrasensitive ionization method for CWAs and reveal a prospect for improving the detection of CWA species future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yedong Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Li L, Wang H, Hua F, Wang M, Zhang Y, Xi H, Yang J, Yang Z, Lei Z. Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Improved by Graphene Hybrid Containing Phosphorous, Boron, Nitrogen and Silicon Elements. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Evans-Nguyen K, Stelmack AR, Clowser PC, Holtz JM, Mulligan CC. FIELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:628-646. [PMID: 32722885 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is commonly used in forensic chemistry laboratories for sensitive, definitive analysis. There have been significant efforts to bring mass spectrometry analysis on-site through the development of ruggedized, fieldable instruments. Testing samples in the field is of particular interest in forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. In forensic chemistry, testing seized drugs in the field can significantly improve efficiencies in processing of related criminal cases. The screening of passengers and luggage at transportation hubs is a critical need for homeland security for which mass spectrometry is well suited to provide definitive answers with low false positive rates. Mass spectrometry can yield reliable data for military personnel testing sites for potential chemical weapons release. To meet the needs of the forensic and security communities fieldable mass spectrometers based on membrane inlet systems and hybrid gas chromatography systems have been developed and commercialized. More recently developed ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods can eliminate the time, equipment, and expertise associated with sample preparation, and so are especially appealing for on-site analysis. We describe the development of fieldable mass spectrometry systems, with emphasis on commercially available systems that have been deployed for on-site analysis of seized drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, and other analytes of interest to the forensic and security communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Doppalapudi KR, Mulligan CC, Fedick PW. Rapid, in situ detection of chemical warfare agent simulants and hydrolysis products in bulk soils by low-cost 3D-printed cone spray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:3127-3136. [PMID: 33999086 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic chemicals that have been used as disabling or lethal weapons in war, terrorist attacks, and assasinations. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) has prohibited the use, development, production, and stockpiling of CWAs since its initiation in 1997, however, the threat of deployment still looms. Detection of trace CWAs post-deployment or post-remediation, in bulk matrices such as soil, often requires lengthy sample preparation steps or extensive chromatographic separation times. 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI), an ambient ionization mass spectrometric (MS) technique, provides a rapid, simple, and low-cost method for trace CWA analysis in soil matrices for both in-laboratory and in-field detection. Described here is the utilization of conductive 3D-printed cones to perform both rapid sampling and ionization for CWA simulants and hydrolysis products in eight solid matrices. The analysis of trace quantities of CWA simulants and hydrolysis products by 3D-PCSI-MS coupled to both a commercial benchtop system and a field-portable MS system is detailed. Empirical limits of detection (LOD) for CWA simulants on the benchtop MS ranged from 100 ppt to 750 ppb and were highly dependant on solid matrix composition, with the portable system yielding similar spectral data from alike matrices, albeit with lower sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
| | - Trevor J McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA.
| | - Karan R Doppalapudi
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
| | | | - Patrick W Fedick
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Chen L, Ghiasvand A, Rodriguez ES, Innis PC, Paull B. Applications of nanomaterials in ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sarih NM, Romero-Perez D, Bastani B, Rauytanapanit M, Boisdon C, Praneenararat T, Tajuddin HA, Abdullah Z, Badu-Tawiah AK, Maher S. Accelerated nucleophilic substitution reactions of dansyl chloride with aniline under ambient conditions via dual-tip reactive paper spray. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21504. [PMID: 33299034 PMCID: PMC7725966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper spray ionization (PSI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an emerging tool for ambient reaction monitoring via microdroplet reaction acceleration. PSI-MS was used to accelerate and monitor the time course of the reaction of dansyl chloride with aniline, in acetonitrile, to produce dansyl aniline. Three distinct PSI arrangements were explored in this study representing alternative approaches for sample loading and interaction; conventional single tip as well as two novel setups, a dual-tip and a co-axial arrangement were designed so as to limit any on-paper interaction between reagents. The effect on product abundance was investigated using these different paper configurations as it relates to the time course and distance of microdroplet travel. It was observed that product yield increases at a given distance and then decreases thereafter for all PSI configurations. The fluorescent property of the product (dansyl aniline) was used to visually inspect the reaction progress on the paper substrate during the spraying process. Amongst the variety of sample loading methods the novel dual-tip arrangement showed an increased product yield and microdroplet density, whilst avoiding any on-paper interaction between the reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfatirah Muhamad Sarih
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Romero-Perez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Behnam Bastani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Monrawat Rauytanapanit
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Cedric Boisdon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Thanit Praneenararat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hairul Anuar Tajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zanariah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK.
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Li B, Kong J, Zhang L, Fu W, Zhang Z, Li C. The ionization process of chemical warfare agent simulants in low temperature plasma ionization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:341-350. [PMID: 32819167 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720951943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of low-temperature plasma ionization technology in the chemical warfare agent detection was mostly focused on the research of rapid detection methods. Limited studies are available on the ionization process of chemical warfare agents in low temperature plasma. Through the intensity of protonated molecules of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in different solvents including methanol, deuterated methanol (methanol-D4), pure water, and deuterium oxide (water-D2), it was concluded that the water molecule in the air provides the hydrogen ion (H+) needed for ionization. The product ion spectra and the collision-induced dissociation processes of protonated molecules of nerve agent simulants, including DMMP, diethyl methanephosphonate (DEMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tripropyl phosphate (TPP), and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were analyzed. Results revealed that H+ mostly combined with phosphorus oxygen double bond (P = O) in the low-temperature plasma ionization. By analyzing the peak intensity distribution of product ions of protonated molecules, the presence of proton and charge migration in the low temperature plasma ionization and collision-induced dissociation were researched. This study could provide technical guidance for the rapid and accurate detection of chemical warfare agents through low temperature plasma ionization-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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12
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Frey BS, Damon DE, Badu-Tawiah AK. Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:336-370. [PMID: 31491055 PMCID: PMC7875099 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper-based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on-surface reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Frey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Deidre E Damon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Damon DE, Maher YS, Allen DM, Baker J, Chang BS, Maher S, Thuo MM, Badu-Tawiah AK. Determining Surface Energy of Porous Substrates by Spray Ionization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13853-13859. [PMID: 31585036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new spray-based method for characterizing surface energies of planar, porous substrates. Distinct spray modes (electrospray versus electrostatic spray), from the porous substrates, occur in the presence of an applied DC potential after wetting with solvents of different surface tension. The ion current resulting from the spray process is maximized when the surface energy of the porous substrate approaches the surface tension of the wetting solvent. By monitoring the selected ion current (e.g., benzoylecgonine, m/z 290 → 168) with a mass spectrometer or the total ion current with an ammeter, we determined the solvent surface tension yielding the maximum ion current to indicate the surface energy of the solid. Detailed evaluations using polymeric substrates of known surface energies enabled effective calibration of the approach that resulted in the correct estimation of the surface energy of hydrophobic paper substrates prepared by gas-phase silanization. A three-parameter empirical model suggests that the experimentally observed ion current profile is governed by differential partitioning of analyte controlled by the interfacial forces between the wetting solvent and the porous substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre E Damon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory , Ohio Department of Agriculture , Reynoldsburg , Ohio 43068 , United States
| | - Yosef S Maher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Danyelle M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Jill Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Boyce S Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics , University of Liverpool , Brownlow Hill , Liverpool L69 3GJ , U.K
| | - Martin M Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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McBride EM, Mach PM, Dhummakupt ES, Dowling S, Carmany DO, Demond PS, Rizzo G, Manicke NE, Glaros T. Paper spray ionization: Applications and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Solvent-free high-throughput analysis of herbicides in environmental water. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1071:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dwyer DB, Liu J, Gomez JC, Tovar TM, Davoodabadi A, Bernier WE, DeCoste JB, Jones WE. Metal Hydroxide/Polymer Textiles for Decontamination of Toxic Organophosphates: An Extensive Study of Wettability, Catalytic Activity, and the Effects of Aggregation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31378-31385. [PMID: 31368300 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibers (NFs) incorporated with catalytically active components have gained significant interest in chemical protective clothing. This is because of the desirable properties of the NFs combined with decontamination capability of the active component. Here, a series of metal hydroxide catalysts Ti(OH)x, Zr(OH)4, and Ce(OH)4 were incorporated into three different polymer NF systems. These new polymer/metal hydroxide composite NFs were then evaluated for their catalytic activity against a nerve agent simulant. Two methods were utilized to incorporate the metal hydroxides into the NFs. Method one used direct incorporation of Ti(OH)x, Zr(OH)4, and Ce(OH)4 catalysts, whereas method two employed incorporation of Ti(OH)x via a precursor molecule. Composite NFs prepared via method one resulted in greatly improved reaction rates over the respective pure metal hydroxides due to reduced aggregation of catalysts, with polymer/Ce(OH)4 composite NFs having the fastest reaction rates out of method one materials. Interestingly, composite samples prepared by method two yielded the fastest reaction rates overall. This is because of the homogeneous distribution of the metal hydroxide catalyst throughout the NF. This homogeneous distribution created a hydroxyl-decorated NF surface with a greater number of exposed active sites for catalysis. The hydroxyl-decorated NF surface also resulted in an unexpected highly wettable composite NF, which also was found to contribute to the observed reaction rates. These results are not only promising for applications in chemical protective clothing but also show great potential for application in areas which need highly wettable membrane materials. This includes areas such as separators, antifouling membranes, and certain medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B Dwyer
- Binghamton University State University of New York , 4400 Vestal Parkway East , Binghamton 13902 , New York , United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston 60208 , Illinois , United States
| | - Jasmine C Gomez
- State University of New York at Oswego , 7060 Route 104 , Oswego 13126 , New York , United States
| | - Trenton M Tovar
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical and Biological Center , 5183 Blackhawk Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground 21010 , United States
| | - Ali Davoodabadi
- Binghamton University State University of New York , 4400 Vestal Parkway East , Binghamton 13902 , New York , United States
| | - William E Bernier
- Binghamton University State University of New York , 4400 Vestal Parkway East , Binghamton 13902 , New York , United States
| | - Jared B DeCoste
- US Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical and Biological Center , 5183 Blackhawk Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground 21010 , United States
| | - Wayne E Jones
- University of New Hampshire , 105 Main Street , Durham 03824 , New Hampshire , United States
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Costa C, Frampas C, Longman KA, Palitsin V, Ismail M, Sears P, Nilforooshan R, Bailey MJ. Paper spray screening and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmation for medication adherence testing: A two-step process. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 35:e8553. [PMID: 31414505 PMCID: PMC8047880 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Paper spray offers a rapid screening test without the need for sample preparation. The incomplete extraction of paper spray allows for further testing using more robust, selective and sensitive techniques such as liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Here we develop a two-step process of paper spray followed by LC/MS to (1) rapidly screen a large number of samples and (2) confirm any disputed results. This demonstrates the applicability for testing medication adherence from a fingerprint. METHODS Following paper spray analysis, drugs of abuse samples were analysed using LC/MS. All analyses were completed using a Q Exactive™ Plus Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer. This two-step procedure was applied to fingerprints collected from patients on a maintained dose of the antipsychotic drug quetiapine. RESULTS The extraction efficiency of paper spray for two drugs of abuse and metabolites was found to be between 15 and 35% (analyte dependent). For short acquisition times, the extraction efficiency was found to vary between replicates by less than 30%, enabling subsequent analysis by LC/MS. This two-step process was then applied to fingerprints collected from two patients taking the antipsychotic drug quetiapine, which demonstrates how a negative screening result from paper spray can be resolved using LC/MS. CONCLUSIONS We have shown for the first time the sequential analysis of the same sample using paper spray and LC/MS, as well as the detection of an antipsychotic drug from a fingerprint. We propose that this workflow may also be applied to any type of sample compatible with paper spray, and will be especially convenient where only one sample is available for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Costa
- Surrey Ion Beam CentreUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | - Cecile Frampas
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | | | | | - Mahado Ismail
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | - Patrick Sears
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | - Ramin Nilforooshan
- Surrey and Borders Partnership Foundation NHS Trust, ACUHolloway HillChertseyKT16 0AEUK
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Feider CL, Krieger A, DeHoog RJ, Eberlin LS. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Developments and Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4266-4290. [PMID: 30790515 PMCID: PMC7444024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anna Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rachel J. DeHoog
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Duan C, Liu C, Meng X, Lu W, Ni Y. Fabrication of carboxymethylated cellulose fibers supporting Ag NPs@MOF‐199s nanocatalysts for catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Duan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper DevelopmentShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper DevelopmentShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Xin Meng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper DevelopmentShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Wanli Lu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper DevelopmentShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper DevelopmentShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 China
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New Brunswick Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
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Mach PM, Dhummakupt ES, Carmany DO, McBride EM, Busch MW, Demond PS, Rizzo GM, Hollinshead DE, Glaros T. On-substrate derivatization for detection of highly volatile G-series chemical warfare agents via paper spray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1979-1983. [PMID: 30153356 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analysis of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) from ambient atmosphere presents an analytical challenge due to their ease of degradation and volatility. Herein is described a method for derivatizing CWAs directly onto a paper spray substrate prior to analysis. This derivatization allows for much longer times of analysis without sample degradation and with little to no sample preparation. METHODS Derivatization was performed using 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl] phenol both in-vial and directly on paper spray cartridges. Solution studies were carried out over time and samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) operated in positive ion mode. Paper spray substrates impregnated with the derivatizing agent prior to CWA vapor capture were also analyzed over time using a mass spectrometer operated in positive ion mode. RESULTS Use of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl] phenol as a paper spray substrate dopant enables derivatization of G-series compounds into lower volatility complexes. The reaction occurs in solution and in the vapor phase. This new technique effectively traps and captures G-series agents for analysis while extending the time for which the compound remains absorbed. The complex is highly suitable for direct analysis via paper spray mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Derivatization of paper spray substrates was shown to greatly increase the time for analysis of CWAs. This technique, combined with the vapor phase capture stage outlined previously, allows for rapid, quantitative CWA detection by paper spray ionization with little or no sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Mach
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
| | - Daniel O Carmany
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Ethan M McBride
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
| | - Michael W Busch
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Paul S Demond
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Rizzo
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Donna E Hollinshead
- Prosolia, Inc., 6500 Technology Center Dr., Suite 200, Zionsville, IN, 46077, USA
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010-5424, USA
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21
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Development of paper substrate for paper spray MS in high-sensitivity analysis of biological samples. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:2047-2067. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper spray (PS) has demonstrated a promising future for direct mass spectrometric analysis. In the process of PS, paper substrate has been demonstrated as a crucial factor in determining the final performance of PS-MS, and therefore much attention is paid to modification of paper substrate. In this review, we systematically introduce the development of paper substrate for PS. Various commercial and modified papers are comprehensively reviewed, and much effort is focused on some physical and chemical approaches for modification of paper substrate. The application of modified paper substrates to biological sample analyses is discussed. The future promising directions of paper substrate for PS are highlighted.
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Carmany DO, Mach PM, Rizzo GM, Dhummakupt ES, McBride EM, Sekowski JW, Benton B, Demond PS, Busch MW, Glaros T. On-substrate Enzymatic Reaction to Determine Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Whole Blood by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2436-2442. [PMID: 30280314 PMCID: PMC6276064 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, all assays measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity following a suspected nerve agent exposure leverage methodologies that fail to identify the agent. This limits the overall effectiveness and ability to administer proper countermeasures. As such, there is an urgent need to identify novel, rapid, and more comprehensive approaches to establish AChE activity, including identification of the toxicant. Paper spray mass spectrometry was used to monitor the activity of acetylcholinesterase, both in-solution and on modified hydrophobic paper surface. Hydrophobic paper surfaces were prepared using vaporized trichloro(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane. In both approaches, mixtures of diluted human whole blood with and without VX were mixed with a non-endogenous AChE specific substrate, 1,1-dimethyl-4-acetylthiomethylpiperidinium (MATP+). Formation of the cleaved MATP+ product was monitored over time and compared to MATP+ to determine relative AChE activity. This on-substrate assay was effective at determining AChE activity and identifying the toxicant; however, determination of AChE activity in-solution proceeded at a slower rate. The on-substrate assay serves as a pioneering example of an enzymatic reaction occurring on the surface of a paper spray ionization ticket. This work broadens the range of applications relating to paper spray ionization-based clinical diagnostic assays. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Carmany
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Biosciences Division, BioDefense Branch, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Rizzo
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Biosciences Division, BioDefense Branch, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Ethan M McBride
- Biosciences Division, BioDefense Branch, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Jennifer W Sekowski
- Biosciences Division, BioDefense Branch, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Bernard Benton
- Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Analytical Toxicology Branch, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Paul S Demond
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Michael W Busch
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Biosciences Division, BioDefense Branch, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA.
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