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Cao D, Yan Z, Cui D, Khan MY, Duan S, Xie G, He Z, Xing DY, Wang W. A Conceptual Framework to Understand the Self-Assembly of Chemically Active Colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10884-10894. [PMID: 38756056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Colloids that generate chemicals, or "chemically active colloids", can interact with their neighbors and generate patterns via forces arising from such chemical gradients. Examples of such assemblies of chemically active colloids are abundant in the literature, but a unified theoretical framework is needed to rationalize the scattered results. Combining experiments, theory, Brownian dynamics, and finite element simulations, we present here a conceptual framework for understanding how immotile, yet chemically active, colloids assemble. This framework is based on the principle of ionic diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis and predicts that a chemically active colloid interacts with its neighbors through short- and long-range interactions that can be either repulsive or attractive, depending on the relative diffusivity of the released cations and anions, and the relative zeta potential of a colloidal particle and the planar surface on which it resides. As a result, 4 types of pairwise interactions arise, leading to 4 different types of colloidal assemblies with distinct patterns. Using short-range attraction and long-range attraction (SALR) systems as an example, we show quantitative agreement between the framework and experiments. The framework is then applied to rationalize a wide range of patterns assembled from chemically active colloids in the literature exhibiting other types of pairwise interactions. In addition, the framework can predict what the assembly looks like with minimal experimental information and help infer ionic diffusivity and zeta potential values in systems where these values are inaccessible. Our results represent a solid step toward building a complete theory for understanding and controlling chemically active colloids, from the molecular level to their mesoscopic superstructures and ultimately to the macroscopic properties of the assembled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zuyao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Donghao Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mohd Yasir Khan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shifang Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Guoqiang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zikai He
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ding Yu Xing
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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den Hoed FM, Carlotti M, Palagi S, Raffa P, Mattoli V. Evolution of the Microrobots: Stimuli-Responsive Materials and Additive Manufacturing Technologies Turn Small Structures into Microscale Robots. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:275. [PMID: 38399003 PMCID: PMC10893381 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of functional microsystems and microrobots that have characterized the last decade is the result of a synergistic and effective interaction between the progress of fabrication techniques and the increased availability of smart and responsive materials to be employed in the latter. Functional structures on the microscale have been relevant for a vast plethora of technologies that find application in different sectors including automotive, sensing devices, and consumer electronics, but are now also entering medical clinics. Working on or inside the human body requires increasing complexity and functionality on an ever-smaller scale, which is becoming possible as a result of emerging technology and smart materials over the past decades. In recent years, additive manufacturing has risen to the forefront of this evolution as the most prominent method to fabricate complex 3D structures. In this review, we discuss the rapid 3D manufacturing techniques that have emerged and how they have enabled a great leap in microrobotic applications. The arrival of smart materials with inherent functionalities has propelled microrobots to great complexity and complex applications. We focus on which materials are important for actuation and what the possibilities are for supplying the required energy. Furthermore, we provide an updated view of a new generation of microrobots in terms of both materials and fabrication technology. While two-photon lithography may be the state-of-the-art technology at the moment, in terms of resolution and design freedom, new methods such as two-step are on the horizon. In the more distant future, innovations like molecular motors could make microscale robots redundant and bring about nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marco den Hoed
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
- Smart and Sustainable Polymeric Products, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Palagi
- BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, P.zza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Smart and Sustainable Polymeric Products, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
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Cui D, Yan Z, Chen X, Liu J, Wang W. Electroosmotic flow spin tracers near chemical nano/micromotors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2847-2851. [PMID: 38258465 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We report the first experimental observation of tracer spinning in place alongside chemically powered individual nano/micromotors. The torques are primarily generated by the electroosmotic flow on the motor surface. Such spinning is observed in various combinations of nano/micromotors and tracers of different shapes, sizes and chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zuyao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Becton M, Hou J, Zhao Y, Wang X. Dynamic Clustering and Scaling Behavior of Active Particles under Confinement. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:144. [PMID: 38251109 PMCID: PMC10819351 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the dynamic clustering behavior of active particles under confinement, including the effects of both particle density and active driving force, is presented based on a hybrid coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. First, a series of scaling laws are derived with power relationships for the dynamic clustering time as a function of both particle density and active driving force. Notably, the average number of clusters N¯ assembled from active particles in the simulation system exhibits a scaling relationship with clustering time t described by N¯∝t-m. Simultaneously, the scaling behavior of the average cluster size S¯ is characterized by S¯∝tm. Our findings reveal the presence of up to four distinct dynamic regions concerning clustering over time, with transitions contingent upon the particle density within the system. Furthermore, as the active driving force increases, the aggregation behavior also accelerates, while an increase in density of active particles induces alterations in the dynamic procession of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Becton
- School of ECAM, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Jixin Hou
- School of ECAM, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- School of ECAM, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
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5
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Wang W. Open Questions of Chemically Powered Nano- and Micromotors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27185-27197. [PMID: 38063192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemically powered nano- and micromotors are microscopic devices that convert chemical energy into motion. Interest in these motors has grown over the past 20 years because they exhibit interesting collective behaviors and have found potential uses in biomedical and environmental applications. Understanding how these motors operate both individually and collectively and how environments affect their operation is of both fundamental and applied significance. However, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge. This Perspective highlights several open questions regarding the propulsion mechanisms of, interactions among, and impact of confinements on nano- and micromotors driven by self-generated chemical gradients. These questions are based on my own experience as an experimentalist. For each open question, I describe the problem and its significance, analyze the status-quo, identify the bottleneck problem, and propose potential solutions. An underlying theme for these questions is the interplay among reaction kinetics, physicochemical distributions, and fluid flows. Unraveling this interplay requires careful measurements as well as a close collaboration between experimentalists and theoreticians/numerical experts. The interdisciplinary nature of these challenges suggests that their solutions could bring new revelations and opportunities across disciplines such as colloidal sciences, material sciences, soft matter physics, robotics, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518055
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Yang G, Liu J, Zhang Z, Yuan L, Tian H, Yang X. Preparation of acid-driven magnetically imprinted micromotors and selective loading of phycocyanin. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10728-10737. [PMID: 37921104 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Phycocyanin, a macromolecular protein known for its robust fluorescence, proves to be highly suitable for verifying the successful deposition of imprinted layers. In this study, an acid-propelled magnetic micromotor was successfully fabricated by utilizing surface imprinting and self-propelled nanomotor technology to achieve selective loading and capture of targets such as phycocyanin for future applications in environmental monitoring and precision drug delivery in vivo. This micromotor features a distinct recognition layer achieved through a template electrodeposition method. The outermost imprint layer of the micromotor was meticulously crafted using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) in the presence of a template, while the Pt layer serves as the supportive foundation, the Ni layer acts as the magnetic guidance component, and the innermost layer consists of metal Zn. In acidic environments, the Zn reacts to generate bubbles, which propels the micromotor's motion. The micromotor was comprehensively characterized using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy. Findings highlight the exceptional self-propulsion of the Zn-based micromotor, which is a fusion of molecular imprinting and micromotor technologies. This innovative design achieves an impressive maximum velocity of approximately 100 μm s-1, as well as commendable magnetic steering performance. Furthermore, the micromotor demonstrates the ability to imprint target protein through the imprint layer, enabling selective recognition and capture for transport of specific phycocyanin. In vitro cytotoxicity tests have also demonstrated that the micromotors are non-toxic to cells. This breakthrough concept offers a novel avenue for realizing targeted capture and transport of specific nutrients within the human gastric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China.
| | - Jiajing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China.
| | - Hongye Tian
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China.
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, P. R. China.
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Bickmann J, Bröker S, Te Vrugt M, Wittkowski R. Active Brownian particles in external force fields: Field-theoretical models, generalized barometric law, and programmable density patterns. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:044601. [PMID: 37978644 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.044601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of external forces on the collective dynamics of interacting active Brownian particles in two as well as three spatial dimensions. Via explicit coarse graining, we derive predictive models, i.e., models that give a direct relation between the models' coefficients and the bare parameters of the system, that are applicable for space- and time-dependent external force fields. We study these models for the cases of gravity and harmonic traps. In particular, we derive a generalized barometric formula for interacting active Brownian particles under gravity that is valid for low to high concentrations and activities of the particles. Furthermore, we show that one can use an external harmonic trap to induce motility-induced phase separation in systems that, without external fields, remain in a homogeneous state. This finding makes it possible to realize programmable density patterns in systems of active Brownian particles. Our analytic predictions are found to be in very good agreement with Brownian dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bickmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Bröker
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Te Vrugt
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Feng Y, Jia D, Yue H, Wang J, Song W, Li L, Zhang AM, Li S, Chang X, Zhou D. Breaking through Barriers: Ultrafast Microbullet Based on Cavitation Bubble. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207565. [PMID: 36732889 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors hold great promise for extensive practical applications such as those in biomedical domains and reservoir exploration. However, insufficient propulsion of the micromotor limits its application in crossing biological barriers and breaking reservoir boundaries. In this study, an ultrafast microbullet based on laser cavitation that can utilize the energy of a cavitation bubble and realize its own hurtling motion is reported. The experiments are performed using high-speed photography. A boundary integral method is adopted to reveal the motion mechanism of a polystyrene (PS)/magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) microbullet under the action of laser cavitation. Furthermore, the influence of certain factors (including laser intensity, microbullet size, and ambient temperature) on the motion of the microbullet was explored. For the PS/MNP microbullet driven by laser cavitation, the instantaneous velocity obtained can reach 5.23 m s-1 . This strategy of driving the PS/MNP microbullet provides strong penetration ability and targeted motion. It is believed that the reported propulsion mechanism opens up new possibilities for micromotors in a wide range of engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Deli Jia
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Honger Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wenping Song
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing, 401151, China
| | - Longqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - A-Man Zhang
- College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaocong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing, 401151, China
| | - Dekai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing, 401151, China
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Mu H, Liu C, Zhang Q, Meng H, Yu S, Zeng K, Han J, Jin X, Shi S, Yu P, Li T, Xu J, Hua Y. Magnetic-Driven Hydrogel Microrobots Selectively Enhance Synthetic Lethality in MTAP-Deleted Osteosarcoma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:911455. [PMID: 35875497 PMCID: PMC9299081 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.911455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Drugs based on synthetic lethality have advantages such as inhibiting tumor growth and affecting normal tissue in vivo. However, specific targets for osteosarcoma have not been acknowledged yet. In this study, a non-targeted but controllable drug delivery system has been applied to selectively enhance synthetic lethality in osteosarcoma in vitro, using the magnetic-driven hydrogel microrobots. Methods: In this study, EPZ015666, a PRMT5 inhibitor, was selected as the synthetic lethality drug. Then, the drug was carried by hydrogel microrobots containing Fe3O4. Morphological characteristics of the microrobots were detected using electron microscopy. In vitro drug effect was detected by the CCK-8 assay kit, Western blotting, etc. Swimming of microrobots was observed by a timing microscope. Selective inhibition was verified by cultured tumors in an increasing magnetic field. Results: Genomic mutation of MTAP deletion occurred commonly in pan-cancer in the TCGA database (nearly 10.00%) and in osteosarcoma in the TARGET database (23.86%). HOS and its derivatives, 143B and HOS/MNNG, were detected by MTAP deletion according to the CCLE database and RT-PCR. EPZ015666, the PRMT5 inhibitor, could reduce the SDMA modification and inhibition of tumor growth of 143B and HOS/MNNG. The hydrogel microrobot drug delivery system was synthesized, and the drug was stained by rhodamine. The microrobots were powered actively by a magnetic field. A simulation of the selected inhibition of microrobots was performed and lower cell viability of tumor cells was detected by adding a high dose of microrobots. Conclusion: Our magnetic-driven drug delivery system could carry synthetic lethality drugs. Meanwhile, the selective inhibition of this system could be easily controlled by programming the strength of the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Mu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanliang Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ke Zeng
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmeng Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
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10
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Wang H, Yu S, Liao J, Qing X, Sun D, Ji F, Song W, Wang L, Li T. A Robot Platform for Highly Efficient Pollutant Purification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:903219. [PMID: 35782505 PMCID: PMC9247352 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.903219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose a highly efficient robot platform for pollutant adsorption. This robot system consists of a flapping-wing micro aircraft (FWMA) for long-distance transportation and delivery and cost-effective multifunctional Janus microrobots for pollutant purification. The flapping-wing micro air vehicle can hover for 11.3 km with a flapping frequency of approximately 15 Hz, fly forward up to 31.6 km/h, and drop microrobots to a targeted destination. The Janus microrobot, which is composed of a silica microsphere, nickel layer, and hydrophobic layer, is used to absorb the oil and process organic pollutants. These Janus microrobots can be propelled fast up to 9.6 body lengths per second, and on-demand speed regulation and remote navigation are manageable. These Janus microrobots can continuously carry oil droplets in aqueous environments under the control of a uniform rotating magnetic field. Because of the fluid dynamics induced by the Janus microrobots, a highly efficient removal of Rhodamine B is accomplished. This smart robot system may open a door for pollutant purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Junjie Liao
- The Seventh Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China
| | - Xudong Qing
- The Seventh Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China
| | - Daxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Fengtong Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Wang, ; Tianlong Li,
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Wang, ; Tianlong Li,
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11
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Mu Y, Lei L, Zheng J, Duan W, Wang Z, Tang J, Gao Y, Wang Y. Binary Phases and Crystals Assembled from Active and Passive Colloids. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6801-6812. [PMID: 35385263 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Classic binary materials, ranging from polymer blends to table salts, contain equilibrium phases or crystals of two interacting components. Here, we report on the construction of binary colloidal materials out of equilibrium by employing active particles and passive particles that dynamically interact and organize. Key to our scheme is the introduction of photoactive microspheres whose activity can be precisely tuned. This allows us to leverage the complex nonequilibrium interplay between the constituent components for dynamic coassembly. A wide variety of binary structures have thus been realized, including the liquid-crystal phases and crystal-crystal phases via phase separation and, counterintuitively, the binary crystalline compounds. The obtained structures are validated by computer simulations, which reveal unexpected kinetic pathways that are unique for active systems. With these findings, our strategy could facilitate the design and fabrication of multicomponent materials beyond equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Mu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lijie Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wendi Duan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
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12
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Li M, Zhang T, Zhang X, Mu J, Zhang W. Vector-Controlled Wheel-Like Magnetic Swarms With Multimodal Locomotion and Reconfigurable Capabilities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:877964. [PMID: 35547169 PMCID: PMC9081439 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.877964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the biological collective behaviors of nature, artificial microrobotic swarms have exhibited environmental adaptability and tasking capabilities for biomedicine and micromanipulation. Complex environments are extremely relevant to the applications of microswarms, which are expected to travel in blood vessels, reproductive and digestive tracts, and microfluidic chips. Here we present a strategy that reconfigures paramagnetic nanoparticles into a vector-controlled microswarm with 3D collective motions by programming sawtooth magnetic fields. Horizontal swarms can be manipulated to stand vertically and swim like a wheel by adjusting the direction of magnetic-field plane. Compared with horizontal swarms, vertical wheel-like swarms were evaluated to be of approximately 15-fold speed increase and enhanced maneuverability, which was exhibited by striding across complex 3D confinements. Based on analysis of collective behavior of magnetic particles in flow field using molecular dynamics methods, a rotary stepping mechanism was proposed to address the formation and locomotion mechanisms of wheel-like swarm. we present a strategy that actuates swarms to stand and hover in situ under a programming swing magnetic fields, which provides suitable solutions to travel across confined space with unexpected changes, such as stepped pipes. By biomimetic design from fin motion of fish, wheel-like swarms were endowed with multi-modal locomotion and load-carrying capabilities. This design of intelligent microswarms that adapt to complicated biological environments can promote the applications ranging from the construction of smart and multifunctional materials to biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Intelligent Sensing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinjiang Mu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Jinjiang Mu, ; Weiwei Zhang,
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Intelligent Sensing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinjiang Mu, ; Weiwei Zhang,
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13
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Zhang X, Xie W, Du S, Wang H, Zhang Z. Synthesis of Rod-Shaped ZnO/Polysiloxane Micromotors with Patch-Dependent Motion Modes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4389-4395. [PMID: 35348333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic particles with photocatalytic properties are excellent candidates for the fabrication of micromotors. To achieve self-propulsion, the geometric and chemical symmetries of inorganic particles should be broken. However, the synthesis of micromotors with different geometric and chemical symmetries remains challenging. In this paper, a simple synthesis method is proposed to prepare rod-shaped micromotors with different patches, leading to distinct geometric and chemical symmetries. The micromotors are composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) microrods partially patched with polysiloxanes at different positions. The patches of the micromotors can be roughly regulated by varying the amount of siloxanes used in the synthesis. These micromotors are propelled in H2O2 solution by an ionic self-diffusiophoresis mechanism, which exhibits two motion modes, including linear motion and circular motion, due to different patch positions. Moreover, the degradation of organic dyes by the micromotors depending on the patches is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sinan Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huaguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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14
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Kichatov B, Korshunov A, Sudakov V, Petrov O, Gubernov V, Korshunova E, Kolobov A, Kiverin A. Magnetic Nanomotors in Emulsions for Locomotion of Microdroplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10976-10986. [PMID: 35179020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The locomotion of droplets in emulsions is of practical significance for fields related to medicine and chemical engineering, which can be done with a magnetic field to move droplets containing magnetic materials. Here, we demonstrate a new method of droplet locomotion in the oil-in-water emulsion with the help of a nonuniform magnetic field in the case where magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are dispersed in the continuous phase of the emulsion. The paper analyses the motion of the droplets in a liquid film and in a capillary for various diameters of droplets, their number density, and viscosity of the continuous phase of the emulsion. It is established that the mechanism of droplet locomotion in the emulsion largely depends on the wettability of MNPs. Hydrophobic nanoparticles are adsorbed on the droplet surfaces, forming the agglomerates of MNPs with the droplets. Such agglomerates move at much higher velocities than passive droplets. Hydrophilic nanoparticles are not adsorbed at the surfaces of the droplets but form mobile magnetic clusters dispersed in the continuous phase of the emulsion. Mobile magnetic clusters set the surrounding liquid and droplets in motion. The results obtained in this paper can be used in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kichatov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Korshunov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sudakov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Petrov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gubernov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Korshunova
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Kolobov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kiverin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow State Technical University by N.E. Bauman, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Microscopic Swarms: From Active Matter Physics to Biomedical and Environmental Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020295. [PMID: 35208419 PMCID: PMC8876490 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic swarms consisting of, e.g., active colloidal particles or microorganisms, display emergent behaviors not seen in equilibrium systems. They represent an emerging field of research that generates both fundamental scientific interest and practical technological value. This review seeks to unite the perspective of fundamental active matter physics and the perspective of practical applications of microscopic swarms. We first summarize experimental and theoretical results related to a few key aspects unique to active matter systems: the existence of long-range order, the prediction and observation of giant number fluctuations and motility-induced phase separation, and the exploration of the relations between information and order in the self-organizing patterns. Then we discuss microscopic swarms, particularly microrobotic swarms, from the perspective of applications. We introduce common methods to control and manipulate microrobotic swarms and summarize their potential applications in fields such as targeted delivery, in vivo imaging, biofilm removal, and wastewater treatment. We aim at bridging the gap between the community of active matter physics and the community of micromachines or microrobotics, and in doing so, we seek to inspire fruitful collaborations between the two communities.
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16
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Chakraborty R, Maiti A, Sharma N, Dey KK. Active matter dynamics in confined microfluidic environments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:245-265. [PMID: 35033287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of active matter is a nascent area of research in soft condensed matter physics, which is drawing on the expertise of researchers from diverse disciplines. Small scale active particles-both inorganic and biological-display non-trivial emergent dynamics and interactions that could help us understand complex biological processes and phenomena. Recently, using microfluidic technologies, several research groups have performed important experimental and theoretical studies to understand the behavior of self-propelled particles and molecular active matter within confined environments-to glean a fundamental understanding of the cellular processes occurring under ultra-low Reynolds number conditions. In this chapter, we would like to review applications of microfluidics in active matter research, highlighting a few important theoretical and experimental investigations. We will conclude the discussion with a note on the future of this field mentioning a few open questions that are at the forefront of our minds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Chakraborty
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Arnab Maiti
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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17
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Abstract
Living things in nature have evolved with unique morphologies, structures, materials, behaviors, and functions to survive in complex natural environments. Nature has inspired the design ideas, preparation methods, and applications of versatile micro/nanomotors. This review summarizes diverse nature-inspired micro/nanomotors, which can be divided into five groups: (i) natural morphology-inspired micro/nanomotors, whose shapes are designed to imitate the morphologies of plants, animals, and objects in nature. (ii) Natural structure-inspired micro/nanomotors, which use structures from plants, red blood cells, and platelet cells as components of micro/nanomotors, or directly use sperm cells and microorganisms as the engines of micro/nanomotors. (iii) Natural behavior-inspired micro/nanomotors, which are proposed to mimic natural behaviors such as motion behavior, swarm behavior, and communication behavior between individuals. (iv) Micro/nanomotors inspired by both natural morphology and behavior. Nature makes it possible for synthetic micro/nanomotors to possess interesting morphologies, novel preparation methods, new propulsion modes, innovative functions, and broad applications. The nature-inspired micro/nanomotors could provide a promising platform for various practical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, China
| | - Yiwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dekai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Longqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
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18
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Yu S, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Sun H, Liu L, Wang W, Li M, Zhao Q, Li T. Magnetic Microdimer as Mobile Meter for Measuring Plasma Glucose and Lipids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:779632. [PMID: 34900967 PMCID: PMC8660689 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.779632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of designed materials and structures, a wide array of micro/nanomachines with versatile functionalities are employed for specific sensing applications. Here, we demonstrated a magnetic propelled microdimer-based point-of-care testing system, which can be used to provide the real-time data of plasma glucose and lipids relying on the motion feedback of mechanical properties. On-demand and programmable speed and direction of the microdimers can be achieved with the judicious adjustment of the external magnetic field, while their velocity and instantaneous postures provide estimation of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations with high temporal accuracy. Numerical simulations reveal the relationship between motility performance and surrounding liquid properties. Such technology presents a point-of-care testing (POCT) approach to adapt to biofluid measurement, which advances the development of microrobotic system in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongqi Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Harbin, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wuyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingsong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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19
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Kichatov B, Korshunov A, Sudakov V, Gubernov V, Golubkov A, Kiverin A. Superfast Active Droplets as Micromotors for Locomotion of Passive Droplets and Intensification of Mixing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38877-38885. [PMID: 34351762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors are fascinating objects that are able to move autonomously and perform various complex tasks related to drug delivery, chemical processes, and environmental remediation. Among the types of micromotors, droplet-based micromotors are characterized by a wide range of functional properties related to the capability of encapsulation and deformation and the possibility of using them as microreactors. Relevant problems of micromotor utilization in the chemical processes include intensification of mixing and locomotion of passive objects. In this paper, the technique for preparation of superfast active droplets, which can be used as micromotors for effective locomotion of passive droplets in the oil-in-water emulsion, is demonstrated. The possibility of passive droplet locomotion in the emulsion is determined by a relation between the diameters of active and passive droplets. If the diameter of active droplets is larger than the diameter of passive droplets, the agglomerates form spontaneously in the emulsion and move in a straight line. In the case of the opposite relation between diameters, the agglomerates consisting of active and passive droplets rotate intensively. This makes it impossible to move the passive droplets to a given distance. Such micromotors can achieve unprecedentedly high velocities of motion and can be used to intensify mixing on the microscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kichatov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Korshunov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sudakov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gubernov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Golubkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kiverin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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20
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He M, Zhu L, Yang N, Li H, Yang Q. Recent advances of oral film as platform for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120759. [PMID: 34098053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Orally drug delivery film has received extensive interest duo to a distinct set of its advantageous properties compared to the traditional orally administered dosages, including faster rate of drug absorption, higher bioavailability and better patient compliance for children and elders with swallowing deficiencies. In particular, its potential capacity of delivering proteins and peptides has further attracted great attention. Lately, tremendous advances have been made in designing and developing both novel mucoadhesive films and orodispersible films to fulfill specific accomplishments of drug delivery. This review aims to summarize those newly developed oral films, discussing their formulation strategies, manufacturing methods as well as advantages and limitations thereof. Conclusions and future perspectives are also provided in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengning He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lingmeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ni Yang
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Huijie Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Ningbo Wesdon Powder Pharma Coatings Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315042, China.
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21
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Zhu J, Wang H, Zhang Z. Shape-Tunable Janus Micromotors via Surfactant-Induced Dewetting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4964-4970. [PMID: 33861610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tune shapes of micromotors is challenging yet crucial for creating intelligent and functional micromachines with shape-dependent dynamics. Here, we demonstrate a facile strategy to synthesize Janus micromotors in large quantity whose shapes can be precisely tuned by a surfactant-induced dewetting strategy. The Janus micromotor is composed of a TiO2 microparticle partially encapsulated within a polysiloxane microsphere. A range of particle shapes, from approximately spherical to snowman, is achieved, and the shape-tunable dynamics of the micromotors are quantified. Our strategy is versatile and can be applicable to other photoactive materials, such as ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles, demonstrating a general approach to synthesize Janus micromotors with controllable shapes. Such shape-tunable micromotors provide colloidal model systems for fundamental research on active matter, as well as building blocks for the fabrication of micromachines.
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22
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Zhang X, Xie W, Wang H, Zhang Z. Magnetic matchstick micromotors with switchable motion modes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3797-3800. [PMID: 33876125 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00773d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to in situ tune various motion modes of micromotors is challenging, yet critical for any practical applications of micromotors in complex microenvironments. Here, we designed and synthesized magnetic matchstick micromotors with two motion modes, a persistent rotational motion and a straight-line motion, that can be readily and reversibly switched in situ by an external magnetic field. Such micromotors with switchable motion modes hold considerable promise for local environment sensing and probing at the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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23
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Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Esteban Fernandez de Avila B, Nourhani A, Wang J. Smart Materials for Microrobots. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5365-5403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Berta Esteban Fernandez de Avila
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Biology, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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24
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Lu X, Shen H, Wei Y, Ge H, Wang J, Peng H, Liu W. Ultrafast Growth and Locomotion of Dandelion-Like Microswarms with Tubular Micromotors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003678. [PMID: 32830425 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic assembly and cooperation represent future frontiers for next generations of advanced micro/nano robots, but the required local interaction and communication cannot be directly translated from macroscale robots through the minimization because of tremendous technological challenges. Here, an ultrafast growth and locomotion methodology is presented for dandelion-like microswarms assembled from catalytic tubular micromotors. With ultrasound oscillation of self-generated bubbles, such microswarms could overcome the tremendous and chaotic drag force from extensive and disordered bubble generation in single units. Tubular MnO2 micromotor individuals headed by self-generated oxygen bubbles are ultrasonically driven to swim rapidly in surfactant-free H2 O2 solutions. A large bubble core fused from multiple microbubbles is excited to oscillate and the resultant local intensified acoustic field attracts the individual micromotors to school around it, leading to a simultaneous growth of dandelion-like microswarms. The bubble-carried micromotor groups driven by ultrasound could swarm at a zigzag pattern with an average speed of up to 50 mm s-1 , which is validated in low H2 O2 concentrations. Additionally, such superfast locomotion could be ultrasonically modulated on demand. The ultrafast microswarm growth and locomotion strategy offers a new paradigm for constructing distinct dynamic assemblies and rapid transmission of artificial microrobots, paving the way to a myriad of promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
| | - Hui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
| | - Hongbin Ge
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hanmin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
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25
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Abstract
Suspensions of chemically powered self-propelled colloidal particles are examples of active matter systems with interesting properties. While simple spherical Janus particles are often studied, it is known that geometry is important and recent experiments have shown that chemically active torus-shaped colloids behave differently from spherical colloids. In this paper, coarse-grained microscopic simulations of the dynamics of self-diffusiophoretic torus colloids are carried out in bulk solution in order to study how torus geometric factors influence their active motion. The concentration and velocity fields are key ingredients in self-diffusiophoretic propulsion, and the forms that these fields take in the colloid vicinity are shown to be strong functions of torus geometric parameters such as the torus hole size and thickness of the torus tube. This work utilizes a method where self-diffusiophoretic torus colloids with various geometric and dynamical characteristics can be built and studied in fluid media that include chemical reactions and fluid flows. The model can be used to investigate the collective properties of these colloids and their dynamics in confined systems, topics that are of general importance for applications that use colloidal motors with complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Wang
- School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150022, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Jie Huang
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Raymond Kapral
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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26
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Bickmann J, Wittkowski R. Predictive local field theory for interacting active Brownian spheres in two spatial dimensions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:214001. [PMID: 31791019 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5e0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a predictive local field theory for the nonequilibrium dynamics of interacting active Brownian particles with a spherical shape in two spatial dimensions. The theory is derived by a rigorous coarse-graining starting from the Langevin equations that describe the trajectories of the individual particles. For high accuracy and generality of the theory, it includes configurational order parameters and derivatives up to infinite order. In addition, we discuss possible approximations of the theory and present reduced models that are easier to apply. We show that our theory contains popular models such as Active Model B+ as special cases and that it provides explicit expressions for the coefficients occurring in these and other, often phenomenological, models. As a further outcome, the theory yields an analytical expression for the density-dependent mean swimming speed of the particles. To demonstrate an application of the new theory, we analyze a simple reduced model of the lowest nontrivial order in derivatives, which is able to predict the onset of motility-induced phase separation of the particles. By a linear stability analysis, an analytical expression for the spinodal corresponding to motility-induced phase separation is obtained. This expression is evaluated for the case of particles interacting repulsively by a Weeks-Chandler-Andersen potential. The analytical predictions for the spinodal associated with these particles are found to be in very good agreement with the results of Brownian dynamics simulations that are based on the same Langevin equations as our theory. Furthermore, the critical point predicted by our analytical results agrees excellently with recent computational results from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bickmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Yu S, Ma N, Yu H, Sun H, Chang X, Wu Z, Deng J, Zhao S, Wang W, Zhang G, Zhang W, Zhao Q, Li T. Self-Propelled Janus Microdimer Swimmers under a Rotating Magnetic Field. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1672. [PMID: 31771115 PMCID: PMC6956008 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent strides in micro- and nanofabrication technology have enabled researchers to design and develop new micro- and nanorobots for biomedicine and environmental monitoring. Due to its non-invasive remote actuation and convenient navigation abilities, magnetic propulsion has been widely used in micro- and nanoscale robotic systems. In this article, a highly efficient Janus microdimer swimmer propelled by a rotating uniform magnetic field was investigated experimentally and numerically. The velocity of the Janus microdimer swimmer can be modulated by adjusting the magnetic field frequency with a maximum speed of 133 μm·s-1 (≈13.3 body length s-1) at the frequency of 32 Hz. Fast and accurate navigation of these Janus microdimer swimmers in complex environments and near obstacles was also demonstrated. This efficient propulsion behavior of the new Janus microdimer swimmer holds considerable promise for diverse future practical applications ranging from nanoscale manipulation and assembly to nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ningze Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xiaocong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jiaxuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shuqi Zhao
- College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Wuyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingsong Zhao
- Department of endocrinology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (S.Y.); (N.M.); (H.Y.); (H.S.); (X.C.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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