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Guo S, Cui H, Agarwal T, Zhang LG. Nanomaterials in 4D Printing: Expanding the Frontiers of Advanced Manufacturing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307750. [PMID: 38431939 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
As an innovative technology, four-dimentional (4D) printing is built upon the principles of three-dimentional (3D) printing with an additional dimension: time. While traditional 3D printing creates static objects, 4D printing generates "responsive 3D printed structures", enabling them to transform or self-assemble in response to external stimuli. Due to the dynamic nature, 4D printing has demonstrated tremendous potential in a range of industries, encompassing aerospace, healthcare, and intelligent devices. Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention owing to the exceptional properties and functions of nanomaterials. Incorporating nanomaterials into an intelligent matrix enhances the physiochemical properties of 4D printed constructs, introducing novel functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current applications of nanomaterials in 4D printing, exploring their synergistic potential to create dynamic and responsive structures. Nanomaterials play diverse roles as rheology modifiers, mechanical enhancers, function introducers, and more. The overarching goal of this review is to inspire researchers to delve into the vast potential of nanomaterial-enabled 4D printing, propelling advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Haitao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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2
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Stramarkou M, Tzegiannakis I, Christoforidi E, Krokida M. Use of Electrospinning for Sustainable Production of Nanofibers: A Comparative Assessment of Smart Textiles-Related Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:514. [PMID: 38399892 PMCID: PMC10893451 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Textile production is a major component of the global industry, with sales of over USD 450 billion and estimations of an 84% increase in their demand in the next 20 years. In recent decades, protective and smart textiles have played important roles in the social economy and attracted widespread popularity thanks to their wide spectrum of applications with properties, such as antimicrobial, water-repellent, UV, chemical, and thermal protection. Towards the sustainable manufacturing of smart textiles, biodegradable, recycled, and bio-based plastics are used as alternative raw materials for fabric and yarn production using a wide variety of techniques. While conventional techniques present several drawbacks, nanofibers produced through electrospinning have superior structural properties. Electrospinning is an innovative method for fiber production based on the use of electrostatic force to create charged threads of polymer solutions. Electrospinning shows great potential since it provides control of the size, porosity, and mechanical resistance of the fibers. This review summarizes the advances in the rapidly evolving field of the production of nanofibers for application in smart and protective textiles using electrospinning and environmentally friendly polymers as raw materials, and provides research directions for optimized smart fibers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stramarkou
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechneiou St. Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (E.C.); (M.K.)
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3
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Flores León J, Quiroz Castillo JM, Rodríguez Félix DE, Castillo Ortega MM, Cabrera-González AD, Ramirez-Mendoza CG, Santacruz-Ortega H, Suárez-Campos G, Valenzuela-García JL, Herrera-Franco PJ. Preparation and Characterization of Extruded PLA Films Coated with Polyaniline or Polypyrrole by In Situ Chemical Polymerization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43243-43253. [PMID: 38024776 PMCID: PMC10653065 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers, such as polypyrrole and polyaniline, have been extensively studied for their notable intrinsic electronic and ionic conductivities, rendering them suitable for a range of diverse applications. In this study, in situ chemical polymerization was employed to coat extruded PLA films with PPy and PANi. Morphological analysis reveals a uniform and compact deposition of both polyaniline and polypyrrole after polymerization periods of 3 and 1 h, respectively. Furthermore, the PLA-PANi-3h and PLA-PPy-1h composites exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, with values of 0.042 and 0.022 S cm-1, respectively. These findings were in agreement with the XPS results, as the polyaniline-coated film showed a higher proportion of charge carriers compared to the polypyrrole composite. The elastic modulus of the coated films showed an increase compared with that of pure PLA films. Additionally, the inflection temperatures for the PLA-PANi-3h and PLA-PPy-1h composites were 368.7 and 367.2 °C, respectively, while for pure PLA, it reached 341.47 °C. This improvement in mechanical and thermal properties revealed the effective interfacial adhesion between the PLA matrix and the conducting polymer. Therefore, this work demonstrates that coating biopolymeric matrices with PANi or PPy enables the production of functional and environmentally friendly conductive materials suitable for potential use in the removal of heavy metals in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
Ramón Flores León
- Departamento
de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Jesús Manuel Quiroz Castillo
- Departamento
de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Dora E. Rodríguez Félix
- Departamento
de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - María Mónica Castillo Ortega
- Departamento
de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Ana Daymi Cabrera-González
- Departamento
de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | | | - Hisila Santacruz-Ortega
- Departamento
de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Guillermo Suárez-Campos
- Departamento
de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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4
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Wang B, Hou Y, Zhong S, Zhu J, Guan C. Biomimetic Venus Flytrap Structures Using Smart Composites: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6702. [PMID: 37895684 PMCID: PMC10608135 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic structures are inspired by elegant and complex architectures of natural creatures, drawing inspiration from biological structures to achieve specific functions or improve specific strength and modulus to reduce weight. In particular, the rapid closure of a Venus flytrap leaf is one of the fastest motions in plants, its biomechanics does not rely on muscle tissues to produce rapid shape-changing, which is significant for engineering applications. Composites are ubiquitous in nature and are used for biomimetic design due to their superior overall performance and programmability. Here, we focus on reviewing the most recent progress on biomimetic Venus flytrap structures based on smart composite technology. An overview of the biomechanics of Venus flytrap is first introduced, in order to reveal the underlying mechanisms. The smart composite technology was then discussed by covering mainly the principles and driving mechanics of various types of bistable composite structures, followed by research progress on the smart composite-based biomimetic flytrap structures, with a focus on the bionic strategies in terms of sensing, responding and actuation, as well as the rapid snap-trapping, aiming to enrich the diversities and reveal the fundamentals in order to further advance the multidisciplinary science and technological development into composite bionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 362251, China; (B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Yi Hou
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 362251, China; (B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Shuncong Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 362251, China; (B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Chenglong Guan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
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5
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Tang Q, Ke Q, Chen Q, Zhang X, Su J, Ning C, Fang L. Flexible, Breathable, and Self-Powered Patch Assembled of Electrospun Polymer Triboelectric Layers and Polypyrrole-Coated Electrode for Infected Chronic Wound Healing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17641-17652. [PMID: 37009854 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wound healing is often impaired by bacterial infection and weak trans-epithelial potential. Patches with electrical stimulation and bactericidal activity may solve this problem. However, inconvenient power and resistant antibiotics limit their application. Here, we proposed a self-powered and intrinsic bactericidal patch based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Electrospun polymer tribo-layers and a chemical vapor-deposited polypyrrole electrode are assembled as the TENG, offering the patch excellent flexibility, breathability, and wettability. Electrical stimulations by harvesting mechanical motions and positive charges on the polypyrrole surface kill over 96% of bacteria due to their synergistic effects on cell membrane disruption. Moreover, the TENG patch promotes infected diabetic rat skin wounds to heal within 2 weeks. Cell culture and animal tests suggest that electrical stimulation enhances gene expression of growth factors for accelerated wound healing. This work provides new insights into the design of wearable and multifunctional electrotherapy devices for chronic wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Qi Ke
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianyu Su
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, China-Singapore Smart Park, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Chengyun Ning
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liming Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
- China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, China-Singapore Smart Park, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Wushan 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China
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6
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Xu Z, Liu YB, Wei DW, Bao RY, Wang Y, Ke K, Yang W. Configurational Entropy Regulation in Polyolefin Elastomer/Paraffin Wax Vitrimers by Thermally Responsive Liquid-Solid Transition for Force Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12423-12433. [PMID: 36821339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The work output of shape memory polymers during shape shifting is desired for practical application as actuators. Herein, a polyolefin elastomer (POE) and paraffin wax (PW) are co-cross-linked by dynamic boronic ester bonds to enhance the network elasticity and the stress transfer between the two phases, endowing high force storage capacity to the prepared vitrimers. Depending on the phase of PW, one-way force storage is realized by programming at a low temperature (25 °C), owing to which solid PW can promote the locking of POE chains in a low-entropy state, while reversible force storage can be realized by programming at a high temperature (75 °C), owing to which the relaxation of chains facilitated by liquid PW can promote the construction of a stable structure. Based on one-way force storage, a weight-lifting machine with a weight of 20 mg prestrained at 25 °C can lift a 100 g weight, showing a lifting ratio of no less than 5000, with a high work output of 0.98 J/g. A high-temperature alarm can be triggered at varied temperatures (43-56 °C) through controlled force release by adjusting the PW content and programmed prestrains. Based on the reversible force storage, crawling robots and artificial muscles with a work output of 0.025 J/g are demonstrated. The dynamic cross-linking network also confers mold-free self-healing capability to POE/PW vitrimers, and the repair efficiency is enhanced compared with the POE vitrimer due to the improved POE chain motion by liquid PW. The realized one-way and reversible force storage and self-healing by POE/PW vitrimers pave the way for the application of SMPs in the fields of soft robotic actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-Bo Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Dun-Wen Wei
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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7
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Centrifugal Force-Spinning to Obtain Multifunctional Fibers of PLA Reinforced with Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051240. [PMID: 36904481 PMCID: PMC10006974 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and development of multifunctional fibers awakened great interest in biomaterials and food packaging materials. One way to achieve these materials is by incorporating functionalized nanoparticles into matrices obtained by spinning techniques. Here, a procedure for obtaining functionalized silver nanoparticles through a green protocol, using chitosan as a reducing agent, was implemented. These nanoparticles were incorporated into PLA solutions to study the production of multifunctional polymeric fibers by centrifugal force-spinning. Multifunctional PLA-based microfibers were obtained with nanoparticle concentrations varying from 0 to 3.5 wt%. The effect of the incorporation of nanoparticles and the method of preparation of the fibers on the morphology, thermomechanical properties, biodisintegration, and antimicrobial behavior, was investigated. The best balance in terms of thermomechanical behavior was obtained for the lowest amount of nanoparticles, that is 1 wt%. Furthermore, functionalized silver nanoparticles confer antibacterial activity to the PLA fibers, with a percentage of killing bacteria between 65 and 90%. All the samples turned out to be disintegrable under composting conditions. Additionally, the suitability of the centrifugal force-spinning technique for producing shape-memory fiber mats was tested. Results demonstrate that with 2 wt% of nanoparticles a good thermally activated shape-memory effect, with high values of fixity and recovery ratios, is obtained. The results obtained show interesting properties of the nanocomposites to be applied as biomaterials.
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8
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The Current Status, Prospects, and Challenges of Shape Memory Polymers Application in Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030556. [PMID: 36771857 PMCID: PMC9920657 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects can occur after severe trauma, infection, or bone tumor resection surgery, which requires grafting to repair the defect when it reaches a critical size, as the bone's self-healing ability is insufficient to complete the bone repair. Natural bone grafts or artificial bone grafts, such as bioceramics, are currently used in bone tissue engineering, but the low availability of bone and high cost limit these treatments. Therefore, shape memory polymers (SMPs), which combine biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, shape tunability, ease of access, and minimally invasive implantation, have received attention in bone tissue engineering in recent years. Here, we reviewed the various excellent properties of SMPs and their contribution to bone formation in experiments at the cellular and animal levels, respectively, especially for the repair of defects in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) and limb bones, to provide new ideas for the application of these new SMPs in bone tissue engineering.
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Acosta M, Santiago MD, Irvin JA. Electrospun Conducting Polymers: Approaches and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15248820. [PMID: 36556626 PMCID: PMC9782039 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inherently conductive polymers (CPs) can generally be switched between two or more stable oxidation states, giving rise to changes in properties including conductivity, color, and volume. The ability to prepare CP nanofibers could lead to applications including water purification, sensors, separations, nerve regeneration, wound healing, wearable electronic devices, and flexible energy storage. Electrospinning is a relatively inexpensive, simple process that is used to produce polymer nanofibers from solution. The nanofibers have many desirable qualities including high surface area per unit mass, high porosity, and low weight. Unfortunately, the low molecular weight and rigid rod nature of most CPs cannot yield enough chain entanglement for electrospinning, instead yielding polymer nanoparticles via an electrospraying process. Common workarounds include co-extruding with an insulating carrier polymer, coaxial electrospinning, and coating insulating electrospun polymer nanofibers with CPs. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, as well as the use of these materials in sensing, biomedical, electronic, separation, purification, and energy conversion and storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Acosta
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Marvin D. Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Irvin
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Sánchez CP, Jérôme C, Noels L, Vanderbemden P. Review of Thermoresponsive Electroactive and Magnetoactive Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40701-40723. [PMID: 36406535 PMCID: PMC9670708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive and magnetoactive shape memory polymer nanocomposites (SMCs) are multistimuli-responsive smart materials that are of great interest in many research and industrial fields. In addition to thermoresponsive shape memory polymers, SMCs include nanofillers with suitable electric and/or magnetic properties that allow for alternative and remote methods of shape memory activation. This review discusses the state of the art on these electro- and magnetoactive SMCs and summarizes recently published investigations, together with relevant applications in several fields. Special attention is paid to the shape memory characteristics (shape fixity and shape recovery or recovery force) of these materials, as well as to the magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields required to trigger the shape memory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pereira Sánchez
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - Ludovic Noels
- Department
of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Philippe Vanderbemden
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
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11
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu M, Wei Q, Du B. 4D printing light-/thermo-responsive shape memory composites based on thermoplastic polyurethane/polylactic acid/polyaniline blends. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221135499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane/polyaniline (PLA/TPU/PANI) blends with different weight ratios were prepared by Fused deposition molding First, six groups of PLA/TPU (U9A1/U8A2/U7A3/U6A4/U5A5/U4A6) and three groups of PLA/TPU/PANI (821/823/825) with different ratios were fabricated by melt blending. Then, the effects of different filament forming and printing process parameters on print resolution and quality were investigated. Next, printed samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical experiments. The results of FTIR and TGA showed no chemical reaction between different components, and uniform distribution of the material was observed in the SEM. The tensile and compressive curves of the samples showed an inverted U-shape. Finally, the shape-memory property was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. For PLA/TPU blends, U8A2 had the best shape memory capability ([Formula: see text] = 80.8% and [Formula: see text] = 100%). Based on the excellent shape memory performance of PLA/TPU, the addition of PANI can introduce a light-actuated mechanism to form a binary-driven shape memory material. The composite materials prepared in this work can be applied to tissue engineering scaffolds, medical devices, soft robots and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Minyan Liu
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Bing Du
- Center of Stomatology, The Second People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
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12
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Constructing (reduced) graphene oxide enhanced polypyrrole /ceramic composite membranes for water remediation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Gao MH, Feng W, Qi XD, Wang Y. Multistimuli Responsive and Thermoregulated Capability of Coaxial Electrospun Membranes with Core-sheath Structure and Functional Polypyrrole Layer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Pineda-Castillo SA, Stiles AM, Bohnstedt BN, Lee H, Liu Y, Lee CH. Shape Memory Polymer-Based Endovascular Devices: Design Criteria and Future Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132526. [PMID: 35808573 PMCID: PMC9269599 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Devices for the endovascular embolization of intracranial aneurysms (ICAs) face limitations related to suboptimal rates of lasting complete occlusion. Incomplete occlusion frequently leads to residual flow within the aneurysm sac, which subsequently causes aneurysm recurrence needing surgical re-operation. An emerging method for improving the rates of complete occlusion both immediately after implant and in the longer run can be the fabrication of patient-specific materials for ICA embolization. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are materials with great potential for this application, owing to their versatile and tunable shape memory properties that can be tailored to a patient’s aneurysm geometry and flow condition. In this review, we first present the state-of-the-art endovascular devices and their limitations in providing long-term complete occlusion. Then, we present methods for the fabrication of SMPs, the most prominent actuation methods for their shape recovery, and the potential of SMPs as endovascular devices for ICA embolization. Although SMPs are a promising alternative for the patient-specific treatment of ICAs, there are still limitations that need to be addressed for their application as an effective coil-free endovascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Pineda-Castillo
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (S.A.P.-C.); (A.M.S.)
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Aryn M. Stiles
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (S.A.P.-C.); (A.M.S.)
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Bradley N. Bohnstedt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Laboratory of Implantable Microsystems Research (LIMR), Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Chung-Hao Lee
- Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (S.A.P.-C.); (A.M.S.)
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Xu Z, Wei DW, Bao RY, Wang Y, Ke K, Yang MB, Yang W. Self-Sensing Actuators Based on a Stiffness Variable Reversible Shape Memory Polymer Enabled by a Phase Change Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22521-22530. [PMID: 35522609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators with integrated mechanical and actuation properties and self-sensing ability are still a challenge. Herein, a stiffness variable polyolefin elastomer (POE) with a reversible shape memory effect is prepared by introducing a typical phase change material, i.e., paraffin wax (PW). It is found that the variable stiffness of POE induced by PW can balance the reversible strain and load-bearing capability of actuators. Especially, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are concentrated in a thin surface layer by spraying and hot pressing in the soft state of POE/PW blends, providing signal transductions for the strain and temperature perception for actuators. Taking advantage of tunable reversible deformation and mechanical transformation of the POE/PW actuator, different biomimetic robotics, including grippers with high load-bearing capability (weight-lifting ratio > 146), walking robots that can sense angles of joints, and high-temperature warning robots are demonstrated. A scheme combining the variable stiffness and electrical properties provides a versatile strategy to integrate actuation performance and self-sensing ability, inspiring the development of multifunctional composite designs for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Dun-Wen Wei
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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16
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Shape-Memory Materials via Electrospinning: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050995. [PMID: 35267818 PMCID: PMC8914658 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to point out the importance of the synergic effects of two relevant and appealing polymeric issues: electrospun fibers and shape-memory properties. The attention is focused specifically on the design and processing of electrospun polymeric fibers with shape-memory capabilities and their potential application fields. It is shown that this field needs to be explored more from both scientific and industrial points of view; however, very promising results have been obtained up to now in the biomedical field and also as sensors and actuators and in electronics.
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17
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Liguori A, Pandini S, Rinoldi C, Zaccheroni N, Pierini F, Focarete ML, Gualandi C. Thermo-active Smart Electrospun Nanofibers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100694. [PMID: 34962002 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The recent burst of research on smart materials is a clear evidence of the growing interest of the scientific community, industry, and society in the field. The exploitation of the great potential of stimuli-responsive materials for sensing, actuation, logic, and control applications is favored and supported by new manufacturing technologies, such as electrospinning, that allows to endow smart materials with micro- and nano-structuration, thus opening up additional and unprecedented prospects. In this wide and lively scenario, this article systematically reviews the current advances in the development of thermo-active electrospun fibers and textiles, sorting them, according to their response to the thermal stimulus. Hence, several platforms including thermo-responsive systems, shape memory polymers, thermo-optically responsive systems, phase change materials, thermoelectric materials, and pyroelectric materials, have been described and critically discussed. The difference in active species and outputs of the aforementioned categories has been highlighted, evidencing the transversal nature of temperature stimulus. Moreover, the potential of novel thermo-active materials has been pointed out, revealing how their development could take to utmost interesting achievements. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liguori
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Stefano Pandini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Rinoldi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Nelsi Zaccheroni
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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18
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Agarwal T, Hann SY, Chiesa I, Cui H, Celikkin N, Micalizzi S, Barbetta A, Costantini M, Esworthy T, Zhang LG, De Maria C, Maiti TK. 4D printing in biomedical applications: emerging trends and technologies. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7608-7632. [PMID: 34586145 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nature's material systems during evolution have developed the ability to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli through the generation of complex structures capable of varying their functions across direction, distances and time. 3D printing technologies can recapitulate structural motifs present in natural materials, and efforts are currently being made on the technological side to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed. However, an intrinsic limitation of this technology is that printed objects are static and thus inadequate to dynamically reshape when subjected to external stimuli. In recent years, this issue has been addressed with the design and precise deployment of smart materials that can undergo a programmed morphing in response to a stimulus. The term 4D printing was coined to indicate the combined use of additive manufacturing, smart materials, and careful design of appropriate geometries. In this review, we report the recent progress in the design and development of smart materials that are actuated by different stimuli and their exploitation within additive manufacturing to produce biomimetic structures with important repercussions in different but interrelated biomedical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal - 721302, India.
| | - Sung Yun Hann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Irene Chiesa
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Nehar Celikkin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Simone Micalizzi
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Barbetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Carmelo De Maria
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal - 721302, India.
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19
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Sun WJ, Guan Y, Wang YY, Wang T, Xu YT, Kong WW, Jia LC, Yan DX, Li ZM. Low-Voltage Actuator with Bilayer Structure for Various Biomimetic Locomotions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43449-43457. [PMID: 34472846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Composites based on a shape-memory polymer doped with conductive particles are considered as soft actuators for artificial muscles and robots. Low-voltage actuating is expected to reduce equipment requirement and safety hazards, which requires a highly conductive particle content but weakens the reversible deformation. The spatial distribution of the conductive particle is key to decreasing the actuating voltage and maintaining the reversible deformation. Herein, an approach of fabricating a low-voltage actuator that can perform various biomimetic locomotions by spraying and hot pressing is reported. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are enriched inside the surface layer of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) to form a high-density conductive network without degradation of the reversible deformation. The bilayer CNT/EVA actuator exhibits a reversible transformation of more than 10% even with 100 cycles, which requires an applied voltage of just 15 V. Taking advantage of the reprogrammability of the CNT/EVA actuator and reversible shift between the different shapes, different biomimetic locomotions (sample actuator, gripper, and walking robot) are demonstrated without any additional mechanical components. A scheme combining the electrical properties and the shape-memory effect provides a versatile strategy to fabricate low-voltage-actuated polymeric actuators, providing inspiration in the development of electrical soft actuators and biomimetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jin Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yan Guan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yue-Yi Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ying-Te Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei-Wei Kong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li-Chuan Jia
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ding-Xiang Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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20
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Yang L, Lou J, Yuan J, Deng J. A review of shape memory polymers based on the intrinsic structures of their responsive switches. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28838-28850. [PMID: 35478574 PMCID: PMC9038180 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs), as stimuli-responsive materials, have attracted worldwide attention. Based on the history and development of SMPs, a variety of reports about SMPs in recent years are summarized in this paper. The responsive switches are analyzed and divided into two kinds according to their intrinsic structures: physical switch and chemical one. Then, detailed classification and comprehensive discussion of SMPs are further elaborated, based on the intrinsic structures of responsive switches and stimulation types. Finally, the development and prospect of SMPs are objectively predicted and forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lide Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Lou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jianru Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
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21
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Zare M, Davoodi P, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun Shape Memory Polymer Micro-/Nanofibers and Tailoring Their Roles for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:933. [PMID: 33917478 PMCID: PMC8067457 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) as a relatively new class of smart materials have gained increasing attention in academic research and industrial developments (e.g., biomedical engineering, aerospace, robotics, automotive industries, and smart textiles). SMPs can switch their shape, stiffness, size, and structure upon being exposed to external stimuli. Electrospinning technique can endow SMPs with micro-/nanocharacteristics for enhanced performance in biomedical applications. Dynamically changing micro-/nanofibrous structures have been widely investigated to emulate the dynamical features of the ECM and regulate cell behaviors. Structures such as core-shell fibers, developed by coaxial electrospinning, have also gained potential applications as drug carriers and artificial blood vessels. The clinical applications of micro-/nanostructured SMP fibers include tissue regeneration, regulating cell behavior, cell growth templates, and wound healing. This review presents the molecular architecture of SMPs, the recent developments in electrospinning techniques for the fabrication of SMP micro-/nanofibers, the biomedical applications of SMPs as well as future perspectives for providing dynamic biomaterials structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Zare
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Pooya Davoodi
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Hornbeam Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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22
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Xia Y, He Y, Zhang F, Liu Y, Leng J. A Review of Shape Memory Polymers and Composites: Mechanisms, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000713. [PMID: 32969090 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, interest in shape memory polymers (SMPs) has persisted, and immense efforts have been dedicated to developing SMPs and their multifunctional composites. As a class of stimuli-responsive polymers, SMPs can return to their initial shape from a programmed temporary shape under external stimuli, such as light, heat, magnetism, and electricity. The introduction of functional materials and nanostructures results in shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) with large recoverable deformation, enhanced mechanical properties, and controllable remote actuation. Because of these unique features, SMPCs have a broad application prospect in many fields covering aerospace engineering, biomedical devices, flexible electronics, soft robotics, shape memory arrays, and 4D printing. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of the shape recovery mechanisms, multifunctionality, applications, and recent advances in SMPs and SMPCs is presented. Specifically, the combination of functional, reversible, multiple, and controllable shape recovery processes is discussed. Further, established products from such materials are highlighted. Finally, potential directions for the future advancement of SMPs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xia
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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23
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Yang X, Wang J, Guo H, Liu L, Xu W, Duan G. Structural design toward functional materials by electrospinning: A review. E-POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrospinning as one of the most versatile technologies have attracted a lot of scientists’ interests in past decades due to its great diversity of fabricating nanofibers featuring high aspect ratio, large specific surface area, flexibility, structural abundance, and surface functionality. Remarkable progress has been made in terms of the versatile structures of electrospun fibers and great functionalities to enable a broad spectrum of applications. In this article, the electrospun fibers with different structures and their applications are reviewed. First, several kinds of electrospun fibers with different structures are presented. Then the applications of various structural electrospun fibers in different fields, including catalysis, drug release, batteries, and supercapacitors, are reviewed. Finally, the application prospect and main challenges of electrospun fibers are discussed. We hope that this review will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the structural design and applications of electrospun fibers in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hongtao Guo
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Li Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenhui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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24
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Synthesis of Core-Double Shell Nylon-ZnO/Polypyrrole Electrospun Nanofibers. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112241. [PMID: 33198133 PMCID: PMC7696486 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Core–double shell nylon-ZnO/polypyrrole electrospun nanofibers were fabricated by combining three straightforward methods (electrospinning, sol–gel synthesis and electrodeposition). The hybrid fibrous organic–inorganic nanocomposite was obtained starting from freestanding nylon 6/6 nanofibers obtained through electrospinning. Nylon meshes were functionalized with a very thin, continuous ZnO film by a sol–gel process and thermally treated in order to increase its crystallinity. Further, the ZnO coated networks were used as a working electrode for the electrochemical deposition of a very thin, homogenous polypyrrole layer. X-ray diffraction measurements were employed for characterizing the ZnO structures while spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR and Raman were employed for describing the polypyrrole layer. An elemental analysis was performed through X-ray microanalysis, confirming the expected double shell structure. A detailed micromorphological characterization through FESEM and TEM assays evidenced the deposition of both organic and inorganic layers. Highly transparent, flexible due to the presence of the polymer core and embedding a semiconducting heterojunction, such materials can be easily tailored and integrated in functional platforms with a wide range of applications.
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25
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Zhang F, Zhao T, Ruiz-Molina D, Liu Y, Roscini C, Leng J, Smoukov SK. Shape Memory Polyurethane Microcapsules with Active Deformation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47059-47064. [PMID: 32991802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
From smart self-tightening sutures and expandable stents to morphing airplane wings, shape memory structures are increasingly present in our daily life. The lack of methods for synthesizing intricate structures from them on the micron and submicron level, however, is stopping the field from developing. In particular, the methods for the synthesis of shape memory polymers (SMPs) and structures at this scale and the effect of new geometries remain unexplored. Here, we describe the synthesis of shape memory polyurethane (PU) capsules accomplished by interfacial polymerization of emulsified droplets. The emulsified droplets contain the monomers for the hard segments, while the continuous aqueous phase contains the soft segments. A trifunctional chemical cross-linker for shape memory PU synthesis was utilized to eliminate creep and improve the recovery ratios of the final capsules. We observe an anomalous dependence of the recovery ratio with the amount of programmed strain compared to previous SMPs. We develop quantitative characterization methods and theory to show that when dealing with thin-shell objects, alternative parameters to quantify recovery ratios are needed. We show that while achieving 94-99% area recovery ratios, the linear capsule recovery ratios can be as low as 70%. This quantification method allows us to convert from observed linear aspect ratios in capsules to find out unrecovered area strain and stress. The hollow structure of the capsules grants high internal volume for some applications (e.g., drug delivery), which benefit from much higher loading of active ingredients than polymeric particles. The methods we developed for capsule synthesis and programming could be easily scaled up for larger volume applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Zhang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 2 YiKuang Street, P.O. Box 3011, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Tianheng Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 92 West Dazhi Street, P.O. Box 301, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Claudio Roscini
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), No. 2 YiKuang Street, P.O. Box 3011, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Stoyan K Smoukov
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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26
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Zhang F, Xia Y, Liu Y, Leng J. Nano/microstructures of shape memory polymers: from materials to applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1155-1173. [PMID: 32567643 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are macromolecules in which linear chains and crosslinking points play a key role in providing a shape memory effect. As smart polymers, SMPs have the ability to change shape, stiffness, size, and structure when exposed to external stimuli, leading to potential uses for SMPs throughout our daily lives in a diverse range of areas including the aerospace and automotive industries, robotics, biomedical engineering, smart textiles, and tactile devices. SMPs can be fabricated in many forms and sizes from the nanoscale to the macroscale, including nanofibers, nanoparticles, thin films, microfoams, and bulk devices. The introduction of nanostructure into SMPs can result in enhanced mechanical properties, unique structural color, specific surface area, and multiple functions. It is necessary to enhance the current understanding of the various nano/microstructures of SMPs and their fabrication, and to find suitable approaches for constructing SMP-based nano/microstructures for different applications. In this review, we summarize the current state of different SMP nano/microstructures, fabrication techniques, and applications, and give suggestions for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Enviroments, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
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27
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Jiang Q, Liu D, Liu B, Zhou T, Zhou J. Blotting Paper-Derived Activated Porous Carbon/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244625. [PMID: 31861201 PMCID: PMC6943556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile strategy, engineered for low-cost mass production, to synthesize biomass-derived activated carbon/reduced graphene oxide composite electrodes (GBPCs) by one-pot carbonization of blotting papers containing graphene oxide (GO) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) was proposed. Benefitting from the water absorption characteristic of blotting papers in which the voids between the celluloses can easily absorb the GO/ZnCl2 solution, the chemical activation and reduction of GO can synchronously achieve via one-step carbonization process. As a result, the GBPCs deliver a large specific surface area to accumulate charge. Simultaneously, it provides high conductivity for electron transfer. The symmetric supercapacitor assembled with the optimal GBPCs in 6 M KOH electrolyte exhibits an excellent specific capacitance of 204 F g−1 (0.2 A g−1), outstanding rate capability of 100 F g−1 (20 A g−1). Meanwhile, it still keeps 90% of the initial specific capacitance over 10,000 cycles. The readily available raw material, effective chemical activation, simple rGO additive, and resulting electrochemical properties hold out the promise of hope to achieve low-cost, green, and large-scale production of practical activated carbon composite materials for high-efficiency energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinting Jiang
- Lab of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (Q.J.); (B.L.)
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Lab of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (Q.J.); (B.L.)
| | - Tong Zhou
- Lab of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; (Q.J.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +0533-278-7863 (T.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +0533-278-7863 (T.Z.)
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DNA-Polylactide Modified Biosensor for Electrochemical Determination of the DNA-Drugs and Aptamer-Aflatoxin M1 Interactions. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19224962. [PMID: 31739501 PMCID: PMC6891816 DOI: 10.3390/s19224962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA sensors were assembled by consecutive deposition of thiacalix[4]arenes bearing oligolactic fragments, poly(ethylene imine), and DNA onto the glassy carbon electrode. The assembling of the layers was monitored with scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The configuration of the thiacalix[4]arene core determined self-assembling of the polymeric species to the nano/micro particles with a size of 70–350 nm. Depending on the granulation, the coatings show the accumulation of a variety of DNA quantities, charges, and internal pore volumes. These parameters were used to optimize the DNA sensors based on these coatings. Thus, doxorubicin was determined to have limits of detection of 0.01 nM (cone configuration), 0.05 nM (partial cone configuration), and 0.10 nM (1,3-alternate configuration of the macrocycle core). Substitution of native DNA with aptamer specific to aflatoxin M1 resulted in the detection of the toxin in the range of 20 to 200 ng/L (limit of detection 5 ng/L). The aptasensor was tested in spiked milk samples and showed a recovery of 80 and 85% for 20 and 50 ng/L of the aflatoxin M1, respectively.
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Xu Z, Ding C, Wei DW, Bao RY, Ke K, Liu Z, Yang MB, Yang W. Electro and Light-Active Actuators Based on Reversible Shape-Memory Polymer Composites with Segregated Conductive Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30332-30340. [PMID: 31355626 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reversible shape-memory polymers (RSMPs) show great potential in actuating applications because of its repeatability among many other advantages. Indeed, in many cases, multiresponsive RSMPs are more expected, and the strategy to introduce functional fillers without deteriorating the reversible deformation performance is of great importance. Here, a facile strategy to balance the electro, photothermal performance, and molecular chain mobility is reported. Segregated conductive networks of carbon nanotubes (S-CNTs) are constructed in the poly(ethylene-co-octene) (POE) matrix at a relatively low filler loading, which renders the composite good electrical, photothermal, and actuating properties. A low percolation threshold of 0.25 vol % is achieved. The electrical conductivity is up to 0.046 S·cm-1 for the POE/S-CNT composites with 2 vol % CNT, and the absorption of light (760 nm) is above 90%. These characteristics guarantee that the actuator can be driven at low voltage (≤36 V) and suitable light intensity (250 mW·cm-2) with a good actuating performance. An electric gripper and a light-active crawling robot demonstrate the potential applications in multiresponsive robots. This work introduces a facile strategy to fabricate multiresponsive RSMPs by designing CNT network structures in polymer composites and holds great potential to enlarge the applications of RSMPs in many areas including artificial muscles and bionic robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Chao Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Dun-Wen Wei
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 611731 , Sichuan , China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Zhengying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , Sichuan , China
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Palza H, Zapata PA, Angulo-Pineda C. Electroactive Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E277. [PMID: 30654487 PMCID: PMC6357059 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The flexibility in polymer properties has allowed the development of a broad range of materials with electroactivity, such as intrinsically conductive conjugated polymers, percolated conductive composites, and ionic conductive hydrogels. These smart electroactive polymers can be designed to respond rationally under an electric stimulus, triggering outstanding properties suitable for biomedical applications. This review presents a general overview of the potential applications of these electroactive smart polymers in the field of tissue engineering and biomaterials. In particular, details about the ability of these electroactive polymers to: (1) stimulate cells in the context of tissue engineering by providing electrical current; (2) mimic muscles by converting electric energy into mechanical energy through an electromechanical response; (3) deliver drugs by changing their internal configuration under an electrical stimulus; and (4) have antimicrobial behavior due to the conduction of electricity, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Palza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
- Millenium Nuclei in Soft Smart Mechanical Metamaterials, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paula Andrea Zapata
- Grupo de Polímeros, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 8350709 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carolina Angulo-Pineda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
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