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Xu K, Cai Z, Luo H, Lu Y, Ding C, Yang G, Wang L, Kuang C, Liu J, Yang H. Toward Integrated Multifunctional Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Skin-Like Flexible Sensor Systems. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26435-26476. [PMID: 39288275 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The burgeoning demands for health care and human-machine interfaces call for the next generation of multifunctional integrated sensor systems with facile fabrication processes and reliable performances. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) with highly tunable physical and chemical characteristics plays vital roles in developing versatile skin-like flexible or stretchable sensor systems. This Progress Report presents an in-depth overview of the latest advances in LIG-based techniques in the applications of flexible sensors. First, the merits of the LIG technique are highlighted especially as the building blocks for flexible sensors, followed by the description of various fabrication methods of LIG and its variants. Then, the focus is moved to diverse LIG-based flexible sensors, including physical sensors, chemical sensors, and electrophysiological sensors. Mechanisms and advantages of LIG in these scenarios are described in detail. Furthermore, various representative paradigms of integrated LIG-based sensor systems are presented to show the capabilities of LIG technique for multipurpose applications. The signal cross-talk issues are discussed with possible strategies. The LIG technology with versatile functionalities coupled with other fabrication strategies will enable high-performance integrated sensor systems for next-generation skin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zimo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Huayu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Geng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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2
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Gandla S, Yoon J, Yang CW, Lee H, Park W, Kim S. Random laser ablated tags for anticounterfeiting purposes and towards physically unclonable functions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7592. [PMID: 39217185 PMCID: PMC11366023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Anticounterfeiting tags affixed to products offer a practical solution to combat counterfeiting. To be effective, these tags must be economical, capable of ultrafast production, mass-producible, easy to authenticate, and automatable. We present a universal laser ablation technique that rapidly generates intrinsic, randomly distributed craters (in under a second) on laser-sensitive materials using a nanosecond pulsed infrared laser. The laser and scanning line parameters are balanced to produce randomly distributed craters. The tag patterns demonstrate high randomness, which is analyzed using pattern recognition algorithms and root mean square error deviation. The optical image information of the tag is digitized with a fixed bit uniformity of 0.5 without employing any debiasing algorithm. The efficacy of tags for anticounterfeiting is presented by securing the challenge associated with each tag. Statistical NIST tests are successfully performed on responses generated from both single and multiple tags, demonstrating the true randomness of the sequence of binary digits. The single(multiple) tag(s) achieved an actual encoding capacity of approximately 10391 (10518) and a low false rate (both positive and negative) on the order of 10-58 (10-50). Our findings introduce a laser-based method for anticounterfeiting tag generation, allowing for ultrafast and straightforward product processing with minimal fabrication and tag cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Gandla
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsik Yoon
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Woong Yang
- Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJune Lee
- Intelligent Networked Systems Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Park
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Lee S, Liang X, Kim JS, Yokota T, Fukuda K, Someya T. Permeable Bioelectronics toward Biointegrated Systems. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6543-6591. [PMID: 38728658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics integrates electronics with biological organs, sustaining the natural functions of the organs. Organs dynamically interact with the external environment, managing internal equilibrium and responding to external stimuli. These interactions are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, biological organs possess a soft and stretchable nature; encountering objects with differing properties can disrupt their function. Therefore, when electronic devices come into contact with biological objects, the permeability of these devices, enabling interactions and substance exchanges with the external environment, and the mechanical compliance are crucial for maintaining the inherent functionality of biological organs. This review discusses recent advancements in soft and permeable bioelectronics, emphasizing materials, structures, and a wide range of applications. The review also addresses current challenges and potential solutions, providing insights into the integration of electronics with biological organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Lee
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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4
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Zhang D, Chen Z, Xiao L, Zhu B, Wu R, Ou C, Ma Y, Xie L, Jiang H. Stretchable and durable HD-sEMG electrodes for accurate recognition of swallowing activities on complex epidermal surfaces. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:115. [PMID: 37731914 PMCID: PMC10507084 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is widely used in monitoring human health. Nonetheless, it is challenging to capture high-fidelity sEMG recordings in regions with intricate curved surfaces such as the larynx, because regular sEMG electrodes have stiff structures. In this study, we developed a stretchable, high-density sEMG electrode array via layer-by-layer printing and lamination. The electrode offered a series of excellent human‒machine interface features, including conformal adhesion to the skin, high electron-to-ion conductivity (and thus lower contact impedance), prolonged environmental adaptability to resist water evaporation, and epidermal biocompatibility. This made the electrode more appropriate than commercial electrodes for long-term wearable, high-fidelity sEMG recording devices at complicated skin interfaces. Systematic in vivo studies were used to investigate its ability to classify swallowing activities, which was accomplished with high accuracy by decoding the sEMG signals from the chin via integration with an ear-mounted wearable system and machine learning algorithms. The results demonstrated the clinical feasibility of the system for noninvasive and comfortable recognition of swallowing motions for comfortable dysphagia rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - Zhitao Chen
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - Longya Xiao
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - Beichen Zhu
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - RuoXuan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - ChengJian Ou
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - Yi Ma
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - Longhan Xie
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Jiang
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 511442 P. R. China
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5
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Park S, Ban S, Zavanelli N, Bunn AE, Kwon S, Lim HR, Yeo WH, Kim JH. Fully Screen-Printed PI/PEG Blends Enabled Patternable Electrodes for Scalable Manufacturing of Skin-Conformal, Stretchable, Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2092-2103. [PMID: 36594669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in soft materials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. At the same time, printing technologies have been demonstrated to be efficient and compatible with polymeric materials for manufacturing wearable electronics. However, wearable device manufacturing still counts on a costly, complex, multistep, and error-prone cleanroom process. Here, we present fully screen-printable, skin-conformal electrodes for low-cost and scalable manufacturing of wearable electronics. The screen printing of the polyimide (PI) layer enables facile, low-cost, scalable, high-throughput manufacturing. PI mixed with poly(ethylene glycol) exhibits a shear-thinning behavior, significantly improving the printability of PI. The premixed Ag/AgCl ink is then used for conductive layer printing. The serpentine pattern of the screen-printed electrode accommodates natural deformation under stretching (30%) and bending conditions (180°), which are verified by computational and experimental studies. Real-time wireless electrocardiogram monitoring is also successfully demonstrated using the printed electrodes with a flexible printed circuit. The algorithm developed in this study can calculate accurate heart rates, respiratory rates, and heart rate variability metrics for arrhythmia detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Park
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Seunghyeb Ban
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Nathan Zavanelli
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Andrew E Bunn
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
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Yao S, Zhou W, Hinson R, Dong P, Wu S, Ives J, Hu X, Huang H, Zhu Y. Ultrasoft Porous 3D Conductive Dry Electrodes for Electrophysiological Sensing and Myoelectric Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2101637. [PMID: 36276406 PMCID: PMC9581336 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biopotential electrodes have found broad applications in health monitoring, human-machine interactions, and rehabilitation. Here, we report the fabrication and applications of ultrasoft breathable dry electrodes that can address several challenges for their long-term wearable applications - skin compatibility, wearability, and long-term stability. The proposed electrodes rely on porous and conductive silver nanowire based nanocomposites as the robust mechanical and electrical interface. The highly conductive and conformable structure eliminates the necessity of conductive gel while establishing a sufficiently low electrode-skin impedance for high-fidelity electrophysiological sensing. The introduction of gas-permeable structures via a simple and scalable method based on sacrificial templates improves breathability and skin compatibility for applications requiring long-term skin contact. Such conformable and breathable dry electrodes allow for efficient and unobtrusive monitoring of heart, muscle, and brain activities. In addition, based on the muscle activities captured by the electrodes and a musculoskeletal model, electromyogram-based neural-machine interfaces were realized, illustrating the great potential for prosthesis control, neurorehabilitation, and virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Weixin Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Robert Hinson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill/Raleigh, North Carolina 27599/27695, USA
| | - Penghao Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Jasmine Ives
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill/Raleigh, North Carolina 27599/27695, USA
| | - He Huang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill/Raleigh, North Carolina 27599/27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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7
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Yang Y, Cui T, Li D, Ji S, Chen Z, Shao W, Liu H, Ren TL. Breathable Electronic Skins for Daily Physiological Signal Monitoring. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:161. [PMID: 35943631 PMCID: PMC9362661 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With the aging of society and the increase in people's concern for personal health, long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand. In recent years, electronic skin (e-skin) for daily health monitoring applications has achieved rapid development due to its advantages in high-quality physiological signals monitoring and suitability for system integrations. Among them, the breathable e-skin has developed rapidly in recent years because it adapts to the long-term and high-comfort wear requirements of monitoring physiological signals in daily life. In this review, the recent achievements of breathable e-skins for daily physiological monitoring are systematically introduced and discussed. By dividing them into breathable e-skin electrodes, breathable e-skin sensors, and breathable e-skin systems, we sort out their design ideas, manufacturing processes, performances, and applications and show their advantages in long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life. In addition, the development directions and challenges of the breathable e-skin are discussed and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikang Chen
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wancheng Shao
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Houfang Liu
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Research Progress on the Preparation and Applications of Laser-Induced Graphene Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142336. [PMID: 35889560 PMCID: PMC9317010 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has been regarded as a potential application material in the field of new energy conversion and storage because of its unique two-dimensional structure and excellent physical and chemical properties. However, traditional graphene preparation methods are complicated in-process and difficult to form patterned structures. In recent years, laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has received a large amount of attention from scholars and has a wide range of applications in supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, air filters, water treatment, etc. In this paper, we summarized a variety of preparation methods for graphene. The effects of laser processing parameters, laser type, precursor materials, and process atmosphere on the properties of the prepared LIG were reviewed. Then, two strategies for large-scale production of LIG were briefly described. We also discussed the wide applications of LIG in the fields of signal sensing, environmental protection, and energy storage. Finally, we briefly outlined the future trends of this research direction.
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9
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Spanu A, Mascia A, Baldazzi G, Fenech-Salerno B, Torrisi F, Viola G, Bonfiglio A, Cosseddu P, Pani D. Parylene C-Based, Breathable Tattoo Electrodes for High-Quality Bio-Potential Measurements. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:820217. [PMID: 35402402 PMCID: PMC8983861 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.820217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A breathable tattoo electrode for bio-potential recording based on a Parylene C nanofilm is presented in this study. The proposed approach allows for the fabrication of micro-perforated epidermal submicrometer-thick electrodes that conjugate the unobtrusiveness of Parylene C nanofilms and the very important feature of breathability. The electrodes were fully validated for electrocardiography (ECG) measurements showing performance comparable to that of conventional disposable gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes, with no visible negative effect on the skin even many hours after their application. This result introduces interesting perspectives in the field of epidermal electronics, particularly in applications where critical on-body measurements are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Spanu, ; Piero Cosseddu,
| | - Antonello Mascia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Baldazzi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering Genova, University of Genova, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Benji Fenech-Salerno
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felice Torrisi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graziana Viola
- Division of Cardiology, San Francesco Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Piero Cosseddu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Spanu, ; Piero Cosseddu,
| | - Danilo Pani
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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10
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Kim Y, Kim J, Chicas R, Xiuhtecutli N, Matthews J, Zavanelli N, Kwon S, Lee SH, Hertzberg VS, Yeo W. Soft Wireless Bioelectronics Designed for Real-Time, Continuous Health Monitoring of Farmworkers. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200170. [PMID: 35306761 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hotter summers caused by global warming and increased workload and duration are endangering the health of farmworkers, a high-risk population for heat-related illness (HRI), and deaths. Although prior studies using wearable sensors show the feasibility of employing field-collected data for HRI monitoring, existing devices still have limitations, such as data loss from motion artifacts, device discomfort from rigid electronics, difficulties with administering ingestible sensors, and low temporal resolution. Here, this paper introduces a wireless, wearable bioelectronic system with functionalities for continuous monitoring of skin temperature, electrocardiograms (ECG), heart rates (HR), and activities, configured in a single integrated package. Advanced nanomanufacturing based on laser machining allows rapid device fabrication and direct incorporation of sensors with a highly breathable substrate, allowing for managing excessive sweating and multimodal stresses. To validate the device's performance in agricultural settings, the device is applied to multiple farmworkers at various operations, including fernery, nursery, and crop. The accurate data recording, including high-fidelity ECG (signal-to-noise ratio: >20 dB), accurate HR (r = 0.89, r2 = 0.65 in linear correlation), and reliable temperature/activity, confirms the device's capability for multiparameter health monitoring of farmworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Soung Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Jihoon Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Roxana Chicas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Nezahualcoyotl Xiuhtecutli
- Farmworker Association of Florida Apopka FL 32703 USA
- Department of Anthropology Tulane University New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Jared Matthews
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Nathan Zavanelli
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Vicki S. Hertzberg
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Woon‐Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and IEN Center for Human‐Centric Interfaces and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Tech and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Institute for Materials Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Neural Engineering Center Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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11
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Noncontact human-machine interaction based on hand-responsive infrared structural color. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1446. [PMID: 35304477 PMCID: PMC8933461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncontact human-machine interaction provides a hygienic and intelligent approach for the communication between human and robots. Current noncontact human-machine interactions are generally limited by the interaction distance or conditions, such as in the dark. Here we explore the utilization of hand as an infrared light source for noncontact human-machine interaction. Metallic gratings are used as the human-machine interface to respond to infrared radiation from hand and the generated signals are visualized as different infrared structural colors. We demonstrate the applications of the infrared structural color-based human-machine interaction for user-interactive touchless display and real-time control of a robot vehicle. The interaction is flexible to the hand-interface distance ranging from a few centimeters to tens of centimeters and can be used in low lighting condition or in the dark. The findings in this work provide an alternative and complementary approach to traditional noncontact human-machine interactions, which may further broaden the potential applications of human-machine interaction. The IR radiation from human hand can selectively interact with grating patterns in the generation of distinct IR structural colors, which can be used for human-machine interaction with flexible interaction distance in low or no light conditions.
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12
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Liu Y, Cheng Y, Shi L, Wang R, Sun J. Breathable, Self-Adhesive Dry Electrodes for Stable Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring During Exercise. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12812-12823. [PMID: 35234456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes with high air permeability, low thickness, low elastic modulus, and high adhesion are essential for biomedical signal recordings, which provide data for sports management and biomedical applications. However, nanothickness electrodes interacting with the skin by van der Waals force can be interfered with by sweating, and elastomers with high adhesion prepared by modification are not satisfactory in terms of air permeability. Here, a dry electrode with high stretchability (598%), low elastic modulus (5 MPa), high air permeability (726 g m-2 d-1), and high adhesion (6.33 kPa) was fabricated by semi-embedding Ag nanowires into nonyl and glycerol-modified polyvinyl alcohol. Furthermore, a small amount of 40 wt % ethanol was sprayed on the skin to facilitate microdissolution of the substrate and form immediate conformability with skin texture. The dry electrodes can record high-quality electrocardiogram and electromyogram signals through a robust contact with the skin under skin deformation, with a water stream, or after running for 1 h. The film can also be served as the substrate for self-adhesive strain sensors to monitor motion with higher quality than nonadhesive polydimethylsilane-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Liangjing Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
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13
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Wang W, Lu L, Li Z, Lin L, Liang Z, Lu X, Xie Y. Fingerprint-Inspired Strain Sensor with Balanced Sensitivity and Strain Range Using Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1315-1325. [PMID: 34931519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity and strain range are two mutually exclusive features of strain sensors, where a significant improvement in flexibility is usually accompanied by a reduction in sensitivity. The skin of a human fingertip, due to its undulating fingerprint pattern, can easily detect environmental signals and enhances sensitivity without losing elasticity. Inspired by this characteristic, laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a fingerprint structure is prepared in one step on a polyimide (PI) film and transferred into an Ecoflex substrate to assemble resistive strain sensors. Experimentally, the fingerprint-inspired strain sensor exhibits a superfast response time (∼70 ms), balanced sensitivity and strain range (a gauge factor of 191.55 in the 42-50% strain range), and good reliability (>1500 cycles). Self-organized microcracks, initiated in weak mechanical areas, cause prominent resistance changes during reconnection/disconnection but irreversibly fail after excessive stretching. The robust function of fingerprint-inspired sensors is further demonstrated by real-time monitoring of tiny pulses, large body movements, gestures, and voice recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Longsheng Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhanbo Liang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yingxi Xie
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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14
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Almohammed S, K. Orhan O, Daly S, O’Regan DD, Rodriguez BJ, Casey E, Rice JH. Electric Field Tunability of Photoluminescence from a Hybrid Peptide-Plasmonic Metal Microfabricated Chip. JACS AU 2021; 1:1987-1995. [PMID: 35574042 PMCID: PMC8611722 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of fluorescence through the application of plasmonic metal nanostructures has gained substantial research attention due to the widespread use of fluorescence-based measurements and devices. Using a microfabricated plasmonic silver nanoparticle-organic semiconductor platform, we show experimentally the enhancement of fluorescence intensity achieved through electro-optical synergy. Fluorophores located sufficiently near silver nanoparticles are combined with diphenylalanine nanotubes (FFNTs) and subjected to a DC electric field. It is proposed that the enhancement of the fluorescence signal arises from the application of the electric field along the length of the FFNTs, which stimulates the pairing of low-energy electrons in the FFNTs with the silver nanoparticles, enabling charge transport across the metal-semiconductor template that enhances the electromagnetic field of the plasmonic nanoparticles. Many-body perturbation theory calculations indicate that, furthermore, the charging of silver may enhance its plasmonic performance intrinsically at particular wavelengths, through band-structure effects. These studies demonstrate for the first time that field-activated plasmonic hybrid platforms can improve fluorescence-based detection beyond using plasmonic nanoparticles alone. In order to widen the use of this hybrid platform, we have applied it to enhance fluorescence from bovine serum albumin and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Significant enhancement in fluorescence intensity was observed from both. The results obtained can provide a reference to be used in the development of biochemical sensors based on surface-enhanced fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Almohammed
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Okan K. Orhan
- School
of Physics, AMBER, and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Sorcha Daly
- School
of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - David D. O’Regan
- School
of Physics, AMBER, and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Eoin Casey
- School
of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - James H. Rice
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
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15
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Gandla S, Song J, Shin J, Baek S, Lee M, Khan D, Lee KY, Kim JH, Kim S. Mechanically Stable Kirigami Deformable Resonant Circuits for Wireless Vibration and Pressure Sensor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54162-54169. [PMID: 34748310 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deformable 3D structures have emerged to revolutionize next-generation flexible electronics. In this study, a large out-of-plane deformable kirigami-based structure integrated with traditional functional materials has been successfully applied to wirelessly sense mechanical vibration and pressure. Unlike spiral inductor coils that lack mechanical stability, the inductor coils supported with polymer kirigami designs, comprising concentric circles with alternately connected hinges among the consecutive layers, offer exceptional mechanical stability. The wireless sensor shows a good linear response (Adj. R2 = 0.99) between the shift in resonant frequency as a function of extension. Moreover, the sensor device exhibits excellent cycling mechanical stability and minimal hysteresis, as confirmed by the experiments performed for over 5 d. An acceleration sensor (0-20 ms-2) with high linearity (Adj. R2 = 0.99) is introduced. Furthermore, a highly sensitive low-pressure sensor is demonstrated wirelessly in real time. Thus, the sensor can wirelessly monitor mechanical vibration and pressure. It can be applied for motion tracking, health monitoring, soft robotics, and deformation detection in battery-free deformable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Gandla
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jonghwan Shin
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Seungho Baek
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Danial Khan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University College of Information and Communication Engineering, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Kang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University College of Information and Communication Engineering, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong 2500, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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16
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Robust, self-adhesive, reinforced polymeric nanofilms enabling gas-permeable dry electrodes for long-term application. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111904118. [PMID: 34518214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111904118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust polymeric nanofilms can be used to construct gas-permeable soft electronics that can directly adhere to soft biological tissue for continuous, long-term biosignal monitoring. However, it is challenging to fabricate gas-permeable dry electrodes that can self-adhere to the human skin and retain their functionality for long-term (>1 d) health monitoring. We have succeeded in developing an extraordinarily robust, self-adhesive, gas-permeable nanofilm with a thickness of only 95 nm. It exhibits an extremely high skin adhesion energy per unit area of 159 μJ/cm2 The nanofilm can self-adhere to the human skin by van der Waals forces alone, for 1 wk, without any adhesive materials or tapes. The nanofilm is ultradurable, and it can support liquids that are 79,000 times heavier than its own weight with a tensile stress of 7.82 MPa. The advantageous features of its thinness, self-adhesiveness, and robustness enable a gas-permeable dry electrode comprising of a nanofilm and an Au layer, resulting in a continuous monitoring of electrocardiogram signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio (34 dB) for 1 wk.
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17
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Lim HS, Oh JM, Kim JW. One-Way Continuous Deposition of Monolayer MXene Nanosheets for the Formation of Two Confronting Transparent Electrodes in Flexible Capacitive Photodetector. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25400-25409. [PMID: 34008942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MXenes based on titanium carbide are promising next-generation transparent electrode materials due to their high metallic conductivity, optical transparency, mechanical flexibility, and abundant hydrophilic surface functionality. MXene electrodes offer a much wider conductive surface coverage than metal nanowires, thereby gaining popularity as flexible electrode materials in supercapacitors and energy devices. However, given that monolayer MXene nanosheets are only a few nanometers thick, meticulous surface treatments and deposition technologies are required for a practical implementation of these transparent electrodes. Unfortunately, a capacitor produced by forming high-quality transparent MXene electrodes on both sides of a film has not yet been reported. We report the successful development of a one-way continuous deposition technology to form high-quality MXene nanosheet-based transparent electrodes on both surfaces of a polymer film without large physical stresses on the MXene nanosheets. One transparent electrode was formed by transferring MXene nanosheets predeposited on a temporary glass substrate to the film surface, while the other was directly deposited on the exposed film surface. The Ti3AlC2 precursor (MAX) was synthesized via a spark plasma sintering crystallization, and the MXene nanosheets were prepared via a subsequent Al-selective etching and delamination. We used this material to implement a capacitive photodetector consisting of two layers of opposing transparent electrodes. The flexible photodetector was based on poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), which was solidly bonded with MXene nanosheets to serve as a free-standing binder for the Cu-doped ZnS semiconductor particles. The fabricated device exhibited excellent mechanical stability due to the high affinity between the MXene nanosheets and PVB. Furthermore, the device exhibited an initial capacitance of 2 nF, photosensitivity of 12.5 μF/W, and rise and decay times of 0.031 and 0.751 s, respectively. All these parameters were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher or faster than reported capacitive photodetectors. Overall, the proposed approach resolves the core issues associated with existing metal nanowire-based electrodes, and it is a breakthrough in the development of next-generation flexible devices comprising two layers of confronting transparent electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Su Lim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Oh
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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18
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Won Y, Lee JJ, Shin J, Lee M, Kim S, Gandla S. Biocompatible, Transparent, and High-Areal-Coverage Kirigami PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for Electrooculography-Derived Human-Machine Interactions. ACS Sens 2021; 6:967-975. [PMID: 33470797 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin sensors prepared from biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric materials significantly benefit the research and scientific community, as they can reduce the amount of effort required for e-waste management by deteriorating or dissolving into the environment without pollution. Herein, we report the use of polylactic acid (PLA)-a promising plant-based bioplastic-and highly transparent, conductive, biocompatible, and flexible poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) materials to fabricate kirigami-based stretchable on-skin electrophysiological sensors via a low-cost and rapid laser cutting technique. The sensor stack with PEDOT:PSS and PLA layers exhibited high transparency (>85%) in the wavelength range of 400-700 nm and stay attached conformally to the skin for several hours without adverse effects. The Y-shaped kirigami motifs inspired by the microcracked gold film endowed the sensor with attributes such as high areal coverage (∼85%), breathability (∼40 g m-2 h-1), and multidirectional stretchability. The sensor has been successfully applied to monitor electrophysiological signals and demonstrated with an eye movement-supported communication interface for controlling home electronic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoochan Won
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jonghwan Shin
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Srinivas Gandla
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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19
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Wu H, Yang G, Zhu K, Liu S, Guo W, Jiang Z, Li Z. Materials, Devices, and Systems of On-Skin Electrodes for Electrophysiological Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001938. [PMID: 33511003 PMCID: PMC7816724 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes function as an ideal platform for collecting high-quality electrophysiological (EP) signals due to their unique characteristics, such as stretchability, conformal interfaces with skin, biocompatibility, and wearable comfort. The past decade has witnessed great advancements in performance optimization and function extension of on-skin electrodes. With continuous development and great promise for practical applications, on-skin electrodes are playing an increasingly important role in EP monitoring and human-machine interfaces (HMI). In this review, the latest progress in the development of on-skin electrodes and their integrated system is summarized. Desirable features of on-skin electrodes are briefly discussed from the perspective of performances. Then, recent advances in the development of electrode materials, followed by the analysis of strategies and methods to enhance adhesion and breathability of on-skin electrodes are examined. In addition, representative integrated electrode systems and practical applications of on-skin electrodes in healthcare monitoring and HMI are introduced in detail. It is concluded with the discussion of key challenges and opportunities for on-skin electrodes and their integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Kanhao Zhu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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20
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Kisannagar R, Jha P, Navalkar A, Maji SK, Gupta D. Fabrication of Silver Nanowire/Polydimethylsiloxane Dry Electrodes by a Vacuum Filtration Method for Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10260-10265. [PMID: 32426582 PMCID: PMC7226850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and dry electrodes have attracted huge attention due to their potential application in long-term electrophysiological signal monitoring. In this work, we present a novel method to pattern silver nanowires (AgNWs) on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate-based dry electrodes by a vacuum filtration method for electrophysiological signal monitoring. The Scotch tape peel-off test confirms the excellent adhesion of the patterned AgNWs on a PDMS substrate. The cytotoxicity of the proposed electrode is detected by an MTT assay method, and 90% cell viability is observed for the period of one week, indicating no cytotoxic effect on living cells. The signal to noise ratios of the conventional wet Ag/AgCl and dry AgNW/PDMS electrodes are 24.6 and 25.4 dB, indicating that AgNW/PDMS dry electrodes measure a high-quality electrophysiological signal when compared with that of the conventional Ag/AgCl wet electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder
Reddy Kisannagar
- Plastic
Electronics and Energy Laboratory (PEEL), Department of Metallurgical
Engineering and Materials Science, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pallavi Jha
- Plastic
Electronics and Energy Laboratory (PEEL), Department of Metallurgical
Engineering and Materials Science, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ambuja Navalkar
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Samir K. Maji
- Department
of Bioscience and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dipti Gupta
- Plastic
Electronics and Energy Laboratory (PEEL), Department of Metallurgical
Engineering and Materials Science, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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