1
|
Mu W, Liu J, Zhang H, Weng L, Liu T, Chen X. Intelligent Hydrogel with Physiologically Dependent Capacities of Photothermal Conversion and Nanocatalytic Medicine to Integratively Inhibit Bacteria and Inflammation for On-Demand Treatment of Infected Wound. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2405464. [PMID: 39370674 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Although chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) based on a variety of nanoparticles have been developed to achieve effective anti-bacterial therapy, the limited therapeutic efficiency of CDT alone, as well as the undifferentiated damage of PTT to both bacteria and surrounding healthy tissue are still challenges for their clinical application of infected wounds treatments. In addition, during the CDT and PTT-mediated antimicrobial processes, the endogenous macrophages would be easily converted to pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1 phenotype) under local ROS and hyperthermia to promote inflammation, resulting in unexpected suppression of tissue regeneration and possible wound deterioration. To address these problems, a biodegradable sodium alginate/hyaluronic acid hydrogel loaded with functional CeO2-Au nano-alloy (AO@ACP) is fabricated to not only achieve precise and efficient antibacterial activity through infection-environment dependent photothermal-chemodynamic therapy but also rapidly eliminate the excess reactive oxygens (ROS) in the M1 type macrophage at the infected area to induce their polarization to M2 type for significant inhibition of inflammation and remarkable enhancement of tissue regeneration, hopefully developing an effective strategy to treat infected wound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Mu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institution of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institution of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Handan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institution of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lin Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institution of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institution of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institution of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu Y, Zhang L, Hu B, Wang Z, Gu Q, Wang W, Zhu C, Wang S. Borate bonds-containing pH-responsive chitosan hydrogel for postoperative tumor recurrence and wound infection prevention. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122262. [PMID: 38823926 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan has been widely used in biomedical fields due to its good antibacterial properties, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this study, a pH-responsive and self-healing hydrogel was synthesized from 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid grafted with chitosan (CS-BA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The dynamic boronic ester bonds and intermolecular hydrogen bonds are responsible for the hydrogel formation. By changing the mass ratio of CS-BA and PVA, the tensile stress and compressive stress of hydrogel can controlled in the range of 0.61 kPa - 0.74 kPa and 295.28 kPa - 1108.1 kPa, respectively. After doping with tannic acid (TA)/iron nanocomplex (TAFe), the hydrogel successful killed tumor cells through the near infrared laser-induced photothermal conversion and the TAFe-triggered reactive oxygen species generation. Moreover, the photothermal conversion of the hydrogel and the antibacterial effect of CS and TA give the hydrogel a good antibacterial effect. The CS-BA/PVA/TAFe hydrogel exhibit good in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor recurrence and antibacterial ability, and therefore has the potential to be used as a powerful tool for the prevention of local tumor recurrence and bacterial infection after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Zhengyue Wang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Qiuping Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Chunping Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China.
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu M, Xiao Y, Wu R, Lei J, Li T, Zheng Y. Aggregable gold nanoparticles for cancer photothermal therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:8048-8061. [PMID: 39046068 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00403e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an important non-invasive cancer treatment method. Enhancing the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of photothermal agents (PTAs) and prolonging their tumor accumulation and retention are effective strategies to enhance the efficiency of cancer PTT. Recently, tremendous progress has been made in developing stimuli-responsive aggregable gold nanoparticles as effective PTAs for PTT. In this review, we discuss the chemical principles underlying gold nanoparticle aggregation and highlight the progress in gold nanoparticle aggregation triggered by different stimuli, especially tumor microenvironment-related factors, for cancer PTT. Covalent condensation reactions, click cycloaddition reactions, chelation reactions, and Au-S bonding, as well as non-covalent electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces play key roles in the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Enzymes, pH, reactive oxygen species, small molecules, salts, and light drive the occurrence of gold nanoparticle aggregation. Targeted aggregation of gold nanoparticles prolongs tumor accumulation and retention of PTAs and improves PCE, resulting in enhanced tumor PTT. Moreover, the major challenges of aggregable gold nanoparticles as PTAs are pointed out and the promising applications are also prospected at the end. With the deepening of research, we expect aggregable gold nanoparticles to become essential PTAs for tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Wu
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Yao Xiao
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Rongkun Wu
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Lei
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Tian Li
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Youkun Zheng
- Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang X, Tang X, Tang W, Weng L, Liu T, Zhu Z, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Chen X. Synergistic Regulation of Targeted Organelles in Tumor Cells to Promote Photothermal-Immunotherapy Using Intelligent Core-Satellite-Like Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment of Breast Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400069. [PMID: 38634246 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The normal operation of organelles is critical for tumor growth and metastasis. Herein, an intelligent nanoplatform (BMAEF) is fabricated to perform on-demand destruction of mitochondria and golgi apparatus, which also generates the enhanced photothermal-immunotherapy, resulting in the effective inhibition of primary and metastasis tumor. The BMAEF has a core of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with brefeldin A (BM), which is connected to ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and folic acid co-modified gold nanoparticles (AEF). During therapy, the BMAEF first accumulates in tumor cells via folic acid-induced targeting. Subsequently, the schiff base/ester bond cleaves in lysosome to release brefeldin A and AEF with exposed EGTA. The EGTA further captures Ca2+ to block ion transfer among mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus, which not only induced dysfunction of mitochondria and golgi apparatus assisted by brefeldin A to suppress both energy and material metabolism against tumor growth and metastasis, but causes AEF aggregation for tumor-specific photothermal therapy and photothermal assisted immunotherapy. Moreover, the dysfunction of these organelles also stops the production of BMI1 and heat shock protein 70 to further enhance the metastasis inhibition and photothermal therapy, which meanwhile triggers the escape of cytochrome C to cytoplasm, leading to additional apoptosis of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Lin Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zeren Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Man Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu S, Xia G, Yang N, Yuan L, Li J, Wang Q, Li D, Ding L, Fan Z, Li J. Noble Metal Nanoparticle-Based Photothermal Therapy: Development and Application in Effective Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5632. [PMID: 38891819 PMCID: PMC11172079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising cancer therapy modality with significant advantages such as precise targeting, convenient drug delivery, better efficacy, and minimal adverse effects. Photothermal therapy effectively absorbs the photothermal transducers in the near-infrared region (NIR), which induces the photothermal effect to work. Although PTT has a better role in tumor therapy, it also suffers from low photothermal conversion efficiency, biosafety, and incomplete tumor elimination. Therefore, the use of nanomaterials themselves as photosensitizers, the targeted modification of nanomaterials to improve targeting efficiency, or the combined use of nanomaterials with other therapies can improve the therapeutic effects and reduce side effects. Notably, noble metal nanomaterials have attracted much attention in PTT because they have strong surface plasmon resonance and an effective absorbance light at specific near-infrared wavelengths. Therefore, they can be used as excellent photosensitizers to mediate photothermal conversion and improve its efficiency. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the key role played by noble metal nanomaterials in tumor photothermal therapy. It also describes the major challenges encountered during the implementation of photothermal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Guoyu Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Nan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Longlong Yuan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Qingluo Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Dingyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Lijun Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Zhongxiong Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vlasov E, Heyvaert W, Ni B, Van Gordon K, Girod R, Verbeeck J, Liz-Marzán LM, Bals S. High-Throughput Morphological Chirality Quantification of Twisted and Wrinkled Gold Nanorods. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12010-12019. [PMID: 38669197 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Chirality in gold nanostructures offers an exciting opportunity to tune their differential optical response to left- and right-handed circularly polarized light, as well as their interactions with biomolecules and living matter. However, tuning and understanding such interactions demands quantification of the structural features that are responsible for the chiral behavior. Electron tomography (ET) enables structural characterization at the single-particle level and has been used to quantify the helicity of complex chiral nanorods. However, the technique is time-consuming and consequently lacks statistical value. To address this issue, we introduce herein a high-throughput methodology that combines images acquired by secondary electron-based electron beam-induced current (SEEBIC) with quantitative image analysis. As a result, the geometric chirality of hundreds of nanoparticles can be quantified in less than 1 h. When combining the drastic gain in data collection efficiency of SEEBIC with a limited number of ET data sets, a better understanding of how the chiral structure of individual chiral nanoparticles translates into the ensemble chiroptical response can be reached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Vlasov
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Wouter Heyvaert
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Bing Ni
- Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Kyle Van Gordon
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Robin Girod
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
- CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu F, Yang T, Chang X, Chen L, Cheng C, Peng X, Liu H, Zhang Y, Chen X. Intelligent gold nanocluster for effective treatment of malignant tumor via tumor-specific photothermal-chemodynamic therapy with AIE guidance. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae113. [PMID: 38698903 PMCID: PMC11065357 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise and efficient therapy of malignant tumors is always a challenge. Herein, gold nanoclusters co-modified by aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) molecules, copper ion chelator (acylthiourea) and tumor-targeting agent (folic acid) were fabricated to perform AIE-guided and tumor-specific synergistic therapy with great spatio-temporal controllability for the targeted elimination and metastasis inhibition of malignant tumors. During therapy, the functional gold nanoclusters (AuNTF) would rapidly accumulate in the tumor tissue due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect as well as folic acid-mediated tumor targeting, which was followed by endocytosis by tumor cells. After that, the overexpressed copper ions in the tumor cells would trigger the aggregation of these intracellular AuNTF via a chelation process that not only generated the photothermal agent in situ to perform the tumor-specific photothermal therapy damaging the primary tumor, but also led to the copper deficiency of tumor cells to inhibit its metastasis. Moreover, the copper ions were reduced to cuprous ions along with the chelation, which further catalysed the excess H2O2 in the tumor cells to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, resulting in additional chemodynamic therapy for enhanced antitumor efficiency. The aggregation of AuNTF also activated the AIE molecules to present fluorescence, which not only imaged the therapeutic area for real-time monitoring of this tumor-specific synergistic therapy, but also allowed us to perform near-infrared radiation at the correct time point and location to achieve optimal photothermal therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo results revealed the strong tumor elimination, effective metastasis inhibition and high survival rate of tumor-bearing mice after treatment using the AuNTF nanoclusters, indicating that this AIE-guided and tumor-specific synergistic strategy could offer a promising approach for tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tianfeng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaowei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiuhong Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haihu Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun X, Ye Q, Liang Y, Yuan Y, Zhu L, Zhang Q, Han J, Guo R. Chiral cysteine-copper ion-based assemblies for improved phototherapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:993-1002. [PMID: 38104364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy, encompassing photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, is gaining attention as an appealing cancer treatment modality. To enhance its clinical implementation, a comprehensive exploration of the pivotal factors influencing phototherapy is warranted. In this study, the L/d-cysteine (Cys)-copper ion (Cu2+) chiral nanoparticles, through the assembly of L/d-Cys-Cu2+ coordination complexes, were constructed. We found that these nanoparticles interacted with chiral liposomes in a chirality-dependent manner, with d-Cys-Cu2+ nanoparticles exhibiting more than three times stronger binding affinity than l-Cys-Cu2+ nanoparticles. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the d-Cys-Cu2+ nanoparticles were more efficiently internalized by Hela cells in contrast with l-Cys-Cu2+. On this basis, indocyanine green (ICG), acting as both photothermal and photodynamic agent, was encapsulated into L/d-Cys-Cu2+ nanoparticles. Experimental results showed that the l-Cys-Cu2+-ICG and d-Cys-Cu2+-ICG nanoparticles displayed almost identical photothermal performance and singlet oxygen (1O2) generation capability in aqueous solution. However, upon laser irradiation, the d-Cys-Cu2+-ICG nanoparticles achieved enhanced anti-tumor effects compared to l-Cys-Cu2+-ICG due to their chirality-promoted higher cellular uptake efficiency. These findings highlight the crucial role of chirality in phototherapy and provide new perspectives for engineering cancer therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Qianyun Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yuhe Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Quan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Rencus-Lazar S, Zhou H, Yin Y, Jiang X, Cai K, Gazit E, Ji W. Bioinspired Amino Acid Based Materials in Bionanotechnology: From Minimalistic Building Blocks and Assembly Mechanism to Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1257-1288. [PMID: 38157317 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by natural hierarchical self-assembly of proteins and peptides, amino acids, as the basic building units, have been shown to self-assemble to form highly ordered structures through supramolecular interactions. The fabrication of functional biomaterials comprised of extremely simple biomolecules has gained increasing interest due to the advantages of biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and structural modularity. In particular, amino acid based assemblies have shown attractive physical characteristics for various bionanotechnology applications. Herein, we propose a review paper to summarize the design strategies as well as research advances of amino acid based supramolecular assemblies as smart functional materials. We first briefly introduce bioinspired reductionist design strategies and assembly mechanism for amino acid based molecular assembly materials through noncovalent interactions in condensed states, including self-assembly, metal ion mediated coordination assembly, and coassembly. In the following part, we provide an overview of the properties and functions of amino acid based materials toward applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine. Finally, we give an overview of the remaining challenges and future perspectives on the fabrication of amino acid based supramolecular biomaterials with desired properties. We believe that this review will promote the prosperous development of innovative bioinspired functional materials formed by minimalistic building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Haoran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ehud Gazit
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Wei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li N, Jiang X, Zhang W, Xiao W, Wu Z, Wang H, He F. Synergetic Photodynamic-Photothermal-Chemotherapy Dual Targeting Nanoplatform Effective Against Breast Cancer in-Mice Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6349-6365. [PMID: 37965281 PMCID: PMC10641433 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s428022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Combined multimodal therapy for breast cancer is a promising therapeutic approach to increase treatment efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. The present study aimed to develop a novel multifunctional drug release nanoplatform based on RGD-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized copper sulfide (CuS) for activatable dual-targeted synergetic therapy against cancer. Methods The pH and NIR-responsive dual-targeting nanoplatform CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD was prepared, characterized, and evaluated for its stability and photodynamic and photothermal properties. The loading and release of the drug were measured at different pH values with or without laser radiation using the dialysis method. The cellular uptake of the platform specifically by the tumor cells treated with different formulations was investigated through fluorescence imaging. The in vitro and in vivo biosafety levels were assessed systematically. Finally, the antitumor efficiencies against breast cancer were assessed via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results The spheroid CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD exhibited remarkable stability and monodispersity in solution. The photosensitive CuS and Ce6 could simultaneously absorb the near-infrared light efficiently to convert NIR light to fatal heat and to generate reactive oxygen species. The CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD dissociated under an acid environment, causing the release of DOX into the tumor to accelerate upon laser irradiation. The CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD exhibited target-specific and strong binding ability via a synergic CD44/αvβ3 receptor-mediated bimodal targeting, which led to improved therapeutic efficacy. The tumor growth was effectively inhibited using synergetic photodynamic/photothermal/chemo therapy. No evident systemic toxicity was noted during treatment. Conclusion The newly prepared CuS:Ce6@HA:DOX@RGD has great potential as an activatable theranostic nanoplatform for efficient dual-targeted synergistic therapy against breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanju Zhang
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenping Xiao
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaona Wu
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huirong Wang
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng He
- Li Shizhen College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim DS, Kim M, Seo S, Kim JH. Nature-Inspired Chiral Structures: Fabrication Methods and Multifaceted Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:527. [PMID: 37999168 PMCID: PMC10669407 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse chiral structures observed in nature find applications across various domains, including engineering, chemistry, and medicine. Particularly notable is the optical activity inherent in chiral structures, which has emerged prominently in the field of optics. This phenomenon has led to a wide range of applications, encompassing optical components, catalysts, sensors, and therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes the imitations and applications of naturally occurring chiral structures. Methods for replicating chiral architectures found in nature have evolved with specific research goals. This review primarily focuses on a top-down approach and provides a summary of recent research advancements. In the latter part of this review, we will engage in discussions regarding the diverse array of applications resulting from imitating chiral structures, from the optical activity in photonic crystals to applications spanning light-emitting devices. Furthermore, we will delve into the applications of biorecognition and therapeutic methodologies, comprehensively examining and deliberating upon the multifaceted utility of chiral structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Myounggun Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Seo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yin T, Yang T, Chen L, Tian R, Cheng C, Weng L, Zhang Y, Chen X. Intelligent gold nanoparticles for malignant tumor treatment via spontaneous copper manipulation and on-demand photothermal therapy based on copper induced click chemistry. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:485-495. [PMID: 37121369 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The excessive copper in tumor cells is crucial for the growth and metastasis of malignant tumor. Herein, we fabricated a nanohybrid to capture, convert and utilize the overexpressed copper in tumor cells, which was expected to achieve copper dependent photothermal damage of primary tumor and copper-deficiency induced metastasis inhibition, generating accurate and effective tumor treatment. The nanohybrid consistsed of 3-azidopropylamine, 4-ethynylaniline and N-aminoethyl-N'-benzoylthiourea (BTU) co-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). During therapy, the BTU segment would specifically chelate with copper in tumor cells after endocytosis to reduce the intracellular copper content, causing copper-deficiency to inhibit the vascularization and tumor migration. Meanwhile, the copper was also rapidly converted to be cuprous by BTU, which further catalyzed the click reaction between azido and alkynyl on the surface of AuNPs, resulting in on-demand aggregation of these AuNPs. This process not only in situ generated the photothermal agent in tumor cells to achieve accurate therapy avoiding unexpected damage, but also enhanced its retention time for sustained photothermal therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo results exhibited the strong tumor inhibition and high survival rate of tumor-bearing mice after application of our nanohybrid, indicating that this synergistic therapy could offer a promising approach for malignant tumor treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The distinctive excessive copper in tumor cells is crucial for the growth and metastasis of tumor. Therefore, we fabricated intelligent gold nanoparticles to simultaneously response and reverse this tumorigenic physiological microenvironment for the synergistic therapy of malignant tumor. In this study, for the first time we converted and utilized the overexpressed Cu2+ in tumor cells to trigger intracellular click chemistry for tumor-specific photothermal therapy, resulting in accurate damage of primary tumor. Moreover, we effectively manipulated the content of Cu2+ in tumor cells to suppress the migration and vascularization of malignant tumor, resulting in effective metastasis inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tianfeng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ran Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lin Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu T, Zhu M, Chang X, Tang X, Yuan P, Tian R, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Chen X. Tumor-Specific Photothermal-Therapy-Assisted Immunomodulation via Multiresponsive Adjuvant Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300086. [PMID: 36782382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive adjuvant nanoparticles (RMmAGL) are fabricated to perform tumor-specific photothermal therapy while regulating the behavior of tumor-associated immune cells for primary tumor eradication and metastasis inhibition. Core-satellite-like RMmAGL have a core of mannose-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (R837@MSN-mannose) connected via hydrazone bonds to satellites of glutamine (Glu)- and lysine (Lys)-comodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-Glu/Lys). During therapy, the acidic environment in tumor tissue cleaves the hydrazone bonds to release AuNPs-Glu/Lys, which further accumulate in tumor cells. After internalization, photothermal agents (aggregated AuNPs-Glu/Lys) are generated in situ through the intratumoral enzyme-catalyzed reaction between Glu and Lys, resulting in tumor-specific photothermal therapy. The detachment of AuNPs-Glu/Lys also triggers the release of R837, which matured dendritic cells (DCs) via a vaccine-like mechanism along with the tumor-associated antigens generated by photothermal therapy. These matured DCs further activates surrounding T cells for immunotherapy. Moreover, the resulting free MSN-mannose serves as an artificial glycocalyx to continuously induce the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages from an immunosuppressive phenotype to an inflammatory phenotype, thus further enhancing immunotherapy. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate significant inhibition of malignant tumors after therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Man Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Pingyun Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ran Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zeren Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang F, Yue X, Ding Q, Lin H, Xu C, Li S. Chiral inorganic nanomaterials for biological applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2541-2552. [PMID: 36688473 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chiral nanomaterials in biology play indispensable roles in maintaining numerous physiological processes, such as signaling, site-specific catalysis, transport, protection, and synthesis. Like natural chiral nanomaterials, chiral inorganic nanomaterials can also be established with similar size, charge, surface properties, and morphology. However, chiral inorganic nanomaterials usually exhibit extraordinary properties that are different from those of organic materials, such as high g-factor values, broad distribution range, and symmetrical mirror configurations. Because of these unique characteristics, there is great potential for application in the fields of biosensing, drug delivery, early diagnosis, bio-imaging, and disease therapy. Related research is summarized and discussed in this review to showcase the bio-functions and bio-applications of chiral inorganic nanomaterials, including the construction methods, classification and properties, and biological applications of chiral inorganic nanomaterials. Moreover, the deficiencies in existing studies are noted, and future development is prospected. This review will provide helpful guidance for constructing chiral inorganic nanomaterials with specific bio-functions for problem solving in living systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyong Yue
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Ding
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hengwei Lin
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Li
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anti-cancer Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8984-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
16
|
Zang X, Song J, Li Y, Han Y. Targeting necroptosis as an alternative strategy in tumor treatment: From drugs to nanoparticles. J Control Release 2022; 349:213-226. [PMID: 35793737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over last decades, most antitumor therapeutic strategies have focused on apoptosis, however, apoptosis resistance and immunological silence usually led to treatment failure. In this sense, triggering other programmed cell death such as necroptosis may achieve a better therapeutic efficacy and has gained widespread attentions in tumor therapy. Studies in this field have identified several types of necroptosis modulators and highlighted the therapeutic potential of necroptotic cell death in cancer. Nanoparticles further provide possibilities to improve therapeutic outcomes as an efficient drug delivery system, facilitating tumor targeting and controlled cargo release. Furthermore, some nanoparticles themselves can trigger/promote programmed necrosis through hyperthermia, ultrasound and autophagy blockage. These investigations have entered necroptosis for consideration as a promising strategy for tumor therapy, though numerous challenges remain and clinical applications are still distant. In this review, we would briefly introduce molecular mechanism and characteristics of necroptosis, and then summarize recent progress of programmed necrosis and their inducers in tumor therapy. Furthermore, the antitumor strategies that take advantages of nanoparticles to induce necroptosis are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Zang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Jinxiao Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yantao Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie B, Zhao H, Shui M, Ding YF, Sun C, Wang Z, Gao C, Chen G, Wang R. Spermine-Responsive Intracellular Self-Aggregation of Gold Nanocages for Enhanced Chemotherapy and Photothermal Therapy of Breast Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201971. [PMID: 35689511 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving the precise accumulation and retention of nanomedicines in tumor cells is one of the keys to effective therapy of tumors. Herein, supramolecular peptides capped Au nanocages (AuNCs) that may self-aggregate into micron-sized clusters intracellularly in response to spermine (SPM), leading to specific accumulation and retention of AuNCs in SPM-overexpressed tumor cells, are developed. In this design, polydopamine (PDA) is in situ coated on the surface of AuNCs with doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulated. A small peptide, Phe-Phe-Val-Leu-Lys (FFVLK), is conjugated with PDA via esterification, and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) is threaded onto the N-terminal Phe via host-guest interactions. Once the supramolecular peptide (CB[7]-FFVLK) capped AuNCs are internalized in SPM-overexpressed breast cancer cells, CB[7] can be competitively removed from FFVLK by SPM, due to the much higher binding affinity between CB[7] and SPM than that between CB[7] and Phe, leading to exposure of free FFVLK, which can subsequently self-assemble and induce the aggregation of AuNCs to micron-sized clusters, resulting in the significantly enhanced accumulation and retention of DOX-loaded AuNCs in tumor cells. Under NIR laser irradiation, the enhanced photothermal conversion of AuNCs aggregates, together with photothermia-induced release of DOX leads to synergistic photothermal therapy and chemotherapy against breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Huichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Mingju Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yuan-Fu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Lin Y, Lin Z, Wei Q, Qian J, Ruan R, Jiang X, Hou L, Song J, Ding J, Yang H. Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery in Synergistic Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103444. [PMID: 34927373 PMCID: PMC8844476 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has achieved promising clinical progress over the recent years for its potential to treat metastatic tumors and inhibit their recurrences effectively. However, low patient response rates and dose-limiting toxicity remain as major dilemmas for immunotherapy. Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles (srNPs) combined with immunotherapy offer the possibility to amplify anti-tumor immune responses, where the weak acidity, high concentration of glutathione, overexpressions of enzymes, and reactive oxygen species, and external stimuli in tumors act as triggers for controlled drug release. This review highlights the design of srNPs based on tumor microenvironment and/or external stimuli to combine with different anti-tumor drugs, especially the immunoregulatory agents, which eventually realize synergistic immunotherapy of malignant primary or metastatic tumors and acquire a long-term immune memory to prevent tumor recurrence. The authors hope that this review can provide theoretical guidance for the construction and clinical transformation of smart srNPs for controlled drug delivery in synergistic cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Qingyuan Innovation LaboratoryCollege of Chemical EngineeringFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Yandai Lin
- Qingyuan Innovation LaboratoryCollege of Chemical EngineeringFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Ruisi (Fujian) Biomedical Engineering Research Center Co LtdFuzhou350100P. R. China
| | - Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan University220 Handan RoadShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Qian
- Qingyuan Innovation LaboratoryCollege of Chemical EngineeringFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Renjie Ruan
- Qingyuan Innovation LaboratoryCollege of Chemical EngineeringFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Xiancai Jiang
- Qingyuan Innovation LaboratoryCollege of Chemical EngineeringFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Linxi Hou
- Qingyuan Innovation LaboratoryCollege of Chemical EngineeringFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and BiologyState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan University220 Handan RoadShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and BiologyState Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou University2 Xueyuan RoadFuzhou350108P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen X, Liu T, Yuan P, Chang X, Yin Q, Mu W, Peng Z. Anti-cancer Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9374-7_11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
20
|
Wang M, Gao B, Wang X, Li W, Feng Y. Enzyme-responsive strategy as a prospective cue to construct intelligent biomaterials for disease diagnosis and therapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1883-1903. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials have been widely studied and applied in biomedical field. Under the stimulation of enzymes, the enzyme-responsive materials (ERMs) can be triggered to change their structures, properties and functions....
Collapse
|
21
|
Thangam R, Paulmurugan R, Kang H. Functionalized Nanomaterials as Tailored Theranostic Agents in Brain Imaging. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:18. [PMID: 35009968 PMCID: PMC8746658 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized nanomaterials of various categories are essential for developing cancer nano-theranostics for brain diseases; however, some limitations exist in their effectiveness and clinical translation, such as toxicity, limited tumor penetration, and inability to cross blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers. Metal nanomaterials with functional fluorescent tags possess unique properties in improving their functional properties, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), superparamagnetism, and photo/bioluminescence, which facilitates imaging applications in addition to their deliveries. Moreover, these multifunctional nanomaterials could be synthesized through various chemical modifications on their physical surfaces via attaching targeting peptides, fluorophores, and quantum dots (QD), which could improve the application of these nanomaterials by facilitating theranostic modalities. In addition to their inherent CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PAI (Photo-acoustic imaging), and X-ray contrast imaging, various multifunctional nanoparticles with imaging probes serve as brain-targeted imaging candidates in several imaging modalities. The primary criteria of these functional nanomaterials for translational application to the brain must be zero toxicity. Moreover, the beneficial aspects of nano-theranostics of nanoparticles are their multifunctional systems proportioned towards personalized disease management via comprising diagnostic and therapeutic abilities in a single biodegradable nanomaterial. This review highlights the emerging aspects of engineered nanomaterials to reach and deliver therapeutics to the brain and how to improve this by adopting the imaging modalities for theranostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Biomicrosystem Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang S, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li L. Recent advances in amino acid-metal coordinated nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
23
|
Zhang Z, Niu X, Feng X, Wang X, Yu L, Wang W, Yuan Z. Construction of a pH/TGase "Dual Key"-Responsive Gold Nano-radiosensitizer with Liver Tumor-Targeting Ability. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3434-3445. [PMID: 34129333 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The method of tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive aggregation has become a promising approach to enhance treatment effect by improving the accumulation of nanoparticles in tumors. The enzymatic cross-linking strategy has widely attracted attention owing to its good aggregation stability and biocompatibility. However, the enzymes in nontumor tissue can also catalyze the cross-linking reaction and reduce accumulation of nanoparticles in tumor. In this work, a "dual key"-responsive strategy is utilized to construct a transglutaminase (TGase)/pH-responsive radiosensitizer (Au@TAcoGal) with specific aggregation behavior in hepatic tumor cells. Au@TAcoGal can retain its stability in blood circulation (pH 7.4) even in the presence of TGase in plasma. On reaching tumor sites, it can be endocytosed by hepatoma cells by the active targeting of phenylboronic acid (PBA) and aggregated under acidity and overexpression of TGase in cells. Due to its specific accumulation in hepatoma cells, radiotherapy can be operated under a lower dose of X-ray. The results show that the cellular accumulation of Au@TAcoGal increases by 30-70%, and the cell survival rate is less than 25% under X-ray irradiation. The antineoplastic results show that Au@TAcoGal exhibits a higher therapeutic effect, and the tumor inhibition rate can reach 84.21%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Licheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rai A, Noor S, Ahmad SI, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Abbas H, Hasan GM. Recent Advances and Implication of Bioengineered Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:91. [PMID: 33494239 PMCID: PMC7909769 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death and affects millions of lives every year. In addition to non-infectious carcinogens, infectious agents contribute significantly to increased incidence of several cancers. Several therapeutic techniques have been used for the treatment of such cancers. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged to advance the diagnosis, imaging, and therapeutics of various cancer types. Nanomaterials have multiple advantages over other materials due to their small size and high surface area, which allow retention and controlled drug release to improve the anti-cancer property. Most cancer therapies have been known to damage healthy cells due to poor specificity, which can be avoided by using nanosized particles. Nanomaterials can be combined with various types of biomaterials to make it less toxic and improve its biocompatibility. Based on these properties, several nanomaterials have been developed which possess excellent anti-cancer efficacy potential and improved diagnosis. This review presents the latest update on novel nanomaterials used to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic of pathogen-associated and non-pathogenic cancers. We further highlighted mechanistic insights into their mode of action, improved features, and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Rai
- Department of Nanoscience, Central University of Gujarat, Sector 29, Gandhinagar 382030, India;
| | - Saba Noor
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Syed Ishraque Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110002, India;
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Hashim Abbas
- Department of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hu Y, Yu D, Zhang X. 9-amino acid cyclic peptide-decorated sorafenib polymeric nanoparticles for the efficient in vitro nursing care analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
26
|
Liu G, Lovell JF, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Stimulus-Responsive Nanomedicines for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6380. [PMID: 32887466 PMCID: PMC7504550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems generally aim to release the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in response to specific conditions and have recently been explored for disease treatments. These approaches can also be extended to molecular imaging to report on disease diagnosis and management. The stimuli used for activation are based on differences between the environment of the diseased or targeted sites, and normal tissues. Endogenous stimuli include pH, redox reactions, enzymatic activity, temperature and others. Exogenous site-specific stimuli include the use of magnetic fields, light, ultrasound and others. These endogenous or exogenous stimuli lead to structural changes or cleavage of the cargo carrier, leading to release of the API. A wide variety of stimulus-responsive systems have been developed-responsive to both a single stimulus or multiple stimuli-and represent a theranostic tool for disease treatment. In this review, stimuli commonly used in the development of theranostic nanoplatforms are enumerated. An emphasis on chemical structure and property relationships is provided, aiming to focus on insights for the design of stimulus-responsive delivery systems. Several examples of theranostic applications of these stimulus-responsive nanomedicines are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gengqi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang ZJ, Wang KP, Mo JG, Xiong L, Wen Y. Photodynamic therapy regulates fate of cancer stem cells through reactive oxygen species. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:562-584. [PMID: 32843914 PMCID: PMC7415247 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective and promising cancer treatment. PDT directly generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photochemical reactions. This oxygen-dependent exogenous ROS has anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) effect. In addition, PDT may also increase ROS production by altering metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, or potential of mitochondrial membrane. It is known that the half-life of ROS in PDT is short, with high reactivity and limited diffusion distance. Therefore, the main targeting position of PDT is often the subcellular localization of photosensitizers, which is helpful for us to explain how PDT affects CSC characteristics, including differentiation, self-renewal, apoptosis, autophagy, and immunogenicity. Broadly speaking, excess ROS will damage the redox system and cause oxidative damage to molecules such as DNA, change mitochondrial permeability, activate unfolded protein response, autophagy, and CSC resting state. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism by which ROS affect CSCs is beneficial to improve the efficiency of PDT and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. In this article, we review the effects of two types of photochemical reactions on PDT, the metabolic processes, and the biological effects of ROS in different subcellular locations on CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun-Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Gang Mo
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|