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Tian Y, Xu Z, Qi H, Lu X, Jiang T, Wang L, Zhang G, Xiao R, Wu H. Magnetic-field induced shape memory hydrogels for deformable actuators. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5314-5323. [PMID: 38712600 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic hydrogel actuators exhibit promising applications in the fields of soft robotics, bioactuators, and flexible sensors owing to their inherent advantages such as remote control capability, untethered deformation and motion control, as well as easily manipulable behavior. However, it is still a challenge for magnetic hydrogels to achieve adjustable stiffness and shape fixation under magnetic field actuation deformation. Herein, a simple and effective approach is proposed for the design of magnetic shape memory hydrogels to accomplish this objective. The magnetic shape memory hydrogels, consisting of methacrylamide, methacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol and Fe3O4 magnetic particles, which crosslinked by hydrogen bonds, are facilely prepared via one-pot polymerization. The dynamic nature of noncovalent bonds offers the magnetic hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, precisely controlled stiffness, and effective shape fixation. The presence of Fe3O4 particles renders the hydrogels soft when subjected to an alternating current field, facilitating their deformation under the influence of an actuation magnetic field. After the elimination of the alternating current magnetic field, the hydrogels stiffen and attain a fixed actuated shape in the absence of any external magnetic field. Moreover, this remarkable magnetic shape memory hydrogel is effectively employed as an underwater soft gripper for lifting heavy objects. This work provides a novel strategy for fabricating magnetic hydrogels with non-contact reversible actuation deformation, tunable stiffness and shape locking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-end Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National "2011 Plan"), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhirui Xu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-end Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National "2011 Plan"), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-end Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National "2011 Plan"), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Lu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-end Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National "2011 Plan"), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-end Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National "2011 Plan"), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Guang Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Huaping Wu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-end Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National "2011 Plan"), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Gao F, Jiang H, Wang D, Wang S, Song W. Bio‐Inspired Magnetic‐Responsive Supramolecular‐Covalent Semi‐Convertible Hydrogel. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401645. [PMID: 38754860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Bio-inspired magnetic-responsive hydrogel is confined in exceedingly narrow spaces for soft robots and biomedicine in either gel state or magnetofluidic sol state. However, the motion of the gel state magnetic hydrogel will be inhibited in various irregular spaces due to the fixed shape and size and the sol-state magnetofluid gel may bring unpredictable residues in the confined narrow space. Inspired by the dynamic liquid lubricating mechanism of biological systems, novel magnetic-responsive semi-convertible hydrogel (MSCH) is developed through imbedding magnetic-responsive gelatin and amino-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles network into the covalent network of polyvinyl alcohol, which can be switched between gel state and gel-sol state in response to magnetic stimuli. It can be attributed the disassembly of triple-helix structures of the gelatin under the action of the magnetic field, driven by force from the magnetic particles conjugated on the gelatin chain through electrostatic interactions, while the covalent network retains the hydrogel structural integrity. This leads to a sol layer on the MSCH surface enabling the MSCH to pass effectively through the confined channel or obstacle under magnetic field. The present MSCH will provide an alternative mode for magnetic field-related soft robots or actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongyue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Dayang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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Nain A, Chakraborty S, Jain N, Choudhury S, Chattopadhyay S, Chatterjee K, Debnath S. 4D hydrogels: fabrication strategies, stimulation mechanisms, and biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3249-3272. [PMID: 38742277 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm02044d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Shape-morphing hydrogels have emerged as a promising biomaterial due to their ability to mimic the anisotropic tissue composition by creating a gradient in local swelling behavior. In this case, shape deformations occur due to the non-uniform distribution of internal stresses, asymmetrical swelling, and shrinking of different parts of the same hydrogel. Herein, we discuss the four-dimensional (4D) fabrication techniques (extrusion-based printing, dynamic light processing, and solvent casting) employed to prepare shape-shifting hydrogels. The important distinction between mono- and dual-component hydrogel systems, the capabilities of 3D constructs to undergo uni- and bi-directional shape changes, and the advantages of composite hydrogels compared to their pristine counterparts are presented. Subsequently, various types of actuators such as moisture, light, temperature, pH, and magnetic field and their role in achieving the desired and pre-determined shapes are discussed. These 4D gels have shown remarkable potential as programmable scaffolds for tissue regeneration and drug-delivery systems. Finally, we present futuristic insights into integrating piezoelectric biopolymers and sensors to harvest mechanical energy from motions during shape transformations to develop self-powered biodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Nain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Srishti Chakraborty
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Nipun Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Saswat Choudhury
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Suravi Chattopadhyay
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Souvik Debnath
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
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Han W, Gao W, Wang X. Enhanced Magnetic Soft Robotics: Integrating Fiber Optics and 3D Printing for Rapid Actuation and Precision Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30396-30407. [PMID: 38820388 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Timely, accurate, and rapid grasping of dynamic change information in magnetic actuation soft robots is essential for advancing their evolution toward intelligent, integrated, and multifunctional systems. However, existing magnetic-actuation soft robots lack effective functions for integrating sensing and actuation. Herein, we demonstrate the integration of distributed fiber optics technology with advanced-programming 3D printing techniques. This integration provides our soft robots unique capabilities such as integrated sensing, precise shape reconstruction, controlled deformation, and sophisticated magnetic navigation. By utilizing an improved magneto-mechanical coupling model and an advanced inversion algorithm, we successfully achieved real-time reconstruction of complex structures, such as 'V', 'N', and 'M' shapes and gripper designs, with a notable response time of 34 ms. Additionally, our robots demonstrate proficiency in magnetic navigation and closed-loop deformation control, making them ideal for operation in confined or obscured environments. This work thus provides a transformative strategy to meet unmet demands in the rapidly growing field of soft robotics, especially in establishing the theoretical and technological foundation for constructing digitized robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, MoE, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanic, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Xingzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, MoE, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanic, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Farrukh A, Nayab S. Shape Memory Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2024; 10:270. [PMID: 38667689 PMCID: PMC11049586 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of shape memory polymers to change shape upon external stimulation makes them exceedingly useful in various areas, from biomedical engineering to soft robotics. Especially, shape memory hydrogels (SMHs) are well-suited for biomedical applications due to their inherent biocompatibility, excellent shape morphing performance, tunable physiochemical properties, and responsiveness to a wide range of stimuli (e.g., thermal, chemical, electrical, light). This review provides an overview of the unique features of smart SMHs from their fundamental working mechanisms to types of SMHs classified on the basis of applied stimuli and highlights notable clinical applications. Moreover, the potential of SMHs for surgical, biomedical, and tissue engineering applications is discussed. Finally, this review summarizes the current challenges in synthesizing and fabricating reconfigurable hydrogel-based interfaces and outlines future directions for their potential in personalized medicine and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza Farrukh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sana Nayab
- Institute of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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Roshan U, Mudugamuwa A, Cha H, Hettiarachchi S, Zhang J, Nguyen NT. Actuation for flexible and stretchable microdevices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2146-2175. [PMID: 38507292 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable microdevices incorporate highly deformable structures, facilitating precise functionality at the micro- and millimetre scale. Flexible microdevices have showcased extensive utility in the fields of biomedicine, microfluidics, and soft robotics. Actuation plays a critical role in transforming energy between different forms, ensuring the effective operation of devices. However, when it comes to actuating flexible microdevices at the small millimetre or even microscale, translating actuation mechanisms from conventional rigid large-scale devices is not straightforward. The recent development of actuation mechanisms leverages the benefits of device flexibility, particularly in transforming conventional actuation concepts into more efficient approaches for flexible devices. Despite many reviews on soft robotics, flexible electronics, and flexible microfluidics, a specific and systematic review of the actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices is still lacking. Therefore, the present review aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art actuation mechanisms for flexible and stretchable microdevices. We elaborate on the different actuation mechanisms based on fluid pressure, electric, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical sources, thoroughly examining and comparing the structure designs, characteristics, performance, advantages, and drawbacks of these diverse actuation mechanisms. Furthermore, the review explores the pivotal role of materials and fabrication techniques in the development of flexible and stretchable microdevices. Finally, we summarise the applications of these devices in biomedicine and soft robotics and provide perspectives on current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uditha Roshan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Amith Mudugamuwa
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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Oh MH, Kim YH, Han J, Kim Y, Kim D, Kim KS, Lee JY, Kim SK, Kwon MS, Kim SY, Kang SK. Magnetically Actuated Trigger Transient Soft Actuators Comprising On-Demand Photo-Initiated and Thermo-Degradable Polypropylene Carbonate-Photo-Acid Generator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38415664 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Lifetime-reconfigurable soft robots have emerged as a new class of robots, emphasizing the unmet needs of futuristic sustainability and security. Trigger-transient materials that can both actuate and degrade on-demand are crucial for achieving life-reconfigurable soft robots. Here, we propose the use of transient and magnetically actuating materials that can decompose under ultraviolet light and heat, achieved by adding photo-acid generator (PAG) and magnetic particles (Sr-ferrite) to poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). Chemical and thermal analyses reveal that the mechanism of PPC-PAG decomposition occurs through PPC backbone cleavage by the photo-induced acid. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) encapsulation of Sr-ferrite preventing the interaction with the PAG allowed the transience of magnetic soft actuators. We demonstrate remotely controllable and degradable magnetic soft kirigami actuators using blocks with various magnetized directions. This study proposes novel approaches for fabricating lifetime-configurable magnetic soft actuators applicable to diverse environments and applications, such as enclosed/sealed spaces and security/military devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ha Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewhan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Koog Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Nano Systems Institute SOFT Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Ma Y, Wang J. Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Soft Actuators. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:128. [PMID: 38534813 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological species can walk, swim, fly, jump, and climb with fast response speeds and motion complexity. These remarkable functions are accomplished by means of soft actuation organisms, which are commonly composed of muscle tissue systems. To achieve the creation of their biomimetic artificial counterparts, various biomimetic stimuli-responsive materials have been synthesized and developed in recent decades. They can respond to various external stimuli in the form of structural or morphological transformations by actively or passively converting input energy into mechanical energy. They are the core element of soft actuators for typical smart devices like soft robots, artificial muscles, intelligent sensors and nanogenerators. Significant progress has been made in the development of bioinspired stimuli-responsive materials. However, these materials have not been comprehensively summarized with specific actuation mechanisms in the literature. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in biomimetic stimuli-responsive materials that are instrumental for soft actuators. Firstly, different stimuli-responsive principles for soft actuators are discussed, including fluidic, electrical, thermal, magnetic, light, and chemical stimuli. We further summarize the state-of-the-art stimuli-responsive materials for soft actuators and explore the advantages and disadvantages of using electroactive polymers, magnetic soft composites, photo-thermal responsive polymers, shape memory alloys and other responsive soft materials. Finally, we provide a critical outlook on the field of stimuli-responsive soft actuators and emphasize the challenges in the process of their implementation to various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Puza F, Thiel MC, Wagner Y, Marx M, Motz C, Lienkamp K. Polymer Hydrogel Sheets with Perpendicular Cross-Linking Gradient: Non-Monotonic Actuation and Ion-Specific Effects on the Actuation Kinetics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300539. [PMID: 37985952 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-monotonous actuation, that is, different kinds of motion in response to a single stimulus, is observed in some natural materials but difficult to implement in synthetic systems. Herein, polymer hydrogel sheets made from polyacrylamide (PAAm) or poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA) with a cross-linking gradient along the sheet thickness are reported. These are obtained by thermally initiated free radical polymerization using a specially designed Teflon mold with a glass lid. The resulting PAAm hydrogels undergo non-monotonous actuation (rolling into a tube and re-opening) when exposed to aqueous media as a single external stimulus. Their actuation kinetics is tuned with anions that have specific ion effects in their interaction with the surrounding solvent and the polymer itself: structure-breaking chloride enhances the hydration of the polymer backbone, structure-making sulfate decreases it, and is thus slowing down the actuation kinetics of the PAAm hydrogels. The PDMAA gel rolls up instantaneously in aqueous NaCl and only re-opens after 24 h. PDMAA actuation in aqueous Na2 SO4 is only moderate as the gel did not swell in that solvent. Bilayer hydrogels made from PAAm and PDMAA (without gradient) show monotonic actuation, closing in NaCl solution and re-opening in Na2 SO4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Puza
- Professur für Polymerwerkstoffe, Fachrichtung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Christopher Thiel
- Professur für Polymerwerkstoffe, Fachrichtung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yannic Wagner
- Professur für Polymerwerkstoffe, Fachrichtung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Marx
- Professur für Experimentelle Methodik der Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fachrichtung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Motz
- Professur für Experimentelle Methodik der Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fachrichtung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Professur für Polymerwerkstoffe, Fachrichtung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Feng W, Wang Z. Tailoring the Swelling-Shrinkable Behavior of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303326. [PMID: 37544909 PMCID: PMC10558674 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with tailor-made swelling-shrinkable properties have aroused considerable interest in numerous biomedical domains. For example, as swelling is a key issue for blood and wound extrudates absorption, the transference of nutrients and metabolites, as well as drug diffusion and release, hydrogels with high swelling capacity have been widely applicated in full-thickness skin wound healing and tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Nevertheless, in the fields of tissue adhesives and internal soft-tissue wound healing, and bioelectronics, non-swelling hydrogels play very important functions owing to their stable macroscopic dimension and physical performance in physiological environment. Moreover, the negative swelling behavior (i.e., shrinkage) of hydrogels can be exploited to drive noninvasive wound closure, and achieve resolution enhancement of hydrogel scaffolds. In addition, it can help push out the entrapped drugs, thus promote drug release. However, there still has not been a general review of the constructions and biomedical applications of hydrogels from the viewpoint of swelling-shrinkable properties. Therefore, this review summarizes the tactics employed so far in tailoring the swelling-shrinkable properties of hydrogels and their biomedical applications. And a relatively comprehensive understanding of the current progress and future challenge of the hydrogels with different swelling-shrinkable features is provided for potential clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhengke Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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11
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Sun J, Lerner E, Tighe B, Middlemist C, Zhao J. Embedded shape morphing for morphologically adaptive robots. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6023. [PMID: 37758737 PMCID: PMC10533550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape-morphing robots can change their morphology to fulfill different tasks in varying environments, but existing shape-morphing capability is not embedded in a robot's body, requiring bulky supporting equipment. Here, we report an embedded shape-morphing scheme with the shape actuation, sensing, and locking, all embedded in a robot's body. We showcase this embedded scheme using three morphing robotic systems: 1) self-sensing shape-morphing grippers that can adapt to objects for adaptive grasping; 2) a quadrupedal robot that can morph its body shape for different terrestrial locomotion modes (walk, crawl, or horizontal climb); 3) an untethered robot that can morph its limbs' shape for amphibious locomotion. We also create a library of embedded morphing modules to demonstrate the versatile programmable shapes (e.g., torsion, 3D bending, surface morphing, etc.). Our embedded morphing scheme offers a promising avenue for robots to reconfigure their morphology in an embedded manner that can adapt to different environments on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Sun
- Adaptive Robotics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Elisha Lerner
- Adaptive Robotics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brandon Tighe
- Adaptive Robotics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Clint Middlemist
- Adaptive Robotics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Adaptive Robotics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Yue L, Sun X, Yu L, Li M, Montgomery SM, Song Y, Nomura T, Tanaka M, Qi HJ. Cold-programmed shape-morphing structures based on grayscale digital light processing 4D printing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5519. [PMID: 37684245 PMCID: PMC10491591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape-morphing structures that can reconfigure their shape to adapt to diverse tasks are highly desirable for intelligent machines in many interdisciplinary fields. Shape memory polymers are one of the most widely used stimuli-responsive materials, especially in 3D/4D printing, for fabricating shape-morphing systems. They typically go through a hot-programming step to obtain the shape-morphing capability, which possesses limited freedom of reconfigurability. Cold-programming, which directly deforms the structure into a temporary shape without increasing the temperature, is simple and more versatile but has stringent requirements on material properties. Here, we introduce grayscale digital light processing (g-DLP) based 3D printing as a simple and effective platform for fabricating shape-morphing structures with cold-programming capabilities. With the multimaterial-like printing capability of g-DLP, we develop heterogeneous hinge modules that can be cold-programmed by simply stretching at room temperature. Different configurations can be encoded during 3D printing with the variable distribution and direction of the modular-designed hinges. The hinge module allows controllable independent morphing enabled by cold programming. By leveraging the multimaterial-like printing capability, multi-shape morphing structures are presented. The g-DLP printing with cold-programming morphing strategy demonstrates enormous potential in the design and fabrication of shape-morphing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yue
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Luxia Yu
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Mingzhe Li
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - S Macrae Montgomery
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yuyang Song
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomura
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Toyota Motor North America, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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13
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Pan W, Gao C, Zhu C, Yang Y, Xu L. Kinematic Behavior of an Untethered, Small-Scale Hydrogel-Based Soft Robot in Response to Magneto-Thermal Stimuli. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:379. [PMID: 37622984 PMCID: PMC10452115 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit fly larvae, which exist widely in nature, achieve peristaltic motion via the contraction and elongation of their bodies and the asymmetric friction generated by the front and rear parts of their bodies when they are in contact with the ground. Herein, we report the development of an untethered, magnetic, temperature-sensitive hydrogel-based soft robot that mimics the asymmetric micro-patterns of fruit-fly-larvae gastropods and utilizes cyclic deformation to achieve directional peristaltic locomotion. Due to Néel relaxation losses of nanomagnetic Fe3O4 particles, the hydrogel-based soft robot is capable of converting changes in external alternating magnetic stimuli into contracting and expanding deformation responses which can be remotely controlled via a high-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) to realize periodic actuation. Furthermore, the Fe3O4 particles included in the hydrogel-based soft robot cause it to follow a gradient magnetic field in confined liquid environments and can be coupled with AMFs for the targeted release of water-soluble drugs or targeted magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT). We believe that such a controlled motion can enable highly targeted drug delivery, as well as vascular disease detection and thrombus removal tasks, without the use of invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Pan
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (W.P.)
| | - Chongyi Gao
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (W.P.)
| | - Chen Zhu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (W.P.)
| | - Yabing Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (W.P.)
| | - Lin Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (W.P.)
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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14
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Fernández-Colino A, Kiessling F, Slabu I, De Laporte L, Akhyari P, Nagel SK, Stingl J, Reese S, Jockenhoevel S. Lifelike Transformative Materials for Biohybrid Implants: Inspired by Nature, Driven by Technology. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300991. [PMID: 37290055 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Today's living world is enriched with a myriad of natural biological designs, shaped by billions of years of evolution. Unraveling the construction rules of living organisms offers the potential to create new materials and systems for biomedicine. From the close examination of living organisms, several concepts emerge: hierarchy, pattern repetition, adaptation, and irreducible complexity. All these aspects must be tackled to develop transformative materials with lifelike behavior. This perspective article highlights recent progress in the development of transformative biohybrid systems for applications in the fields of tissue regeneration and biomedicine. Advances in computational simulations and data-driven predictions are also discussed. These tools enable the virtual high-throughput screening of implant design and performance before committing to fabrication, thus reducing the development time and cost of biomimetic and biohybrid constructs. The ongoing progress of imaging methods also constitutes an essential part of this matter in order to validate the computation models and enable longitudinal monitoring. Finally, the current challenges of lifelike biohybrid materials, including reproducibility, ethical considerations, and translation, are discussed. Advances in the development of lifelike materials will open new biomedical horizons, where perhaps what is currently envisioned as science fiction will become a science-driven reality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fernández-Colino
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ioana Slabu
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia K Nagel
- Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reese
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Liu Y, Lin G, Medina-Sánchez M, Guix M, Makarov D, Jin D. Responsive Magnetic Nanocomposites for Intelligent Shape-Morphing Microrobots. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8899-8917. [PMID: 37141496 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With the development of advanced biomedical theragnosis and bioengineering tools, smart and soft responsive microstructures and nanostructures have emerged. These structures can transform their body shape on demand and convert external power into mechanical actions. Here, we survey the key advances in the design of responsive polymer-particle nanocomposites that led to the development of smart shape-morphing microscale robotic devices. We overview the technological roadmap of the field and highlight the emerging opportunities in programming magnetically responsive nanomaterials in polymeric matrixes, as magnetic materials offer a rich spectrum of properties that can be encoded with various magnetization information. The use of magnetic fields as a tether-free control can easily penetrate biological tissues. With the advances in nanotechnology and manufacturing techniques, microrobotic devices can be realized with the desired magnetic reconfigurability. We emphasize that future fabrication techniques will be the key to bridging the gaps between integrating sophisticated functionalities of nanoscale materials and reducing the complexity and footprints of microscale intelligent robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Gungun Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Micro- and NanoSystems, Center for Molecular Bioengineering (B CUBE), Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Guix
- Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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16
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Zhang Y, Cao X, Zhao Y, Li H, Xiao S, Chen Z, Huang G, Sun Y, Liu Z, He Z. An Anisotropic Hydrogel by Programmable Ionic Crosslinking for Sequential Two-Stage Actuation under Single Stimulus. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040279. [PMID: 37102891 PMCID: PMC10137370 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important anisotropic intelligent materials, bi-layer stimuli-responsive actuating hydrogels have proven their wide potential in soft robots, artificial muscles, biosensors, and drug delivery. However, they can commonly provide a simple one-actuating process under one external stimulus, which severely limits their further application. Herein, we have developed a new anisotropic hydrogel actuator by local ionic crosslinking on the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel layer of the bi-layer hydrogel for sequential two-stage bending under a single stimulus. Under pH = 13, ionic-crosslinked PAA networks undergo shrinking (-COO−/Fe3+ complexation) and swelling (water absorption) processes. As a combination of Fe3+ crosslinked PAA hydrogel (PAA@Fe3+) with non-swelling poly(3-(1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-3-yl)propane-1-sulfonate) (PZ) hydrogel, the as-prepared PZ-PAA@Fe3+ bi-layer hydrogel exhibits distinct fast and large-amplitude bidirectional bending behavior. Such sequential two-stage actuation, including bending orientation, angle, and velocity, can be controlled by pH, temperature, hydrogel thickness, and Fe3+ concentration. Furthermore, hand-patterning Fe3+ to crosslink with PAA enables us to achieve various complex 2D and 3D shape transformations. Our work provides a new bi-layer hydrogel system that performs sequential two-stage bending without switching external stimuli, which will inspire the design of programmable and versatile hydrogel-based actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Huahuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shengwei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (Y.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhangxin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Ye Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (Y.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Zhicai He
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (Y.S.); (Z.H.)
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17
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Liang H, Wei Y, Ji Y. Magnetic-responsive Covalent Adaptable Networks. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201177. [PMID: 36645376 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are reprocessable polymers whose structural arrangement is based on the recombination of dynamic covalent bonds. Composite materials prepared by incorporating magnetic particles into CANs attract much attention due to their remote and precise control, fast response speed, high biological safety and strong penetration of magnetic stimuli. These properties often involve magnetothermal effect and direct magnetic-field guidance. Besides, some of them can also respond to light, electricity or pH values. Thus, they are favorable for soft actuators since various functions are achieved such as magnetic-assisted self-healing (heating or at ambient temperature), welding (on land or under water), shape-morphing, and so on. Although magnetic CANs just start to be studied in recent two years, their advances are promised to expand the practical applications in both cutting-edge academic and engineering fields. This review aims to summarize recent progress in magnetic-responsive CANs, including their design, synthesis and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanotechnology and Institute of Biomedical Technology, Chung-Yuan Christian University Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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18
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Huang H, Trentle M, Liu Z, Xiang K, Higgins W, Wang Y, Xue B, Yang S. Polymer Complex Fiber: Property, Functionality, and Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7639-7662. [PMID: 36719982 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer complex fibers (PCFs) are a novel kind of fiber material processed from polymer complexes that are assembled through noncovalent interactions. These can realize the synergy of functional components and miscibility on the molecular level. The dynamic character of noncovalent interactions endows PCFs with remarkable properties, such as reversibility, stimuli responsiveness, self-healing, and recyclability, enabling them to be applied in multidisciplinary fields. The objective of this article is to provide a review of recent progress in the field of PCFs. The classification based on chain interactions will be first introduced followed by highlights of the fabrication technologies and properties of PCFs. The effects of composition and preparation method on fiber properties are also discussed, with some emphasis on utilizing these for rational design. Finally, we carefully summarize recent advanced applications of PCFs in the fields of energy storage and sensors, water treatment, biomedical materials, artificial actuators, and biomimetic platforms. This review is expected to deepen the comprehension of PCF materials and open new avenues for developing PCFs with tailor-made properties for advanced application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - Miranda Trentle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama35294, United States
| | - Zexin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - Kehui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - William Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama35294, United States
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
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19
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Li W, Guan Q, Li M, Saiz E, Hou X. Nature's strategy to construct tough responsive hydrogel actuators and their applications. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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20
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Wang M, Hu T, Bisoyi HK, Yu Z, Liu L, Song Y, Yang J, Yang H, Li Q. Rheological Tunable Magnetic Fluids with Long-Term Stability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204609. [PMID: 36420923 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fluids have advantages such as flow ability and solid-like property in strong magnetic fields, but have to suffer from the tradeoff between suspension stability and flow resistance. In this work, a thermal/photo/magnetorheological water-based magnetic fluid is fabricated by using oleic acid-coated Fe3 O4 (Fe3 O4 @OA) nanoparticles as the magnetic particles and the amphiphilic penta block copolymer (PTMC-F127-PTMC)-based aqueous solution as the carrier fluid. Due to the hydrophobic self-assembly between Fe3 O4 @OA and PTMC-F127-PTMC, the Newtonian-like magnetic fluid has outstanding long-term stability and reversible rheological changes between the low-viscosity flow state and the 3D gel structure. In the linear viscoelastic region, the viscosity exhibits an abrupt increase from below 0.10 Pa s at 20 °C to ≈1.3 × 104 Pa s at 40 °C. Benefitting from the photothermal and magnetocaloric effects of the Fe3 O4 @OA nanoparticles, the rheological change process also can be controlled by near infrared light and alternating magnetic field, which endows the magnetic fluid with the applications in the fields of mobile valves, moveable switches, buffer or damping materials in sealed devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Tao Hu
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Ying Song
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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21
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Li L, Yao H, Mi S. Magnetically Driven Modular Mechanical Metamaterials with High Programmability, Reconfigurability, and Multiple Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3486-3496. [PMID: 36598348 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Shape transformation and motion guidance are emerging research hotspots of mechanical metamaterials. In this case, the key issue is how to improve the programmability and reconfigurability of metamaterials. The magnetically driven method enables materials to accomplish remote, fast, and reversible deformation, so it is desired for improving the programmability and reconfigurability of metamaterials. However, conventional magnetically driven materials are often pure elastomer materials. Their magnetic programming method is single, and their overall shape is unchangeable after fabrication, which limits their programmability and reconfigurability. Herein, this article proposes a kind of magnetically driven, programmable, and reconfigurable modular mechanical metamaterial based on origami and kirigami design mechanisms. The motion and deformation were designed to follow the predefined creases and incisions that could be transformed into each other. This metamaterial enabled more discrete motion and force transmission and integrated the fold of origami, the rotation of kirigami, and the fold guided by cuts. Such designs laid the foundation for complex, three-dimensional structures which could be quickly reassembled and constructed to deal with complex situations. This paper also demonstrated applications of this metamaterial in information storage and manifestation, mechanical logic computing, reconfigurable robotics, deployable mechanisms, and so on. The results indicated that the high programmability and reconfigurability expanded the application potential of the metamaterial for broader needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhi Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Hongyi Yao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Shengli Mi
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518000, China
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22
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Bio-inspired magnetic-driven folded diaphragm for biomimetic robot. Nat Commun 2023; 14:163. [PMID: 36631471 PMCID: PMC9834404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional soft materials, exhibiting multiple types of deformation, have shown their potential/abilities to achieve complicated biomimetic behaviors (soft robots). Inspired by the locomotion of earthworm, which is conducted through the contraction and stretching between body segments, this study proposes a type of one-piece-mold folded diaphragm, consisting of the structure of body segments with radial magnetization property, to achieve large 3D and bi-directional deformation with inside-volume change capability subjected to the low homogeneous magnetically driving field (40 mT). Moreover, the appearance based on the proposed magnetic-driven folded diaphragm is able to be easily customized to desired ones and then implanted into different untethered soft robotic systems as soft drivers. To verify the above points, we design the diaphragm pump providing unique properties of lightweight, powerful output and rapid response, and the soft robot including the bio-earthworm crawling robot and swimming robot inspired by squid to exhibit the flexible and rapid locomotion excited by single homogeneous magnetic fields.
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23
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Tan L, Lee H, Fang L, Cappelleri DJ. A Power Compensation Strategy for Achieving Homogeneous Microstructures for 4D Printing Shape-Adaptive PNIPAM Hydrogels: Out-of-Plane Variations. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120828. [PMID: 36547351 PMCID: PMC9778363 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, 3D printing has attracted significant attention and has resulted in benefits to many research areas. Advances in 3D printing with smart materials at the microscale, such as hydrogels and liquid crystalline polymers, have enabled 4D printing and various applications in microrobots, micro-actuators, and tissue engineering. However, the material absorption of the laser power and the aberrations of the laser light spot will introduce a decay in the polymerization degree along the height direction, and the solution to this problem has not been reported yet. In this paper, a compensation strategy for the laser power is proposed to achieve homogeneous and high aspect ratio hydrogel structures at the microscale along the out-of-plane direction. Linear approximations for the power decay curve are adopted for height steps, discretizing the final high aspect ratio structures. The strategy is achieved experimentally with hydrogel structures fabricated by two-photon polymerization. Moreover, characterizations have been conducted to verify the homogeneity of the printed microstructures. Finally, the saturation of material property is investigated by an indirect 3D deformation method. The proposed strategy is proved to be effective and can be explored for other hydrogel materials showing significant deformation. Furthermore, the strategy for out-of-plane variations provides a critical technique to achieve 4D-printed homogeneous shape-adaptive hydrogels for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Li Fang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David J. Cappelleri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
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Zheng Z, Wang H, Demir SO, Huang Q, Fukuda T, Sitti M. Programmable aniso-electrodeposited modular hydrogel microrobots. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade6135. [PMID: 36516247 PMCID: PMC9750151 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Systems with programmable and complex shape morphing are highly desired in many fields wherein sensing, actuation, and manipulation must be performed. Living organisms use nonuniform distributions of their body structural composition to achieve diverse shape morphing, motion, and functionality. However, for the microrobot fabrication, these designs often involve complicated robotic architectures requiring time-consuming and arduous fabrication processes. This paper proposes a single-step aniso-electrodeposition method for fabricating modular microrobots (MMRs) with distinct functions in each modular segment. By programming the electric field, the microscale stripe-shaped structure can be endowed with diverse shape-morphing capabilities, such as spiraling, twisting, bending, and coiling. The proposed fabrication method can develop MMRs with multiple independent modules onto which cells, drugs, and magnetic nanoparticles can be loaded to achieve multifunctionality. Thus, MMRs can perform multiple tasks, such as propulsion, grasping, and object delivery, simultaneously under magnetic control and ionic and pH stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Huaping Wang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sinan Ozgun Demir
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Qiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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25
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Wychowaniec JK, Brougham DF. Emerging Magnetic Fabrication Technologies Provide Controllable Hierarchically-Structured Biomaterials and Stimulus Response for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202278. [PMID: 36228106 PMCID: PMC9731717 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanocomposites which exhibit well-defined physical properties and encode spatiotemporally-controlled responses are emerging as components for advanced responsive systems. For biomedical applications magnetic nanocomposite materials have attracted significant attention due to their ability to respond to spatially and temporally varying magnetic fields. The current state-of-the-art in development and fabrication of magnetic hydrogels toward biomedical applications is described. There is accelerating progress in the field due to advances in manufacturing capabilities. Three categories can be identified: i) Magnetic hydrogelation, DC magnetic fields are used during solidification/gelation for aligning particles; ii) additive manufacturing of magnetic materials, 3D printing technologies are used to develop spatially-encoded magnetic properties, and more recently; iii) magnetic additive manufacturing, magnetic responses are applied during the printing process to develop increasingly complex structural arrangement that may recapitulate anisotropic tissue structure and function. The magnetic responsiveness of conventionally and additively manufactured magnetic hydrogels are described along with recent advances in soft magnetic robotics, and the categorization is related to final architecture and emergent properties. Future challenges and opportunities, including the anticipated role of combinatorial approaches in developing 4D-responsive functional materials for tackling long-standing problems in biomedicine including production of 3D-specified responsive cell scaffolds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek K. Wychowaniec
- School of ChemistryUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublin 4Ireland
- AO Research Institute DavosClavadelerstrasse 8Davos7270Switzerland
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26
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Emerging 4D printing strategies for on-demand local actuation & micro printing of soft materials. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Zhao J, Kazemi H, Kim HA, Bae J. Effect of variations in manufacturing and material properties on the self-folding behaviors of hydrogel and elastomer bilayer structures. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8771-8778. [PMID: 36349899 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The stimuli-responsive self-folding structure is ubiquitous in nature, for instance, the mimosa folds its leaves in response to external touch or heat, and the Venus flytrap snaps shut to trap the insect inside. Thus, modeling self-folding structures has been of great interest to predict the final configuration and understand the folding mechanism. Here, we apply a simple yet effective method to predict the folding angle of the temperature-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel/elastomer bilayer structure manufactured by 3D printing, which facilitates the study of the effect of the inevitable variations in manufacturing and material properties on folding angles by comparing the simulation results with the experimentally measured folding angles. The defining feature of our method is to use thermal expansion to model the temperature-responsive nanocomposite hydrogel rather than the nonlinear field theory of diffusion model that was previously applied. The resulted difference between the simulation and experimentally measured folding angle (i.e., error) is around 5%. We anticipate that our method could provide insight into the design, control, and prediction of 3D printing of stimuli-responsive shape morphing (i.e., 4D printing) that have potential applications in soft actuators, robots, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Hesaneh Kazemi
- Structural Engineering Department University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - H Alicia Kim
- Structural Engineering Department University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center (SPEC), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center (SPEC), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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28
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Zhang J, Soon RH, Wei Z, Hu W, Sitti M. Liquid Metal-Elastomer Composites with Dual-Energy Transmission Mode for Multifunctional Miniature Untethered Magnetic Robots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203730. [PMID: 36065052 PMCID: PMC9631051 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Miniature untethered robots attract growing interest as they have become more functional and applicable to disruptive biomedical applications recently. Particularly, the soft ones among them exhibit unique merits of compliance, versatility, and agility. With scarce onboard space, these devices mostly harvest energy from environment or physical fields, such as magnetic and acoustic fields and patterned lights. In most cases, one device only utilizes one energy transmission mode (ETM) in powering its activities to achieve programmed tasks, such as locomotion and object manipulation. But real-world tasks demand multifunctional devices that require more energy in various forms. This work reports a liquid metal-elastomer composite with dual-ETM using one magnetic field for miniature untethered multifunctional robots. The first ETM uses the low-frequency (<100 Hz) field component to induce shape-morphing, while the second ETM employs energy transmitted via radio-frequency (20 kHz-300 GHz) induction to power onboard electronics and generate excess heat, enabling new capabilities. These new functions do not disturb the shape-morphing actuated using the first ETM. The reported material enables the integration of electric and thermal functionalities into soft miniature robots, offering a wealth of inspirations for multifunctional miniature robots that leverage developments in electronics to exhibit usefulness beyond self-locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Zhang
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Ren Hao Soon
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Zihan Wei
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems70569StuttgartGermany
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringETH ZürichZürich8092Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of EngineeringKoç UniversityIstanbul34450Turkey
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29
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Ma Y, Ma A, Luo T, Xiao S, Zhou H. Fabrication of anisotropic nanocomposite hydrogels by magnetic field‐induced orientation for mimicking cardiac tissue. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Ma
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Technological University Xi'an China
| | - Aijie Ma
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Technological University Xi'an China
| | - Tao Luo
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Technological University Xi'an China
| | - Siyu Xiao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Technological University Xi'an China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Xi'an Technological University Xi'an China
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30
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Cao P, Yang J, Gong J, Tao L, Wang T, Ju J, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y. 4D
printing of bilayer tubular structure with dual‐stimuli responsive based on self‐rolling behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengrui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Yantai Zhongke Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Green Chemical Engineering Yantai People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Tao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Tingmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles Qingdao University Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
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31
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Xue L, Sun J. Magnetic hydrogels with ordered structure for biomedical applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:1040492. [PMID: 36304746 PMCID: PMC9592724 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic hydrogels composed of hydrogel matrices and magnetic nanomaterials have attracted widespread interests. Thereinto, magnetic hydrogels with ordered structure possessing enhanced functionalities and unique architectures, show tremendous advantages in biomedical fields. The ordered structure brought unique anisotropic properties and excellent physical properties. Furthermore, the anisotropic properties of magnetic ordered hydrogels are more analogous to biological tissues in morphology and mechanical property, showing better biocompatibility and bioinducibility. Thus, we aim to systematically describe the latest advances of magnetic hydrogels with ordered structure. Firstly, this review introduced the synthetic methods of magnetic hydrogels focus on constructing ordered structure. Then, their functionalities and biomedical applications are also summarized. Finally, the current challenges and a compelling perspective outlook of magnetic ordered hydrogel are present.
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32
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Son H, Park Y, Na Y, Yoon C. 4D Multiscale Origami Soft Robots: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194235. [PMID: 36236182 PMCID: PMC9571758 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent shape-transferable soft robots are important for various intelligent applications in flexible electronics and bionics. Four-dimensional (4D) shape changes can offer versatile functional advantages during operations to soft robots that respond to external environmental stimuli, including heat, pH, light, electric, or pneumatic triggers. This review investigates the current advances in multiscale soft robots that can display 4D shape transformations. This review first focuses on material selection to demonstrate 4D origami-driven shape transformations. Second, this review investigates versatile fabrication strategies to form the 4D mechanical structures of soft robots. Third, this review surveys the folding, rolling, bending, and wrinkling mechanisms of soft robots during operation. Fourth, this review highlights the diverse applications of 4D origami-driven soft robots in actuators, sensors, and bionics. Finally, perspectives on future directions and challenges in the development of intelligent soft robots in real operational environments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyegyo Son
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yunha Park
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Youngjin Na
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (C.Y.)
| | - ChangKyu Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (C.Y.)
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33
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Yuan Z, Ding J, Zhang Y, Huang B, Song Z, Meng X, Ma X, Gong X, Huang Z, Ma S, Xiang S, Xu W. Components, mechanisms and applications of stimuli-responsive polymer gels. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Ganguly S, Margel S. 3D printed magnetic polymer composite hydrogels for hyperthermia and magnetic field driven structural manipulation. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Abstract
In conventional classification, soft robots feature mechanical compliance as the main distinguishing factor from traditional robots made of rigid materials. Recent advances in functional soft materials have facilitated the emergence of a new class of soft robots capable of tether-free actuation in response to external stimuli such as heat, light, solvent, or electric or magnetic field. Among the various types of stimuli-responsive materials, magnetic soft materials have shown remarkable progress in their design and fabrication, leading to the development of magnetic soft robots with unique advantages and potential for many important applications. However, the field of magnetic soft robots is still in its infancy and requires further advancements in terms of design principles, fabrication methods, control mechanisms, and sensing modalities. Successful future development of magnetic soft robots would require a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principle of magnetic actuation, as well as the physical properties and behavior of magnetic soft materials. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the design and fabrication, modeling and simulation, and actuation and control of magnetic soft materials and robots. We then give a set of design guidelines for optimal actuation performance of magnetic soft materials. Lastly, we summarize potential biomedical applications of magnetic soft robots and provide our perspectives on next-generation magnetic soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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36
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37
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Nematollahi MR, Montazer M, Mianehro A. Multifunctional Composite Based on Cotton Fabric and Starch‐Copper Ferrite Hydrogel Prepared through Facile Room Temperature Preparation Approach. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Nematollahi
- Department of Textile Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Functional Fibrous Structures & Environmental Enhancement (FFSEE) No. 424, Hafez Ave. Tehran 15875‐4413 Iran
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Textile Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Functional Fibrous Structures & Environmental Enhancement (FFSEE) No. 424, Hafez Ave. Tehran 15875‐4413 Iran
| | - Ali Mianehro
- Department of Textile Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Functional Fibrous Structures & Environmental Enhancement (FFSEE) No. 424, Hafez Ave. Tehran 15875‐4413 Iran
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38
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Giving Penetrable Remote-Control Ability to Thermoresponsive Fibrous Composite Actuator with Fast Response Induced by Alternative Magnetic Field. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010053. [PMID: 35010003 PMCID: PMC8746523 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An alternative magnetic field (AMF)-induced electrospun fibrous thermoresponsive composite actuator showing penetrable remote-control ability with fast response is shown here for the first time. The built-in heater of magnetothermal Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the actuator and the porous structure of the fibrous layer contribute to a fast actuation with a curvature of 0.4 mm−1 in 2 s. The higher loading amount of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and higher magnetic field strength result in a faster actuation. Interestingly, the composite actuator showed a similar actuation even when it was covered by a piece of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, which shows a penetrable remote-control ability.
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39
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Tang J, Sun B, Yin Q, Yang M, Hu J, Wang T. 3D printable, tough, magnetic hydrogels with programmed magnetization for fast actuation. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9183-9190. [PMID: 34698328 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hydrogels have demonstrated great potential in soft robots, drug delivery, and bioengineering, and their functions are usually determined by the deforming capability. However, most magnetic hydrogels are embedded with soft magnetic particles (e.g. Fe3O4), where the magnetic domains cannot be programmed and retained under external magnetic fields. Here, we present a strategy to prepare a microgel-reinforced magnetic hydrogel, embedded with hard magnetic NdFeB particles. These magnetic hydrogels show outstanding mechanical properties (ultimate stretching ratio >15 and fracture toughness >15 000 J m-2) and fast actuation speed under external magnetic fields. We use direct ink writing to fabricate magnetic hydrogels with sophisticated geometry and program their magnetization to achieve complex deformations. Fast, reversible, shape-changing structures have been demonstrated with printed magnetic hydrogels. It is hoped that this material system of hard magnetic hydrogels can open opportunities for wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingda Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Bonan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Qianfeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Tiejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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40
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Gao Y, Wei F, Chao Y, Yao L. Bioinspired soft microrobots actuated by magnetic field. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:52. [PMID: 34599405 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional large-scale robots, which require complicated mechanical joints and material rigidity, microrobots made of soft materials have exhibited amazing features and great potential for extensive applications, such as minimally invasive surgery. However, microrobots are faced with energy supply and control issues due to the miniaturization. Magnetic field actuation emerges as an appropriate approach to tackle with these issues. This review summarizes the latest progress of biomimetic soft microrobots actuated by magnetic field. Starting with an overview of the soft material and magnetic material adopted in the magnetic field actuated soft microrobots, the various fabrication methods and design structures of soft microrobots are summarized. Subsequently, practical and potential applications, such as targeted therapy, surgical operation, and the transportation of microscopic objects, in the fields of biomedicine and environmental remediation are presented. In the end, some current challenges, and the future development trends of magnetic soft microrobots are briefly discussed. This review is expected to offer a helpful guidance for the new researchers of biomimetic soft microrobots actuated by magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fanan Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yin Chao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ligang Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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41
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Tang J, Zeng L, Liu Z. Fabrication of patterned magnetic hydrogels by ion transfer printing. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8059-8067. [PMID: 34524342 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hydrogels have found a myriad of applications in bioengineering and soft robotics. As the function of magnetic hydrogels is affected by the distribution of magnetic nanoparticles, it is imperative to propose a strategy for fabricating patterned magnetic hydrogels. However, previous strategies can only achieve very simple distribution by using external magnetic fields to guide the chain-like assembly of nanoparticles. It remains challenging to realize the complex distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in a hydrogel. Here we propose an ion transfer printing strategy to prepare patterned magnetic hydrogels, taking advantage of the ion permeation and nanoparticle precipitation in the hydrogel. The polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel is loaded with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions and covered with a patterned filter paper with OH- ions to generate Fe3O4 nanoparticles locally. The effect of the ion concentration and covering time on the generation of nanoparticles is investigated by using a reaction-diffusion model. Furthermore, the magnetothermal response of the patterned magnetic hydrogels has been characterized to reveal the distribution and thermogenesis of magnetic nanoparticles. We hope that the fabricated magnetic hydrogels with complex patterns can open up new opportunities for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingda Tang
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, International Center for Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Liangsong Zeng
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, International Center for Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zishun Liu
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, International Center for Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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42
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Sun Z, Song C, Zhou J, Hao C, Liu W, Liu H, Wang J, Huang M, He S, Yang M. Rapid Photothermal Responsive Conductive MXene Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Soft Manipulators and Sensitive Strain Sensors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100499. [PMID: 34480782 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive hydrogels are of great significance in soft robotics, wearable electronic devices, and sensors. Near-infrared (NIR) light is considered an ideal stimulus as it can trigger the response behavior remotely and precisely. In this work, a smart flexible stimuli-responsive hydrogel with excellent photothermal property and decent conductivity are prepared by incorporating MXene nanosheets into the physically cross-linked poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogel matrix. Because of outstanding photothermal effect and dispersion of MXene, the composite hydrogel exhibits rapid photothermal responsiveness and excellent photothermal stability under the NIR irradiation. Furthermore, the anisotropic bilayer hydrogel actuator shows fast and controllable light-driven bending behavior, which can be used as a light-controlled soft manipulator. Meanwhile, the hydrogel sensor exhibits cycling stability and good durability in detecting various deformation and real-time human activities. Therefore, the present study involving the fabrication of MXene nanocomposite hydrogels for potential applications in remotely controlled actuator and wearable electronic device provides a new method for the development of photothermal responsive conductive hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Changyuan Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chaobo Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Miaoming Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Suqin He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Isotope Institute Co., Ltd., 7 Songshan South Road, Zhengzhou, 450015, China
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Vazquez-Perez F, Gila-Vilchez C, Duran J, Zubarev A, Alvarez de Cienfuegos L, Rodriguez-Arco L, Lopez-Lopez M. Composite polymer hydrogels with high and reversible elongation under magnetic stimuli. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang J, Guo Y, Hu W, Sitti M. Wirelessly Actuated Thermo- and Magneto-Responsive Soft Bimorph Materials with Programmable Shape-Morphing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100336. [PMID: 34048125 PMCID: PMC7612658 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials that respond to wireless external stimuli are referred to as "smart" materials due to their promising potential in real-world actuation and sensing applications in robotics, microfluidics, and bioengineering. Recent years have witnessed a burst of these stimuli-responsive materials and their preliminary applications. However, their further advancement demands more versatility, configurability, and adaptability to deliver their promised benefits. Here, a dual-stimuli-responsive soft bimorph material with three configurations that enable complex programmable 3D shape-morphing is presented. The material consists of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and magnetic-responsive elastomers (MREs) via facile fabrication that orthogonally integrates their respective stimuli-responsiveness without detrimentally altering their properties. The material offers an unprecedented wide design space and abundant degree-of-freedoms (DoFs) due to the LCE's programmable director field, the MRE's programmable magnetization profile, and diverse geometric configurations. It responds to wireless stimuli of the controlled magnetic field and environmental temperature. Its dual-responsiveness allows the independent control of different DoFs for complex shape-morphing behaviors with anisotropic material properties. A diverse set of in situ reconfigurable shape-morphing and an environment-aware untethered miniature 12-legged robot capable of locomotion and self-gripping are demonstrated. Such material can provide solutions for the development of future soft robotic and other functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yubing Guo
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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45
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Li Z, Li Y, Chen C, Cheng Y. Magnetic-responsive hydrogels: From strategic design to biomedical applications. J Control Release 2021; 335:541-556. [PMID: 34097923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smart hydrogels which can respond to external stimuli have been widely focused with increasing interest. Thereinto, magnetic-responsive hydrogels that are prepared by embedding magnetic nanomaterials into hydrogel networks are more advantageous in biomedical applications due to their rapid magnetic response, precisely temporal and spatial control and non-invasively remote actuation. Upon the application of an external magnetic field, magnetic hydrogels can be actuated to perform multiple response modes such as locomotion, deformation and thermogenesis for therapeutic purposes without the limit of tissue penetration depth. This review summarizes the latest advances of magnetic-responsive hydrogels with focus on biomedical applications. The synthetic methods of magnetic hydrogels are firstly introduced. Then, the roles of different response modes of magnetic hydrogels played in different biomedical applications are emphatically discussed in detail. In the end, the current limitations and future perspectives for magnetic hydrogels are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Li
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yingze Li
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yu Cheng
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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46
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Liang S, Miao Y, Zhu X, Wei J, Zhan QF, Huang X, Zhang L. Magnetic Actuation of Hollow Swarming Spheres for Dynamic Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11424-11432. [PMID: 33647201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Untethered robots with smart human-machine interactions can execute complex activities such as target cargo delivery or assembly of functional scaffolds. However, it remains challenging for fabricating microscale hollow hydrogel robots that can go with autonomous transformation of their geometric formations to adapt to unstructured environments. We herein report hydrogel-based microscopic hollow swarming spheres (HSSs) with anisotropic/isotropic alignments of Fe3O4 particles in the porous wall that can navigate under complex topography conditions by altering their geometric formation, including passing around or jumping over obstacles, assembling into various formation patterns, and swimming in a high-viscosity system. We introduce HSSs into a catalytic reaction model, in which HSSs as a catalyst can shift between water and oil phases to initiate or terminate the decomposition reaction of H2O2. This dynamic catalysis is expected to construct free-radical "living" polymerization for controlling the reaction rate and polymer dispersity index in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Miao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wei
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Feng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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Wang Q, Liu Z, Tang C, Sun H, Zhu L, Liu Z, Li K, Yang J, Qin G, Sun G, Chen Q. Tough Interfacial Adhesion of Bilayer Hydrogels with Integrated Shape Memory and Elastic Properties for Controlled Shape Deformation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10457-10466. [PMID: 33616384 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The weak adhesion between two hydrogel layers may lead to the delamination of bilayer hydrogels or low force transfer efficiency during deformation. Here, tough interfacial adhesive bilayer hydrogels with rapid shape deformation and recovery were prepared by simple attachment-heating of two gel layers. The bilayer hydrogels, composed of a shape memory gel (S-gel) and an elastic gel (E-gel), exhibited extremely tough interfacial adhesion between two layers (Γ ∼ 2200 J/m2). The shape deformation and shape recovery of the bilayer hydrogels, tuned by "heating-stretching" mode and "stretching-heating-stretching" mode, were rapid (<5 s) and no delamination between two gel layers was detected during shape deformation. Based on the fast shape deformation and recovery, the bilayer hydrogels could mimic the flower and hand, and a gel gripper could be fabricated to catch the object in the hot water. This work provides a simple method to prepare tough adhesive bilayer hydrogels with controlled shape deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Chen Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Huan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Jia Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Gang Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 352001, China
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48
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Abstract
This review outlines progress in hydrogels with well-defined heterogeneity in structures and responsiveness by using sequential synthesis, photolithography, 3D/4D printing, and macroscopic assembling for programmable shape morphing or actuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-mei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing
- P. R. China
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49
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Gao Q, Hu J, Shi J, Wu W, Debeli DK, Pan P, Shan G. Fast photothermal poly(NIPAM-co-β-cyclodextrin) supramolecular hydrogel with self-healing through host-guest interaction for intelligent light-controlled switches. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10558-10566. [PMID: 33079109 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A graphene oxide/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-β-cyclodextrin) (GO/poly(NIPAM-co-β-CD)) hydrogel has been synthesized through host-guest interaction between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and the isopropyl group of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The product exhibits rapid responses to the stimuli of temperature and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, self-healing properties, and excellent mechanical properties. The host-guest interaction serves as the main physical cross-linker, while a hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group of β-CD, GO sheets and amide group of NIPAM acts as a secondary cross-linker. The volume phase transition temperature and NIR response rate of such a hydrogel are controlled by its contents of β-CD and GO. The obtained hydrogels showing excellent properties might be applied in remote contactless control devices in advanced smart technologies. Based on the excellent characteristics of the hydrogels, remote light-controlled switches have been designed, and more applications will be explored, such as intelligent light-controlled drivers and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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50
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Wu S, Hu W, Ze Q, Sitti M, Zhao R. Multifunctional magnetic soft composites: a review. MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 3:042003. [PMID: 33834121 PMCID: PMC7610551 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abcb0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically responsive soft materials are soft composites where magnetic fillers are embedded into soft polymeric matrices. These active materials have attracted extensive research and industrial interest due to their ability to realize fast and programmable shape changes through remote and untethered control under the application of magnetic fields. They would have many high-impact potential applications in soft robotics/devices, metamaterials, and biomedical devices. With a broad range of functional magnetic fillers, polymeric matrices, and advanced fabrication techniques, the material properties can be programmed for integrated functions, including programmable shape morphing, dynamic shape deformation-based locomotion, object manipulation and assembly, remote heat generation, as well as reconfigurable electronics. In this review, an overview of state-of-the-art developments and future perspectives in the multifunctional magnetically responsive soft materials is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Qiji Ze
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ruike Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
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