1
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Cherednichenko K, Smirnov E, Rubtsova M, Repin D, Semenov A. New Fire-Retardant Open-Cell Composite Polyurethane Foams Based on Triphenyl Phosphate and Natural Nanoscale Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1741. [PMID: 38932089 PMCID: PMC11207528 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the mechanical and physical properties of polyurethane foams (PUF), their application is still hindered by high inflammability. The elaboration of effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly fire retardants remains a pressing issue that must be addressed. This work aims to show the feasibility of the successful application of natural nanomaterials, such as halloysite nanotubes and nanocellulose, as promising additives to the commercial halogen-free, fire-retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPP) to enhance the flame retardance of open-cell polyurethane foams. The nanocomposite foams were synthesized by in situ polymerization. Investigation of the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite PUF revealed that the nanoscale additives led to a notable decrease in the foam's compressibility. The obtained results of the flammability tests clearly indicate that there is a prominent synergetic effect between the fire-retardant and the natural nanoscale additives. The nanocomposite foams containing a mixture of TPP (10 and 20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) and either 10 wt.% of nanocellulose or 20 wt.% of halloysite demonstrated the lowest burning rate without dripping and were rated as HB materials according to UL 94 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anton Semenov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia; (K.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (D.R.)
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2
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MohammadAlizadeh A, Elmi F. Flame retardant and superoleophilic polydopamine/chitosan-graft (g)-octanal coated polyurethane foam for separation oil/water mixtures. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129237. [PMID: 38191114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The discharge of crude petroleum oils and their derivatives poses serious environmental challenges, which can be mitigated through oil/water separation. In this study, polyurethane (PU)/polydopamine (PDA)/chitosan-graft (g)-octanal foam was prepared by immersing of PU foam in PDA and chitosan-g-octanal solutions. The fabricated PU foam exhibited thermal stability, flame retardancy, and hydrophobicity/superoleophilicity. The coated PU foam can selectively absorb heavy and light oils from dynamic and static oil/water mixtures. The maximum sorption capacity for olive oil was found to be as high as 41.48 g/g. PU/PDA/chitosan-g-octanal foam also demonstrated excellent flame retardancy and the ability to quickly extinguish fire, as confirmed by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test.
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Affiliation(s)
- AmirHossein MohammadAlizadeh
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Elmi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
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3
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Cherednichenko K, Kopitsyn D, Smirnov E, Nikolaev N, Fakhrullin R. Fireproof Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102314. [PMID: 37242889 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced in 1954, polyurethane foams rapidly became popular because of light weight, high chemical stability, and outstanding sound and thermal insulation properties. Currently, polyurethane foam is widely applied in industrial and household products. Despite tremendous progress in the development of various formulations of versatile foams, their use is hindered due to high flammability. Fire retardant additives can be introduced into polyurethane foams to enhance their fireproof properties. Nanoscale materials employed as fire-retardant components of polyurethane foams have the potential to overcome this problem. Here, we review the recent (last 5 years) progress that has been made in polyurethane foam modification using nanomaterials to enhance its flame retardance. Different groups of nanomaterials and approaches for incorporating them into foam structures are covered. Special attention is given to the synergetic effects of nanomaterials with other flame-retardant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Egor Smirnov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Nikolaev
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml Uramı 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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4
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Kolibaba TJ, Iverson ET, Legendre H, Higgins CI, Buck ZN, Weeks TS, Grunlan JC, Killgore JP. Synergistic Fire Resistance of Nanobrick Wall Coated 3D Printed Photopolymer Lattices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16046-16054. [PMID: 36926807 PMCID: PMC10071572 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymer additive manufacturing has become the subject of widespread interest in recent years due to its capacity to enable fabrication of difficult geometries that are impossible to build with traditional manufacturing methods. The flammability of photopolymer resin materials and the lattice structures enabled by 3D printing is a barrier to widespread adoption that has not yet been adequately addressed. Here, a water-based nanobrick wall coating is deposited on 3D printed parts with simple (i.e., dense solid) or complex (i.e., lattice) geometries. When subject to flammability testing, the printed parts exhibit no melt dripping and a propensity toward failure at the print layer interfaces. Moving from a simple solid geometry to a latticed geometry leads to reduced time to failure during flammability testing. For nonlatticed parts, the coating provides negligible improvement in fire resistance, but coating of the latticed structures significantly increases time to failure by up to ≈340% compared to the uncoated lattice. The synergistic effect of coating and latticing is attributed to the lattice structures' increased surface area to volume ratio, allowing for an increased coating:photopolymer ratio and the ability of the lattice to better accommodate thermal expansion strains. Overall, nanobrick wall coated lattices can serve as metamaterials to increase applications of polymer additive manufacturing in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hudson Legendre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Callie I. Higgins
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Zachary N. Buck
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Timothy S. Weeks
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jaime C. Grunlan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jason P. Killgore
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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5
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Jiang Q, Li P, Wang B, She JH, Liu Y, Zhu P. Inorganic-organic hybrid coatings from tea polyphenols and laponite to improve the fire safety of flexible polyurethane foams. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Abrishamkar S, Mohammadi A, De La Vega J, Wang DY, Kalali EN. Layer-by-layer assembly of calixarene modified GO and LDH nanostructures on flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and dye adsorption behavior of flexible polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Bio-Foam with Inherent Heat and Fire Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225019. [PMID: 36433146 PMCID: PMC9697988 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are versatile and widespread, particularly as flexible and rigid foams. To avoid isocyanates and other toxic reagents required for synthesis, such as phosgene, alternative synthetic routes have been utilized to produce non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). A thermally and flame-resistant rigid NIPU was produced from environmentally benign and bio-sourced ingredients, requiring no catalyst or solvents. A foamed structure was obtained by the addition of glutaraldehyde and four different carboxylic acids: malic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, and aconitic acid. The resulting morphology, thermal degradation, and flame resistance of each foam were compared. The properties vary with each carboxylic acid used, but in each case, peak thermal degradation and peak heat release are postponed by >100 °C compared to commercial rigid PU foam. Furthermore, in a butane torch test, NIPU foams exhibit an 80% higher remaining mass and a 75% reduction in afterburn time, compared to commercial polyurethane. This bio-based polyurethane eliminates the hazards of traditional PUs, while imparting inherent thermal stability and flame resistance uncharacteristic of conventional foams.
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Wu Z, Zheng K, Cheng Z, Zhou S. Solar-Assisted Superhydrophobic MoS 2/PDMS/MS Sponge for the Efficient Cleanup of Viscous Oil. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10902-10914. [PMID: 36004428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization releases many high-viscosity oil pollutants into the environment, requiring a hydrophobic recyclable oil-absorbing material. Therefore, a self-heating and superhydrophobic melamine sponge (MS) by connecting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was coated with functionalized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets on a three-dimensional microstructure of a commercial MS (MoS2/PDMS/MS) via a simple and low-cost dip-coating method. The prepared sponge showed a water contact angle of 151.8°, indicating that the modified sponge exhibited superhydrophobicity. Due to the addition of MoS2, the modified sponge can convert light into heat, and its surface could be heated to 59.7 °C within 30 s. Because of the excellent MoS2/PDMS/MS photothermal performance, the sponge could decrease the viscosity of the high-viscosity oil, absorbing the high-viscosity oil efficiently. After simultaneous thermal analysis and repeated compression tests, the modified sponge exhibited high thermochemical stability, mechanical property, and reusability. This superhydrophobic multifunctional sponge shows excellent potential for high-viscosity oil absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuobin Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550003, P. R. China
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zuqin Cheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqi Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550003, P. R. China
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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9
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Fabrication of highly efficient phenylphosphorylated chitosan bio-based flame retardants for flammable PLA biomaterial. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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11
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Jia P, Cheng W, Lu J, Yin Z, Xu Z, Cheng L, Qiu Y, Qian L, Hu Y, Hu W, Wang B. Applications of GO/OA‐POSS Layer‐by‐Layer self‐assembly nanocoating on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Zhenting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Liang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardancys for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardancys for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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12
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Sethurajaperumal A, Manohar A, Banerjee A, Varrla E, Wang H, Ostrikov KK. A thermally insulating vermiculite nanosheet-epoxy nanocomposite paint as a fire-resistant wood coating. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4235-4243. [PMID: 36132838 PMCID: PMC9417340 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00207d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional fire-retardant composite coatings are typically made of organic-based materials that reduce flame spread rates. However, the associated chemical reactions and starting precursors produce toxic and hazardous gases, affecting the environment and contributing to climate change. Wood is one of the most common materials used in construction and households, and thin-film fire-retardant coatings are needed to protect it from fire. Here, we derive high-performance nanocomposite paint-based coatings from naturally occurring and highly insulating layered vermiculite. The coatings are made using different weight percentages of shear-exfoliated vermiculite nanosheets in an epoxy matrix and are brush-coated onto teak wood. A series of tests using coated wooden rods and standard fire retardancy tests confirm a reduction in flame spread and combustion velocity with minimal toxic smoke release. Samples coated with the vermiculite/epoxy nanocomposite paint resist fire propagation, and post-combustion analysis indicates their resistance to thermal degradation. Our results offer a novel and eco-efficient solution to minimize the flame propagation rate, enhancing char development, and expand the scope of applications of ultra-thin vermiculite in nanocomposite coatings as a fire retardant, exploiting its low thermal conductivity in thermal insulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimannan Sethurajaperumal
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Anagha Manohar
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Eswaraiah Varrla
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba QLD 4350 Australia
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics, QUT Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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13
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Jeong SH, Heo JH, Lee JW, Kim MJ, Park CH, Lee JH. Bioinspired Adenosine Triphosphate as an "All-In-One" Green Flame Retardant via Extremely Intumescent Char Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22935-22945. [PMID: 33949843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly flame retardants is crucial due to the hazardous properties of most conventional flame retardants. Herein, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is reported to be a highly efficient "all-in-one" green flame retardant as it consists of three essential groups, which lead to the formation of char with extreme intumescence, namely, three phosphate groups, providing an acid source; one ribose sugar, working as a char source; and one adenine, acting as a blowing agent. Polyurethane foam was used as a model flammable material to demonstrate the exceptional flame retardancy of ATP. The direct flammability tests have clearly shown that the ATP-coated polyurethane (PU) foam almost did not burn upon exposure to the torch flame. Importantly, ATP exhibits an extreme volume increase, whereas general phosphorus-based flame retardants show a negligible increase in volume. The PU foam coated with 30 wt % of ATP (PU-ATP 30 wt %) exhibits a significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (94.3%) with a significant increase in the ignition time, compared to bare PU. In addition, PU-ATP 30 wt % exhibits a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31% and HF-1 rating in the UL94 horizontal burning foamed material test. Additionally, we demonstrated that ATP's flame retardancy is sufficient for other types of matrices such as cotton, as confirmed from the results of the standardized ASTM D6413 test; cotton-ATP 30 wt % exhibits an LOI value of 32% and passes the vertical flame test. These results strongly suggest that ATP has great potential to be used as an "all-in-one" green flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwan Jeong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
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14
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Long CT, Wang R, Shoalmire C, Antao DS, Shamberger PJ, Grunlan JC. Efficient Heat Shielding of Steel with Multilayer Nanocomposite Thin Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19369-19376. [PMID: 33861561 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to protect metal substrates from extreme heat, polymer-clay multilayer thin films are studied as expendable thermal barrier coatings. Nanocomposite films with a thickness ranging from 2 to 35 μm were deposited on steel plates and exposed to the flame from a butane torch. The 35 μm coating, composed of 14 deposited bilayers of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM)-buffered polyethylenimine (PEI) and vermiculite clay (VMT), decreased the maximum temperature observed on the back side of a 0.32 cm thick steel plate by over 100 °C when heated with a butane torch. Upon exposure to high temperature, the polymer and amine salt undergo pyrolysis and intumesce, subsequently forming a char and blowing gas. The char encases the nanoclay platelets, and a ceramic bubble is formed. The macro-scale bubble, in tandem with the nanocomposite coating properties, increases resistance to heat transfer into the underlying metal substrate. This heat shielding behavior occurs through radiative effects and low aggregate through-plane conductivity resulting from multilayer nanodomains and intumesced porosity (i.e., conduction through the gas as the film expands to form a ceramic bubble). These relatively thin and lightweight films could be used to protect important metal parts (in automobiles, aircraft, etc.) from fire-related damage or other types of transient high-temperature situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn T Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Ruisong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Charles Shoalmire
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Dion S Antao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Patrick J Shamberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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15
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Zeng M, Chen M, Huang D, Lei S, Zhang X, Wang L, Cheng Z. Engineered two-dimensional nanomaterials: an emerging paradigm for water purification and monitoring. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:758-802. [PMID: 34821315 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity has become an increasingly complex challenge with the growth of the global population, economic expansion, and climate change, highlighting the demand for advanced water treatment technologies that can provide clean water in a scalable, reliable, affordable, and sustainable manner. Recent advancements on 2D nanomaterials (2DM) open a new pathway for addressing the grand challenge of water treatment owing to their unique structures and superior properties. Emerging 2D nanostructures such as graphene, MoS2, MXene, h-BN, g-C3N4, and black phosphorus have demonstrated an unprecedented surface-to-volume ratio, which promises ultralow material use, ultrafast processing time, and ultrahigh treatment efficiency for water cleaning/monitoring. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art account on engineered 2D nanomaterials and their applications in emerging water technologies, involving separation, adsorption, photocatalysis, and pollutant detection. The fundamental design strategies of 2DM are discussed with emphasis on their physicochemical properties, underlying mechanism and targeted applications in different scenarios. This review concludes with a perspective on the pressing challenges and emerging opportunities in 2DM-enabled wastewater treatment and water-quality monitoring. This review can help to elaborate the structure-processing-property relationship of 2DM, and aims to guide the design of next-generation 2DM systems for the development of selective, multifunctional, programmable, and even intelligent water technologies. The global significance of clean water for future generations sheds new light and much inspiration in this rising field to enhance the efficiency and affordability of water treatment and secure a global water supply in a growing portion of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Zeng
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Effects of Graphite Oxide Nanoparticle Size on the Functional Properties of Layer-by-Layer Coated Flexible Foams. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020266. [PMID: 33498492 PMCID: PMC7909570 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of self-assembled coatings comprising graphite oxide (GO) nanoplates has been recently demonstrated as a promising route to improve the fire safety of flexible polyurethane (PU) foams. However, limited knowledge has been gathered on the correlations between the physical and chemical properties of different GO grades and the performance obtained in this application. This work addresses the effects of the nanoparticle dimensions on the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly and flame-retardant properties of GO-based coatings deposited on PU foams. To this aim, three GO bearing different lateral sizes and thicknesses were selected and LbL-assembled with chitosan (CHIT). Coating growth and morphology were evaluated by FTIR and FESEM, respectively. The resulting CHIT/GO assemblies were demonstrated to be capable of slowing down the combustion of the PU both in flammability and forced combustion tests. In addition, compressive stress/strain tests pointed out that the LbL-coated foams (22-24 kg/m3) could easily replace denser commercial PU foam (40-50 kg/m3) with weight reduction potentials in the transport field. These results are correlated with the properties of the employed GO. The production of assemblies characterized by a high density of CHIT/GO interfaces is identified as the main parameter controlling the FR efficiency and the mechanical properties of the coatings.
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17
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Lazar S, Shen R, Quan Y, Palen B, Wang Q, Ellison CJ, Grunlan JC. Mixed solvent synthesis of polydopamine nanospheres for sustainable multilayer flame retardant nanocoating. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mixed solvent synthesized polydopamine is used in a multilayer nanocoating for protecting foam from fire. The use of LbL technology significantly reduces the processing time often observed with traditional methods polymerized from buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Yufeng Quan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Bethany Palen
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Jaime C. Grunlan
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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18
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Chen MJ, Lazar S, Kolibaba TJ, Shen R, Quan Y, Wang Q, Chiang HC, Palen B, Grunlan JC. Environmentally Benign and Self-Extinguishing Multilayer Nanocoating for Protection of Flammable Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49130-49137. [PMID: 33064444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most current flame-retardant nanocoatings for flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) consist of passive barriers, such as clay, graphene oxide, or metal hydroxide. In an effort to develop a polymeric and environmentally benign nanocoating for PUF, positively charged chitosan (CH) and anionic sodium hexametaphosphate (PSP) were deposited using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Only six bilayers of CH/PSP film can withstand flame penetration during exposure to a butane torch (∼1400 °C) for 10 s and stop flame spread on the foam. Additionally, cone calorimetry reveals that the fire growth rate, peak heat release rate, and maximum average rate of heat emission are reduced by 55, 43, and 38%, respectively, compared with uncoated foam. This multilayer thin film quickly dehydrates to form an intumescent charred exoskeleton on the surface of the open-celled structure of polyurethane, inhibiting heat transfer and completely eliminating melt dripping. This entirely polymeric nanocoating provides a safe and effective alternative for reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foam that is widely used for cushioning and insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, 9999 Hongguang Road, Chengdu 610039, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Thomas J Kolibaba
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yufeng Quan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hsu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bethany Palen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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19
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Flame-Retardant Systems Based on Chitosan and Its Derivatives: State of the Art and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184046. [PMID: 32899696 PMCID: PMC7570566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the utilization of chitin, and in par0ticular its deacetylated form, i.e., chitosan, for flame retardant purposes, has represented quite a novel and interesting application, very far from the established uses of this bio-sourced material. In this context, chitosan is a carbon source that can be successfully exploited, often in combination with intumescent products, in order to provide different polymer systems (namely, bulky materials, fabrics and foams) with high flame retardant (FR) features. Besides, this specific use of chitosan in flame retardance is well suited to a green and sustainable approach. This review aims to summarize the recent advances concerning the utilization of chitosan as a key component in the design of efficient flame retardant systems for different polymeric materials.
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20
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Geoffroy L, Davesne AL, Bellayer S, Blanchard F, Richard E, Samyn F, Jimenez M, Bourbigot S. 3D printed sandwich materials filled with hydrogels for extremely low heat release rate. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Nabipour H, Wang X, Song L, Hu Y. A fully bio-based coating made from alginate, chitosan and hydroxyapatite for protecting flexible polyurethane foam from fire. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116641. [PMID: 32747276 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the successful synthesis of the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) through a fully bio-based coating. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is added to the solutions containing sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CH), respectively, to create negative and positive polyelectrolytes for Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly. The influence of the solution concentrations and bilayers numbers deposited on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of FPUF samples is investigated systematically. Benefitting from the presence of such a fully bio-based coating, the resultant FPUF affords excellent smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant features. In particular, the FPUF coated by 9 bilayers of HAP-SA/HAP-CH exhibits significantly declined peak heat release rate, total release rate and smoke production release by 77.7 %, 56.5 % and 53.8 %, respectively. The compression test verifies the coated FPUFs exhibit lower recovery properties compared with the uncoated one. These results demonstrate that a green and cost-effective strategy is provided for producing flame-retardant, anti-dripping and smoke-suppressant FPUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafezeh Nabipour
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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22
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Flame-retardant and Self-healing Biomass Aerogels Based on Electrostatic Assembly. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Fahami A, Lee J, Lazar S, Grunlan JC. Mica-Based Multilayer Nanocoating as a Highly Effective Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19938-19943. [PMID: 32242655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly flammable polyurethane foam (PUF) remains a key risk factor associated with bedding and upholstered furniture, contributing to the yearly destruction of property and loss of lives. In an attempt to tackle this issue and develop a more benign flame retardant for PUF, a mica-based nanocomposite was deposited using layer-by-layer assembly. Chitosan (CH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were used to stabilize high-aspect-ratio mica. Foam treated with eight bilayers of CH- and PAA-stabilized mica preserves the porous foam structure, prevents melt dripping, and self-extinguishes during a 10 s torch test, while uncoated foam is completely consumed. When exposed to 35 kW/m2 heat flux during cone calorimetry, the peak heat release rate is reduced by 54% and less-volatile molecules are released during combustion, resulting in a 76% reduction in the total smoke release. This multilayer coating serves as an environmentally benign template for flame-retarding PUF and various other three-dimensional substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Fahami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jungyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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24
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Köklükaya O, Carosio F, Durán VL, Wågberg L. Layer-by-layer modified low density cellulose fiber networks: A sustainable and fireproof alternative to petroleum based foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115616. [PMID: 31887896 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Wood-based cellulose fibers were used to prepare porous, low density and wet-stable fiber networks (FN). Multilayer coatings consisting of chitosan (CH), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and inorganic nanoparticles comprising of either sodium montmorillonite (MMT), sepiolite (SEP) or colloidal silica (SNP) were deposited by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique onto FNs in an effort to impart flame-retardancy. A simulated fire scenario measured by cone calorimetry showed that five quadlayers (QL) of CH/SHMP/CH/MMT, CH/SHMP/CH/SEP and CH/SHMP/CH/SNP can produce significant reduction in peak heat release rate (pkHRR). In detail, the coating containing SEP showed the largest reduction of the pkHRR by 47% relative to the uncoated FN. MMT and SEP coated FNs were also able to self-extinguish fire and to retain their shapes after direct exposure to a methane flame. This study hence shows that the LbL assembly is a highly effective way to impart flame-retardant properties to this new type of porous FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oruç Köklükaya
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Verónica López Durán
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; BiMaC Innovation, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Lin B, Yuen ACY, Li A, Zhang Y, Chen TBY, Yu B, Lee EWM, Peng S, Yang W, Lu HD, Chan QN, Yeoh GH, Wang CH. MXene/chitosan nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foam towards remarkable fire hazards reductions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:120952. [PMID: 31400715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MXene/chitosan nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) was prepared via layer-by-layer (LbL) approach. MXene (Ti3C2) ultra-thin nanosheets were obtained through etching process of Ti3AlC2 followed by exfoliation. The deposition of MXene/chitosan nanocoating was conducted by alternatingly immersing the PUF into a chitosan solution and a Ti3C2 aqueous dispersion, which resulted in different number of bilayers (BL) ranging from 2, 5 and 8. Owing to the utilization of ultra-thin Ti3C2 nanosheets, the weight gain was only 6.9% for 8 BL coating of PUF, which minimised the unfavourable impact on the intrinsic properties of PUF. The Ti3C2/chitosan coating significantly reduced the flammability and smoke releases of PUF. Compared with unmodified PUF, the 8 BL coating reduced the peak heat release rate by 57.2%, alongside with a 65.5% reduction in the total heat release. The 8 BL coating also showed outstanding smoke suppression ability with total smoke release decreased by 71.1% and peak smoke production rate reduced by 60.3%, respectively. The peak production of CO and CO2 gases also decreased by 70.8% and 68.6%, respectively. Furthermore, an outstanding char formation performance of 37.2 wt.% residue was obtained for 8 BL coated PUF, indicating the excellent barrier and carbonization property of the hybrid coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ao Li
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Hefei University, 99 Jinxiu Avenue, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Timothy Bo Yuan Chen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 88 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Eric Wai Ming Lee
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 88 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Hefei University, 99 Jinxiu Avenue, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
| | - Hong-Dian Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Hefei University, 99 Jinxiu Avenue, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Qing Nian Chan
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Guan Heng Yeoh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chun H Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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26
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Jordanov I, Magovac E, Fahami A, Lazar S, Kolibaba T, Smith RJ, Bischof S, Grunlan JC. Flame retardant polyester fabric from nitrogen-rich low molecular weight additives within intumescent nanocoating. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Li J, Wang H, Li S. Thermal stability and flame retardancy of an epoxy resin modified with phosphoric triamide and glycidyl POSS. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319843979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoric triamide (PTA) and glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were simultaneously incorporated into the cured network of a bisphenol F epoxy resin and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy. PTA was synthesized by triethyl phosphate and DDM, and its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results showed that the introduction of PTA and POSS slightly increased the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that compared with the pure, phosphoric, and silicic epoxy resins, the modified epoxy resin possessed the lowest weight loss rate and highest char residue. Its limiting oxygen index value was as high as 30.5, and the UL-94 grade reached V-1. A decomposition test was carried out to obtain sufficient char residue and investigate the condensed mechanism. The scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated that the char residue of the modified epoxy resin had a compact structure. The energy dispersive X-ray and FTIR analyses verified the synergistic effect of the phosphorus and silicon in the PTA and POSS, respectively, on the epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Li
- College of Mining and Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Shichao Li
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
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28
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Shi X, Yang P, Peng X, Huang C, Qian Q, Wang B, He J, Liu X, Li Y, Kuang T. Bi-phase fire-resistant polyethylenimine/graphene oxide/melanin coatings using layer by layer assembly technique: Smoke suppression and thermal stability of flexible polyurethane foams. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Riehle F, Hoenders D, Guo J, Eckert A, Ifuku S, Walther A. Sustainable Chitin Nanofibrils Provide Outstanding Flame-Retardant Nanopapers. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1098-1108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Riehle
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Eckert
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shinsuke Ifuku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 101-4 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8502, Japan
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Janica I, Del Buffa S, Mikołajczak A, Eredia M, Pakulski D, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Thermal insulation with 2D materials: liquid phase exfoliated vermiculite functional nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:23182-23190. [PMID: 30516773 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phyllosilicates are layered materials possessing unique thermal properties, commonly exploited in their multilayered crystalline form as refractory insulators and heating elements. A more versatile use of such materials, however, would require their existence in the form of inks and dispersions ready to be patterned. Within this framework, the liquid-phase exfoliation of low-cost, low-purity materials such as bulk multiphasic minerals and powders represents an economically advantageous approach for the production of 2D nano-sized objects with a defined composition, size and morphology. Here, ultrasound-assisted exfoliation and shear-mixing of a multi-phasic vermiculite in mild acidic aqueous solutions were employed to successfully obtain dispersions of mono- and few-layer thick clay nanosheets. The exfoliated materials were thoroughly investigated through granulometry, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), specific surface area measurements and AFM imaging. Despite the fact that the lateral size and the thickness distribution of exfoliated flakes obtained with the two approaches appear similar, the ultrasound-assisted exfoliation process yielded a larger amount of mono- and bi-layer thick flakes as well as materials with a higher specific surface area. XRD analysis revealed that the use of ultrasound waves in an acidic environment results in the complete exfoliation of the vermiculite layer, whereas the use of shear forces under the same conditions results in the exfoliation of hydrobiotite and mica crystalline phases. Thermal conductivity measurements provided clear evidence on how the structural changes - arising from the exfoliation process - have a direct impact on the properties of the exfoliated clay. Remarkably, compared to the raw material, the thermal conductivity of the exfoliated material decreases by 25%, reaching the ultra-low thermal conductivity regime (<0.1 W m-1 K-1). Our approach may enable in the future the generation of patterns of thermal insulators onto different surfaces by applying vermiculite nanosheets in the form of dispersions and printable inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Janica
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland and Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. and Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stefano Del Buffa
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Agnieszka Mikołajczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland and Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Matilde Eredia
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Dawid Pakulski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland and Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. and Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. and Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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