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Tan X, He Z, Li W, Yang Q, Wang J, Cang L, Du Y, Qi H. Low-Cost Preparation of Diamond Nanopillar Arrays Based on Polystyrene Spheres. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27492-27498. [PMID: 38947779 PMCID: PMC11209682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Diamond nanopillar arrays can enhance the fluorescence collection of diamond color centers, playing a crucial role in quantum communication and quantum sensing. In this paper, the preparation of diamond nanopillar arrays was realized by the processes of polystyrene (PS) sphere array film preparation, PS sphere etching shrinkage control, tilted magnetron sputtering of copper film, and oxygen plasma etching. Closely aligned PS sphere array films were prepared on the diamond surface by the gas-liquid interfacial method, and the effects of ethanol and dodecamethylacrylic acid solutions on the formation of the array films were discussed. Controllable reduction of PS sphere diameter is realized by the oxygen plasma etching process, and the changes of the PS sphere array film under the influence of etching power, bias power, and etching time are discussed. Copper antietching films were prepared at the top of arrayed PS spheres by the tilted magnetron sputtering method, and the antietching effect of copper films with different thicknesses was explored. Diamond nanopillar arrays were prepared by oxygen plasma etching, and the effects of etching under different process parameters were discussed. The prepared diamond nanopillars were in hexagonal close-rowed arrays with a spacing of 800 nm and an average diameter of 404 nm, and the spacing, diameter, and height could be parametrically regulated. Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy detection revealed that the prepared diamond nanopillar array still maintains polycrystalline diamond properties, with only a small amount of the graphite phase appearing. Moreover, the prepared diamond nanopillar array can enhance the photoluminescence of diamond color centers by approximately 2 times. The fabrication method of diamond nanopillar array structures described in this article lays the foundation for quantum sensing technology based on diamond nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
- Inner
Mongolia Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis and Control of Mechatronic
System, Baotou PR 014010, China
- Inner
Mongolia University of Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano
Structure Design and Manufacturing Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
| | - Zhanqing He
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
| | - Lei Cang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
| | - Yanlong Du
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
| | - Hui Qi
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Science & Technology, Baotou PR 014010, China
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2
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Alessio A, Bernardi E, Moreva E, Degiovanni IP, Genovese M, Truccato M. Limitations of Bulk Diamond Sensors for Single-Cell Thermometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:200. [PMID: 38203062 PMCID: PMC10781228 DOI: 10.3390/s24010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The present paper reports on a Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis of the experimental situation corresponding to the measurement of the temperature variation in a single cell plated on bulk diamond by means of optical techniques. Starting from previous experimental results, we have determined-in a uniform power density approximation and under steady-state conditions-the total heat power that has to be dissipated by a single cell plated on a glassy substrate in order to induce the typical maximum temperature increase ΔTglass=1 K. While keeping all of the other parameters constant, the glassy substrate has been replaced by a diamond plate. The FEM analysis shows that, in this case, the maximum temperature increase is expected at the diamond/cell interface and is as small as ΔTdiam=4.6×10-4 K. We have also calculated the typical decay time in the transient scenario, which resulted in τ≈ 250 μs. By comparing these results with the state-of-the-art sensitivity values, we prove that the potential advantages of a longer coherence time, better spectral properties, and the use of special field alignments do not justify the use of diamond substrates in their bulk form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alessio
- Physics Department, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Moreva
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Ivo Pietro Degiovanni
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Genovese
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Truccato
- Physics Department, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
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3
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Gorrini F, Bifone A. Advances in Stabilization and Enrichment of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond for Biosensing and Spin-Polarization Transfer. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:691. [PMID: 37504090 PMCID: PMC10377017 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond have unique magneto-optical properties, such as high fluorescence, single-photon generation, millisecond-long coherence times, and the ability to initialize and read the spin state using purely optical means. This makes NV- centers a powerful sensing tool for a range of applications, including magnetometry, electrometry, and thermometry. Biocompatible NV-rich nanodiamonds find application in cellular microscopy, nanoscopy, and in vivo imaging. NV- centers can also detect electron spins, paramagnetic agents, and nuclear spins. Techniques have been developed to hyperpolarize 14N, 15N, and 13C nuclear spins, which could open up new perspectives in NMR and MRI. However, defects on the diamond surface, such as hydrogen, vacancies, and trapping states, can reduce the stability of NV- in favor of the neutral form (NV0), which lacks the same properties. Laser irradiation can also lead to charge-state switching and a reduction in the number of NV- centers. Efforts have been made to improve stability through diamond substrate doping, proper annealing and surface termination, laser irradiation, and electric or electrochemical tuning of the surface potential. This article discusses advances in the stabilization and enrichment of shallow NV- ensembles, describing strategies for improving the quality of diamond devices for sensing and spin-polarization transfer applications. Selected applications in the field of biosensing are discussed in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gorrini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, TO, Italy
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4
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Losero E, Jagannath S, Pezzoli M, Goblot V, Babashah H, Lashuel HA, Galland C, Quack N. Neuronal growth on high-aspect-ratio diamond nanopillar arrays for biosensing applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5909. [PMID: 37041255 PMCID: PMC10090193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring neuronal activity with simultaneously high spatial and temporal resolution in living cell cultures is crucial to advance understanding of the development and functioning of our brain, and to gain further insights in the origin of brain disorders. While it has been demonstrated that the quantum sensing capabilities of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond allow real time detection of action potentials from large neurons in marine invertebrates, quantum monitoring of mammalian neurons (presenting much smaller dimensions and thus producing much lower signal and requiring higher spatial resolution) has hitherto remained elusive. In this context, diamond nanostructuring can offer the opportunity to boost the diamond platform sensitivity to the required level. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of a nanostructured diamond surface on the neuronal viability and growth was lacking. Here, we pattern a single crystal diamond surface with large-scale nanopillar arrays and we successfully demonstrate growth of a network of living and functional primary mouse hippocampal neurons on it. Our study on geometrical parameters reveals preferential growth along the nanopillar grid axes with excellent physical contact between cell membrane and nanopillar apex. Our results suggest that neuron growth can be tailored on diamond nanopillars to realize a nanophotonic quantum sensing platform for wide-field and label-free neuronal activity recording with sub-cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Losero
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Division of Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnologies, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy.
- School of Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Somanath Jagannath
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Pezzoli
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Goblot
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hossein Babashah
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Galland
- School of Basic Sciences, Institute of Physics, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niels Quack
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ahnood A, Chambers A, Gelmi A, Yong KT, Kavehei O. Semiconducting electrodes for neural interfacing: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1491-1518. [PMID: 36734845 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, the advent of electronic technology to directly interface with neural tissue has transformed the fields of medicine and biology. Devices that restore or even replace impaired bodily functions, such as deep brain stimulators and cochlear implants, have ushered in a new treatment era for previously intractable conditions. Meanwhile, electrodes for recording and stimulating neural activity have allowed researchers to unravel the vast complexities of the human nervous system. Recent advances in semiconducting materials have allowed effective interfaces between electrodes and neuronal tissue through novel devices and structures. Often these are unattainable using conventional metallic electrodes. These have translated into advances in research and treatment. The development of semiconducting materials opens new avenues in neural interfacing. This review considers this emerging class of electrodes and how it can facilitate electrical, optical, and chemical sensing and modulation with high spatial and temporal precision. Semiconducting electrodes have advanced electrically based neural interfacing technologies owing to their unique electrochemical and photo-electrochemical attributes. Key operation modalities, namely sensing and stimulation in electrical, biochemical, and optical domains, are discussed, highlighting their contrast to metallic electrodes from the application and characterization perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Ahnood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andre Chambers
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Omid Kavehei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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6
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Humbert M, Hernandez R, Mallet N, Larrieu G, Larrey V, Fournel F, Guérin F, Palleau E, Paillard V, Cuche A, Ressier L. Large-scale controlled coupling of single-photon emitters to high-index dielectric nanoantennas by AFM nanoxerography. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:599-608. [PMID: 36485024 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the brightness of single-photon sources by means of optically resonant nanoantennas is a major stake for the development of efficient nanodevices for quantum communications. We demonstrate that nanoxerography by atomic force microscopy makes possible the fast, robust and repeatable positioning of model quantum nanoemitters (nitrogen-vacancy NV centers in nanodiamonds) on a large-scale in the gap of silicon nanoantennas with a dimer geometry. By tuning the parameters of the nanoxerography process, we can statistically control the number of deposited nanodiamonds, yielding configurations down to a unique single photon emitter coupled to these high index dielectric nanoantennas, with high selectivity and enhanced brightness induced by a near-field Purcell effect. Numerical simulations are in very good quantitative agreement with time-resolved photoluminescence experiments. A multipolar analysis reveals in particular all the aspects of the coupling between the dipolar single emitter and the Mie resonances hosted by these simple nanoantennas. This proof of principle opens a path to a genuine and large-scale spatial control of the coupling of punctual quantum nanoemitters to arrays of optimized optically resonant nanoantennas. It paves the way for future fundamental studies in quantum nano-optics and toward integrated photonics applications for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Humbert
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Romain Hernandez
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mallet
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Guilhem Larrieu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Vincent Larrey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frank Fournel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Guérin
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Etienne Palleau
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Vincent Paillard
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Cuche
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Ressier
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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7
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Inam FA, Castelletto S. Metal-Dielectric Nanopillar Antenna-Resonators for Efficient Collected Photon Rate from Silicon Carbide Color Centers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:195. [PMID: 36616105 PMCID: PMC9824870 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A yet unresolved challenge in developing quantum technologies based on color centres in high refractive index semiconductors is the efficient fluorescence enhancement of point defects in bulk materials. Optical resonators and antennas have been designed to provide directional emission, spontaneous emission rate enhancement and collection efficiency enhancement at the same time. While collection efficiency enhancement can be achieved by individual nanopillars or nanowires, fluorescent emission enhancement is achieved using nanoresonators or nanoantennas. In this work, we optimise the design of a metal-dielectric nanopillar-based antenna/resonator fabricated in a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate with integrated quantum emitters. Here we consider various color centres known in SiC such as silicon mono-vacancy and the carbon antisite vacancy pair, that show single photon emission and quantum sensing functionalities with optical electron spin read-out, respectively. We model the dipole emission fluorescence rate of these color centres into the metal-dielectric nanopillar hybrid antenna resonator using multi-polar electromagnetic scattering resonances and near-field plasmonic field enhancement and confinement. We calculate the fluorescence collected photon rate enhancement for these solid state vacancy-centers in SiC in these metal-dielectric nanopillar resonators, showing a trade-off effect between the collection efficiency and radiative Purcell factor enhancement. We obtained a collected photon rate enhancement from a silicon monovacancy vacancy center embedded in an optimised hybrid antenna-resonator two orders of magnitude larger compared to the case of the color centres in bulk material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmed Inam
- Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 20002, India
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8
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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9
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Happacher J, Broadway DA, Bocquel J, Reiser P, Jimenéz A, Tschudin MA, Thiel L, Rohner D, Puigibert MLG, Shields B, Maze JR, Jacques V, Maletinsky P. Low-Temperature Photophysics of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:177401. [PMID: 35570423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.177401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the magnetic field dependent photophysics of individual nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond under cryogenic conditions. At distinct magnetic fields, we observe significant reductions in the NV photoluminescence rate, which indicate a marked decrease in the optical readout efficiency of the NV's ground state spin. We assign these dips to excited state level anticrossings, which occur at magnetic fields that strongly depend on the effective, local strain environment of the NV center. Our results offer new insights into the structure of the NVs' excited states and a new tool for their effective characterization. Using this tool, we observe strong indications for strain-dependent variations of the NV's orbital g factor, obtain new insights into NV charge state dynamics, and draw important conclusions regarding the applicability of NV centers for low-temperature quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodok Happacher
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - David A Broadway
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Juanita Bocquel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reiser
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Jimenéz
- Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Märta A Tschudin
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Thiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Rohner
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Brendan Shields
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Jeronimo R Maze
- Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Vincent Jacques
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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10
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Optical and Spin Properties of NV Center Ensembles in Diamond Nano-Pillars. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091516. [PMID: 35564222 PMCID: PMC9103819 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are excellent quantum sensors possessing high sensitivity and nano-scale spatial resolution. Their integration in photonic structures is often desired, since it leads to an increased photon emission and also allows the realization of solid-state quantum technology architectures. Here, we report the fabrication of diamond nano-pillars with diameters up to 1000 nm by electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching in nitrogen-rich diamonds (type Ib) with [100] and [111] crystal orientations. The NV centers were created by keV-He ion bombardment and subsequent annealing, and we estimate an average number of NVs per pillar to be 4300 ± 300 and 520 ± 120 for the [100] and [111] samples, respectively. Lifetime measurements of the NVs’ excited state showed two time constants with average values of τ1 ≈ 2 ns and τ2 ≈ 8 ns, which are shorter as compared to a single color center in a bulk crystal (τ ≈ 10 ns). This is probably due to a coupling between the NVs as well as due to interaction with bombardment-induced defects and substitutional nitrogen (P1 centers). Optically detected magnetic resonance measurements revealed a contrast of about 5% and average coherence and relaxation times of T2 [100] = 420 ± 40 ns, T2 [111] = 560 ± 50 ns, and T1 [100] = 162 ± 11 μs, T1 [111] = 174 ± 24 μs. These pillars could find an application for scanning probe magnetic field imaging.
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11
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Humbert M, Hallez Y, Larrey V, Fournel F, Palleau E, Paillard V, Cuche A, Ressier L. Versatile, rapid and robust nano-positioning of single-photon emitters by AFM-nanoxerography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:215301. [PMID: 35105827 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac50f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoxerography was successfully used to direct the assembly of colloidal nanodiamonds (NDs) containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres on electrostatically patterned surfaces. This study reveals that the number of deposited NDs can be controlled by tuning the surface potentials of positively charged dots on a negatively charged background written by AFM in a thin PMMA electret film, yielding assemblies down to a unique single-photon emitter with very good selectivity. The mechanisms of the ND directed assembly are attested by numerical simulations. This robust deterministic nano-positioning of quantum emitters thus offers great opportunities for ultimate applications in nanophotonics for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Humbert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Y Hallez
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - V Larrey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Fournel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E Palleau
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V Paillard
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - A Cuche
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - L Ressier
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-UPS-CNRS, LPCNO, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Quantum magnetic imaging of iron organelles within the pigeon cochlea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112749118. [PMID: 34782471 PMCID: PMC8617482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112749118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of pigeons to sense geomagnetic fields has been conclusively established despite a notable lack of determination of the underlying biophysical mechanisms. Quasi-spherical iron organelles previously termed "cuticulosomes" in the cochlea of pigeons have potential relevance to magnetoreception due to their location and iron composition; however, data regarding the magnetic susceptibility of these structures are currently limited. Here quantum magnetic imaging techniques are applied to characterize the magnetic properties of individual iron cuticulosomes in situ. The stray magnetic fields emanating from cuticulosomes are mapped and compared to a detailed analytical model to provide an estimate of the magnetic susceptibility of the individual particles. The images reveal the presence of superparamagnetic and ferrimagnetic domains within individual cuticulosomes and magnetic susceptibilities within the range 0.029 to 0.22. These results provide insights into the elusive physiological roles of cuticulosomes. The susceptibilities measured are not consistent with a torque-based model of magnetoreception, placing iron storage and stereocilia stabilization as the two leading putative cuticulosome functions. This work establishes quantum magnetic imaging as an important tool to complement the existing array of techniques used to screen for potential magnetic particle-based magnetoreceptor candidates.
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Gorrini F, Dorigoni C, Olivares-Postigo D, Giri R, Aprà P, Picollo F, Bifone A. Long-Lived Ensembles of Shallow NV - Centers in Flat and Nanostructured Diamonds by Photoconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43221-43232. [PMID: 34468122 PMCID: PMC8447188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shallow, negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV-) in diamond have been proposed for high-sensitivity magnetometry and spin-polarization transfer applications. However, surface effects tend to favor and stabilize the less useful neutral form, the NV0 centers. Here, we report the effects of green laser irradiation on ensembles of nanometer-shallow NV centers in flat and nanostructured diamond surfaces as a function of laser power in a range not previously explored (up to 150 mW/μm2). Fluorescence spectroscopy, optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), and charge-photoconversion detection are applied to characterize the properties and dynamics of NV- and NV0 centers. We demonstrate that high laser power strongly promotes photoconversion of NV0 to NV- centers. Surprisingly, the excess NV- population is stable over a timescale of 100 ms after switching off the laser, resulting in long-lived enrichment of shallow NV-. The beneficial effect of photoconversion is less marked in nanostructured samples. Our results are important to inform the design of samples and experimental procedures for applications relying on ensembles of shallow NV- centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gorrini
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable
Future Technologies, via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
- Molecular
Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Dorigoni
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience
and Cognitive System, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (Tn), Italy
| | - Domingo Olivares-Postigo
- Molecular
Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience
and Cognitive System, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (Tn), Italy
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Rakshyakar Giri
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience
and Cognitive System, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (Tn), Italy
| | - Pietro Aprà
- Department
of Physics and “NIS Inter-departmental Centre”, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
- National
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department
of Physics and “NIS Inter-departmental Centre”, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
- National
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable
Future Technologies, via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
- Molecular
Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Zhu TF, Liang Y, Liu Z, Wang YF, Shao GQ, Wen F, Min T, Wang HX. Simple way to fabricate orderly arranged nanostructure arrays on diamond utilizing metal dewetting effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:28359-28365. [PMID: 34614969 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a simple method with thermal annealing round gold disk for agglomeration to fabricate orderly arranged nanostructure arrays on diamond for single photon source applications. In the annealing process, the dependence of gold sphere size on disk thickness and diameter was investigated, showing that gold sphere diameter was decreased with decreasing gold disk thickness or diameter. The condition parameters of ICP etch were adjusted to obtain different nanostructure morphologies on diamond. The collection efficiency of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center embedded in nanostructure as-fabricated could reach to 53.56% compared with that of 19.10% in planar case with the same simulation method.
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Cai M, Guo Z, Shi F, Li C, Wang M, Ji W, Wang P, Du J. Parallel optically detected magnetic resonance spectrometer for dozens of single nitrogen-vacancy centers using laser-spot lattice. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:045107. [PMID: 34243467 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We develop a parallel optically detected magnetic resonance (PODMR) spectrometer to address, manipulate, and read out an array of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond in parallel. In this spectrometer, we use an array of micro-lenses to generate a 20 × 20 laser-spot lattice (LSL) on the objective focal plane and then align the LSL with an array of single NV centers. The quantum states of NV centers are manipulated by a uniform microwave field from a Ω-shape coplanar coil. As an experimental demonstration, we observe 80 NV centers in the field of view. Among them, magnetic resonance (MR) spectra and Rabi oscillations of 18 NV centers along the external magnetic field are measured in parallel. These results can be directly used to realize parallel quantum sensing and multiple times speedup compared with the confocal technique. Regarding the nanoscale MR technique, PODMR will be crucial for a high throughput single molecular MR spectrum and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Cai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongzhi Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chunxing Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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17
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Hanlon L, Gautam V, Wood JDA, Reddy P, Barson MSJ, Niihori M, Silalahi ARJ, Corry B, Wrachtrup J, Sellars MJ, Daria VR, Maletinsky P, Stuart GJ, Doherty MW. Diamond nanopillar arrays for quantum microscopy of neuronal signals. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:035002. [PMID: 32775500 PMCID: PMC7406893 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.3.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Wide-field measurement of cellular membrane dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution can facilitate analysis of the computing properties of neuronal circuits. Quantum microscopy using a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a promising technique to achieve this goal. Aim: We propose a proof-of-principle approach to NV-based neuron functional imaging. Approach: This goal is achieved by engineering NV quantum sensors in diamond nanopillar arrays and switching their sensing mode to detect the changes in the electric fields instead of the magnetic fields, which has the potential to greatly improve signal detection. Apart from containing the NV quantum sensors, nanopillars also function as waveguides, delivering the excitation/emission light to improve sensitivity. The nanopillars also improve the amplitude of the neuron electric field sensed by the NV by removing screening charges. When the nanopillar array is used as a cell niche, it acts as a cell scaffolds which makes the pillars function as biomechanical cues that facilitate the growth and formation of neuronal circuits. Based on these growth patterns, numerical modeling of the nanoelectromagnetics between the nanopillar and the neuron was also performed. Results: The growth study showed that nanopillars with a 2 - μ m pitch and a 200-nm diameter show ideal growth patterns for nanopillar sensing. The modeling showed an electric field amplitude as high as ≈ 1.02 × 10 10 mV / m at an NV 100 nm from the membrane, a value almost 10 times the minimum field that the NV can detect. Conclusion: This proof-of-concept study demonstrated unprecedented NV sensing potential for the functional imaging of mammalian neuron signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hanlon
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Address all correspondence to Liam Hanlon: ; Marcus W. Doherty:
| | - Vini Gautam
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Prithvi Reddy
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael S. J. Barson
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marika Niihori
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Ben Corry
- Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- University of Stuttgart, 3rd Institute of Physics, Stuttgart Research Centre of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Sellars
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vincent R. Daria
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Gregory J. Stuart
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marcus W. Doherty
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Laser Physics Centre, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Address all correspondence to Liam Hanlon: ; Marcus W. Doherty:
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