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Zhang J, Zhuang Y, Feng C, Li X, Chen K, Han L, Wang Y, Zhu X, Yang M, Yin G, Lin J, Zhang X. Inverse design of skull osteoinductive implants with multi-level pore structures through machine learning. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:9991-10003. [PMID: 39246118 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
How to accurately design a personalized matching implant that can induce skull regeneration is the focus of current research. However, the design space for the porous structure of implants is extensive, and the mapping relationships between these structures and their mechanical and osteogenic properties are complex. At present, the forward design of skull implants mainly relies on expert experience, leading to high cost and a lengthy process, while the existing inverse design approaches face challenges due to data dependence and manufacturing process errors. This study presents an efficient inverse design method for personalized multilevel structures of skull implants using a machine learning pipeline composed of a finite element method, topological optimization, and neural networks. Based on the mechanical response of the human body falls, this method can tailor multi-level structures for implants in various defect positions. The results show that the proposed method establishes a bidirectional relationship between topological parameters and mechanical properties, enabling the customization of mechanical behavior at low computational cost while accounting for manufacturing errors in the 3D printing process. Additionally, the design results are also mutually consistent with analytical relationships between lattice parameters and the elastic modulus obtained from experiments and finite element simulations. Thus, this study provides a general and practical approach to rapidly design skull osteoinductive implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cong Feng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Han
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mingli Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Guangfu Yin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiangli Lin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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2
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Trembecka-Wójciga K, Ortyl J. Enhancing 3D printed ceramic components: The function of dispersants, adhesion promoters, and surface-active agents in Photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 332:103251. [PMID: 39053160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In the domain of photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing (3D vat printing), ceramic photopolymer resins represent a multifaceted composite, predominantly comprising oligomers, ceramic fillers, and photoinitiators. However, the synergy between the ceramic fillers and polymer matrix, along with the stabilization and homogenization of the composite, is facilitated by specific additives, notably surface-active agents, dispersants, and adhesion promoters. Although these additives constitute a minor fraction in terms of volume, their influence on the final properties of the material is substantial. Consequently, their meticulous selection and integration are crucial, subtly guiding the performance and characteristics of the resultant ceramic matrix composites toward enhancement. This review delves into the array of dispersants and coupling agents utilized in the additive manufacturing of ceramic components. It elucidates the interaction mechanisms between these additives and ceramic fillers and examines how these interactions affect the additive manufacturing process. Furthermore, this review investigates the impact of various additives on the rheological behavior of ceramic slurries and their subsequent effects on the post-manufacturing stages, such as debinding and sintering. It also addresses the challenges and prospects in the optimization of dispersants and coupling agents for advanced ceramic additive manufacturing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Trembecka-Wójciga
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Cracow, Poland; Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland; Photo4Chem Lea 114, 30-133 Cracow, Poland; Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland.
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Wu Y, Liu P, Feng C, Cao Q, Xu X, Liu Y, Li X, Zhu X, Zhang X. 3D printing calcium phosphate ceramics with high osteoinductivity through pore architecture optimization. Acta Biomater 2024; 185:111-125. [PMID: 39002921 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The osteoinductivity of 3D printed calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics has a large gap compared with those prepared by conventional foaming methods, and improving the osteoinductivity of 3D printing CaP ceramics is crucial for successful application in bone regeneration. Pore architecture plays a critical role in osteoinductivity. In this study, CaP ceramics with a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) spherical pore structure were successfully fabricated using DLP printing technology. Additionally, octahedral (Octahedral), diamond (Diamond), and helical (Gyroid) structures were constructed with similar porosity and macropore diameter. CaP ceramics with the HCP structure exhibited higher compression strength (8.39 ± 1.82 MPa) and lower permeability (6.41 × 10-11 m2) compared to the Octahedral, Diamond, and Gyroid structures. In vitro cellular responses indicated that the macropore architecture strongly influenced the local growth rate of osteoblast-formed cell tissue; cells grew uniformly and formed circular rings in the HCP group. Furthermore, the HCP group promoted the expression of osteogenic genes and proteins more effectively than the other three groups. The outstanding osteoinductivity of the HCP group was confirmed in canine intramuscular implantation studies, where the new bone area reached up to 8.02 ± 1.94 % after a 10-week implantation. Additionally, the HCP group showed effective bone regeneration in repairing femoral condyle defects. Therefore, our findings suggest that 3D printed CaP bioceramics with an HCP structure promote osteoinductivity and can be considered as candidates for personalized precise treatment of bone defects in clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. 3D printing BCP ceramics with high osteoinductivity were constructed through pore architecture optimization. 2. BCP ceramics with HCP structure exhibited relatively higher mechanical strength and lower permeability than those with Octahedral, Diamond and Gyroid structures. 3. BCP ceramics with HCP structure could promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1, and showed the superior in-vivo osteoinductivity and bone regeneration comparing with the other structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Puxin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cong Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Quanle Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiujuan Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yunyi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials Genome of Sichuan, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Kang J, Park SH, Park K. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of PUMA/SiO 2 Ceramic Composites via Digital Light Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:193. [PMID: 38256992 PMCID: PMC10820731 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of additively manufactured polymer parts by incorporating ceramic particles (SiO2) into diluted urethane methacrylate (UDMA) photopolymer resin using digital light processing (DLP) technology. The resulting PUMA/SiO2 composites, featuring varying SiO2 contents (16.7, 28.5, and 37.5 wt%) and processed under different conditions, underwent a comprehensive series of mechanical, thermal, and chemical tests. Hardness tests showed that composites with 37.5 wt% SiO2 demonstrated superior hardness with low sensitivity to processing conditions. Bending tests indicated that elevated vat temperatures tended to degrade flexural properties, yet this degradation was mitigated in the case of the 37.5 wt% SiO2 composition. Tensile tests revealed a transition from viscoelastic to linear elastic behaviors with increasing SiO2 content, with high tensile strength sustained at low vat temperatures (<35 °C) when the SiO2 content exceeded 28.5 wt%. Thermogravimetric analysis supported these findings, indicating that increased SiO2 content ensured a more uniform dispersion, enhancing mechanical properties consequently. Thermal tests showed augmented thermal conductivity and diffusivity with reduced specific heat in SiO2-inclusive composites. This study provides guidelines for optimal PUMA/SiO2 composite utilization that emphasizes high SiO2 content and low vat temperature, offering comprehensive insights for high-performance ceramic composite fabrication in functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Kang
- Institute of 3D Printing Convergence Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Hyeon Park
- Material Research Center, Carima Co., Ltd., Seoul 07532, Republic of Korea;
| | - Keun Park
- Institute of 3D Printing Convergence Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Chen S, Liang H, Bai J, Wang M. Design and fabrication of biomimicking radially graded scaffolds via digital light processing 3D printing for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9961-9974. [PMID: 37818766 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01573d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds are an essential component in bone tissue engineering (BTE). However, most of the current BTE scaffolds are homogeneous structures and do not resemble the graded architectures of native bone. In the current study, four types of biomimicking scaffold designs based on gyroid (G) and primitive (P) units with radially graded pore sizes were devised, and scaffolds of these designs with two porosity groups (65 vol% and 75 vol%) were fabricated via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing using biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Scaffolds of the gyroid-gyroid (G-G) design displayed better dimensional accuracy, compressive property, and cell proliferation rate than gyroid-primitive (G-P), primitive-gyroid (P-G), and primitive-primitive (P-P) scaffolds. Subsequently, graded G-G scaffolds with different porosities were fabricated and the relationship between compressive strength and porosity was determined. Furthermore, the sintered BCP bioceramics fabricated via current manufacturing process exhibited excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, indicating their high potential for BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Shangsi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Haowen Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jiaming Bai
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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6
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Lin H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Wang X, Yan G. Mechanism and application of 3D-printed degradable bioceramic scaffolds for bone repair. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7034-7050. [PMID: 37782081 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01214j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioceramics have attracted considerable attention in the field of bone repair because of their excellent osteogenic properties, degradability, and biocompatibility. To resolve issues regarding limited formability, recent studies have introduced 3D printing technology for the fabrication of bioceramic bone repair scaffolds. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which bioceramics promote bone repair and clinical applications of 3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds remain elusive. This review provides an account of the fabrication methods of 3D-printed degradable bioceramic scaffolds. In addition, the types and characteristics of degradable bioceramics used in clinical and preclinical applications are summarized. We have also highlighted the osteogenic molecular mechanisms in biomaterials with the aim of providing a basis and support for future research on the clinical applications of degradable bioceramic scaffolds. Finally, new developments and potential applications of 3D-printed degradable bioceramic scaffolds are discussed with reference to experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Guangqi Yan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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7
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Li N, Khan SB, Chen S, Aiyiti W, Zhou J, Lu B. Promising New Horizons in Medicine: Medical Advancements with Nanocomposite Manufacturing via 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4122. [PMID: 37896366 PMCID: PMC10610836 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology has fundamentally revolutionized the product development processes in several industries. Three-dimensional printing enables the creation of tailored prostheses and other medical equipment, anatomical models for surgical planning and training, and even innovative means of directly giving drugs to patients. Polymers and their composites have found broad usage in the healthcare business due to their many beneficial properties. As a result, the application of 3D printing technology in the medical area has transformed the design and manufacturing of medical devices and prosthetics. Polymers and their composites have become attractive materials in this industry because of their unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical qualities. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state-of-the-art applications of polymer and its composites in the medical field using 3D printing technology. It covers the latest research developments in the design and manufacturing of patient-specific medical devices, prostheses, and anatomical models for surgical planning and training. The article also discusses the use of 3D printing technology for drug delivery systems (DDS) and tissue engineering. Various 3D printing techniques, such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS), are reviewed, along with their benefits and drawbacks. Legal and regulatory issues related to the use of 3D printing technology in the medical field are also addressed. The article concludes with an outlook on the future potential of polymer and its composites in 3D printing technology for the medical field. The research findings indicate that 3D printing technology has enormous potential to revolutionize the development and manufacture of medical devices, leading to improved patient outcomes and better healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- School of Education (Normal School), Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Sadaf Bashir Khan
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shenggui Chen
- School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China;
| | - Wurikaixi Aiyiti
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Jianping Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Bingheng Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (N.L.); (B.L.)
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Chen YT, Chuang YH, Chen CM, Wang JY, Wang J. Development of hybrid scaffolds with biodegradable polymer composites and bioactive hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213562. [PMID: 37549480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of treatments for critical-sized bone defects has been considered an important topic in the biomedical field because of the high demand for transplantable bone grafts. Following the concept of tissue engineering, implantation of biocompatible porous scaffolds carrying cells and regulating factors is the most efficient strategy to stimulate clinical bone regeneration. With the advancement in the development of 3D-printing techniques, scaffolds with highly controllable architectures can be fabricated to further improve healing efficacies. However, challenges such as the limited biocompatibility of resin materials and poor cell-carrying capacities still exist in the application of current scaffolds. In this study, a novel biodegradable polymer, poly (ethylene glycol)-co-poly (glycerol sebacate) acrylate (PEGSA), was synthesized and blended with hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles to produce osteoinductive and photocurable resins for 3D printing. The composites were optimized and applied in the fabrication of gyroid scaffolds with biomimetic characteristics and high permeability, followed by the combination of bioactive hydrogels containing Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSC) to increase the efficiency of cell delivery. The promotion of osteogenesis from 3D-printed scaffolds was confirmed in-vivo while the hybrid scaffolds were proven to be great platforms for WJMSC culture and differentiation in-vitro. These results indicate that the proposed hybrid systems, combining osteoinductive 3D-printed scaffolds and cell-laden hydrogels, have great potential for bone tissue engineering and are expected to be applied in the treatment of bone defects based on active tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Han Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Life Science and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Jane Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan.
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Elkhoury K, Zuazola J, Vijayavenkataraman S. Bioprinting the future using light: A review on photocrosslinking reactions, photoreactive groups, and photoinitiators. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:142-151. [PMID: 36804176 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Light-based bioprinting is a type of additive manufacturing technologies that uses light to control the formation of biomaterials, tissues, and organs. It has the potential to revolutionize the adopted approach in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by allowing the creation of functional tissues and organs with high precision and control. The main chemical components of light-based bioprinting are activated polymers and photoinitiators. The general photocrosslinking mechanisms of biomaterials are described, along with the selection of polymers, functional group modifications, and photoinitiators. For activated polymers, acrylate polymers are ubiquitous but are made of cytotoxic reagents. A milder option that exists is based on norbornyl groups which are biocompatible and can be used in self-polymerization or with thiol reagents for more precision. Polyethylene-glycol and gelatin activated with both methods can have high cell viability rates. Photoinitiators can be divided into types I and II. The best performances for type I photoinitiators are produced under ultraviolet light. Most alternatives for visible-light-driven photoinitiators were of type II, and changing the co-initiator along the main reagent can fine-tune the process. This field is still underexplored and a vast room for improvements still exist, which can open the way for cheaper complexes to be developed. The progress, advantages, and shortcomings of light-based bioprinting are highlighted in this review, with special emphasis on developments and future trends of activated polymers and photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Elkhoury
- The Vijay Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Julio Zuazola
- The Vijay Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman
- The Vijay Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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10
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Zhou Q, Su X, Wu J, Zhang X, Su R, Ma L, Sun Q, He R. Additive Manufacturing of Bioceramic Implants for Restoration Bone Engineering: Technologies, Advances, and Future Perspectives. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1164-1189. [PMID: 36786214 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Treating bone defects is highly challenging because they do not heal on their own inside the patients, so implants are needed to assist in the reconstruction of the bone. Bioceramic implants based on additive manufacturing (AM) are currently emerging as promising treatment options for restoration bone engineering. On the one hand, additively manufactured bioceramic implants have excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which are suitable for bone regeneration. On the other hand, the designable structure and adjustable pores of additively manufactured bioceramic implants allow them to promote suitable cell growth and tissue climbing. Herein, this review unfolds to introduce several frequently employed AM technologies for bioceramic implants. After that, advances in commonly used additively manufactured bioceramic implants, including bioinert ceramic implants, bioactive ceramic implants, and bioceramic/organic composite implants, are categorized and summarized. Finally, the future perspectives of additively manufactured bioceramic implants, in terms of mechanical performance improvement, innovative structural design, biological property enhancement, and other functionalization approaches, are proposed and forecasted. This review is believed to provide some fundamental understanding and cutting-edge knowledge for the additive manufacturing of bioceramic implants for restoration bone engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaonan Su
- Beijing Scrianen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing 102699, China
| | - Jianqin Wu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruyue Su
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Center of Dental Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Center of Dental Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rujie He
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Wang H, Li X, Lai S, Cao Q, Liu Y, Li J, Zhu X, Fu W, Zhang X. Construction of Vascularized Tissue Engineered Bone with nHA-Coated BCP Bioceramics Loaded with Peripheral Blood-Derived MSC and EPC to Repair Large Segmental Femoral Bone Defect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:249-264. [PMID: 36548196 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative repair of segmental bone defect (SBD) is an urgent problem in the field of orthopedics. Rapid induction of angiogenesis and osteoinductivity after implantation of scaffold is critical. In this study, a unique tissue engineering strategy with mixture of peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PBMSC) and endothelial progenitor cells (PBEPC) was applied in a 3D-printed biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffold with highly bioactive nano hydroxyapatite (nHA) coating (nHA/BCP) to construct a novel vascularized tissue engineered bone (VTEB) for rabbit femoral SBD repair. The 2D coculture of PBMSC and PBEPC showed that they could promote the osteogenic or angiogenic differentiation of the cells from each other, especially in the group of PBEPC/PBMSC = 75:25. Besides, the 3D coculture results exhibited that the nHA coating could further promote PBEPC/PBMSC adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation on the BCP scaffold. In vivo experiments showed that among the four groups (BCP, BCP-PBEPC/PBMSC, nHA/BCP, and nHA/BCP-PBEPC/PBMSC), the nHA/BCP-PBEPC/PBMSC group induced the best formation of blood vessels and new bone and, thus, the good repair of SBD. It revealed the synergistic effect of nHA and PBEPC/PBMSC on the angiogenesis and osteogenesis of the BCP scaffold. Therefore, the construction of VTEB in this study could provide a possibility for the regenerative repair of SBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Sike Lai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Quanle Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yunyi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weili Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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12
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Mayfield CK, Ayad M, Lechtholz-Zey E, Chen Y, Lieberman JR. 3D-Printing for Critical Sized Bone Defects: Current Concepts and Future Directions. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:680. [PMID: 36421080 PMCID: PMC9687148 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The management and definitive treatment of segmental bone defects in the setting of acute trauma, fracture non-union, revision joint arthroplasty, and tumor surgery are challenging clinical problems with no consistently satisfactory solution. Orthopaedic surgeons are developing novel strategies to treat these problems, including three-dimensional (3D) printing combined with growth factors and/or cells. This article reviews the current strategies for management of segmental bone loss in orthopaedic surgery, including graft selection, bone graft substitutes, and operative techniques. Furthermore, we highlight 3D printing as a technology that may serve a major role in the management of segmental defects. The optimization of a 3D-printed scaffold design through printing technique, material selection, and scaffold geometry, as well as biologic additives to enhance bone regeneration and incorporation could change the treatment paradigm for these difficult bone repair problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory K. Mayfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mina Ayad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lechtholz-Zey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angleles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jay R. Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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13
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Mohammadi M, Coppola B, Montanaro L, Palmero P. Digital light processing of high-strength hydroxyapatite ceramics: role of particle size and printing parameters on microstructural defects and mechanical properties. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. COATINGS 2022; 12:1380. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. Bioceramics can be prepared from diverse inorganic substances, but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-based formulations only, due to its chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 50 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the CaPO4-based implants would remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they would be resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed, and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now, CaPO4-based scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are usually porous and harbor various biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery. Prospective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because CaPO4 appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides, and various types of cells.
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15
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Tang Y, Wang J, Cao Q, Chen F, Wang M, Wu Y, Chen X, Zhu X, Zhang X. Dopamine/DOPAC-assisted immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 loaded Heparin/PEI nanogels onto three-dimentional printed calcium phosphate ceramics for enhanced osteoinductivity and osteogenicity. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 140:213030. [PMID: 36027668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the three-dimensional (3D) printed calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have well-designed geometric structure, but suffer from relative weak osteoinductivity. Surface modification by incorporating bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) onto scaffolds is considered as an efficient approach to improve their bioactivity. However, high dose and uncontrolled burst release of BMP2 may cause undesired side effect. In the present study, porous BCP ceramics with inverse face-centred cube structure prepared by digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing technique were used as the substrates. BMP2 proteins were loaded in the self-assembled Heparin/PEI nanogels (NP/BMP2), and then immobilized onto BCP substrates through the intermediate mussel-derived bioactive dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DA/DOPAC) coating layers to construct functional BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 scaffolds. Our results showed that Heparin/PEI nanogel was a potent delivery system for BMP2, and BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 scaffolds exhibited the high loading capacity, controlled release rate, and sustained local delivery of BMP2. In vitro cell experiments with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) found that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 could promote cell proliferation, facilitate cell spreading, accelerate cell migration, up-regulate expression of osteogenic genes, and improve synthesis of osteoblast-related proteins. Moreover, the murine intramuscular implantation model suggested that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 had a superior osteoinductive capacity, and the rat femoral condyle defect repair model showed that BCP/layer/NP/BMP2 could enhance in situ bone repair and regeneration. These findings demonstrate that the incorporation of BMP2 loaded Heparin/PEI nanogels to 3D printed scaffolds holds great promise in fabricating bone graft with a superior biological performance for orthopedic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Quanle Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fuying Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yonghao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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16
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Photopolymerization of Ceramic Resins by Stereolithography Process: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stereolithography is known as one of the best Additive Manufacturing technologies in terms of geometrical and dimensional precision for polymeric materials. In recent years, a lot of studies have shown that the creation of ceramic resins, through a particular combination of monomeric components and ceramic powders, allows to obtain complex shape geometries thanks to the photopolymerization process. This review highlights the characteristics and properties of ceramic resins, peculiarities of the ceramic stereolithography processes, up to the relationship between the composition of the ceramic resin and the complexity of the post-processing phases. The comparison of different studies allows outlining the most common steps for the production of ceramic resins, as well as the physical and chemical compatibility of the different compounds that must be studied for the good feasibility of the process.
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17
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Zhang B, Gui X, Song P, Xu X, Guo L, Han Y, Wang L, Zhou C, Fan Y, Zhang X. Three-Dimensional Printing of Large-Scale, High-Resolution Bioceramics with Micronano Inner Porosity and Customized Surface Characterization Design for Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8804-8815. [PMID: 35156367 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technologies have opened up new possibilities for manufacturing bioceramics with complex shapes in a completely digital fabrication process. Some bioceramics have demonstrated elaborate design and high resolution in their small parts through digital light projection (DLP) printing. However, it is still a challenge to prepare large-scale, high-precision ceramics that can effectively regulate the bioactivity of materials. In this study, we fabricated a large-scale hydroxyapatite porous bioceramic (length >150 mm) using DLP. This bioceramic had highly micronanoporous surface structures (printing resolution <65 μm), which could be controlled by adjusting the solid content and sintering process. Both in vitro and in vivo results indicated that the designed bioceramic had promising bone regeneration ability. This study provides significant evidence for exploring the effects of microenvironments on bone tissue regeneration. These results indicated that DLP technology has the potential to produce large-scale bone tissue engineering scaffolds with accurate porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanlong Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, China
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18
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Wang J, Tang Y, Cao Q, Wu Y, Wang Y, Yuan B, Li X, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhu X, Tu C, Zhang X. Fabrication and biological evaluation of 3D printed calcium phosphate ceramic scaffolds with distinct macroporous geometries through digital light processing technology. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac005. [PMID: 35668922 PMCID: PMC9160879 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing technique holds promise in fabricating scaffolds with high precision. Here raw calcium phosphate (CaP) powders were modified by 5.5% monoalcohol ethoxylate phosphate (MAEP) to ensure high solid loading and low viscosity. The rheological tests found that photocurable slurries composed of 50 wt % modified CaP powders and 2 wt % toners were suitable for DLP printing. Based on geometric models designed by CAD system, three printed CaP ceramics with distinct macroporous structures were prepared, including simple cube, octet-truss, and inverse face-centered cube (fcc), which presented the similar phase composition and microstructure, but the different macropore geometries. Inverse-fcc group showed the highest porosity and compressive strength. The in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations were performed to compare the bioactivity of three printed CaP ceramics, and the traditional foamed ceramic was used as control. It suggested that all CaP ceramics exhibited good biocompatibility, as evidence by an even bone-like apatite layer formation on the surface, and the good cell proliferation and spreading. A mouse intramuscular implantation model found that all of CaP ceramics could induce ectopic bone formation, and Foam group had the strongest osteoinduction, followed by Inverse-fcc, while Cube and Octet-truss had the weakest one. It indicated that macropore geometry was of great importance to affect the osteoinductivity of scaffolds, and spherical, concave macropores facilitated osteogenesis. These findings provide a strategy to design and fabricate high-performance orthopedic grafts with proper pore geometry and desired biological performance via DLP-based 3D printing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yitao Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Quanle Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yonghao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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19
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Wang B, Arab A, Xie J, Chen P. The Influence of Microstructure on the Flexural Properties of 3D Printed Zirconia Part via Digital Light Processing Technology. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041602. [PMID: 35208142 PMCID: PMC8880660 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing of ceramics is becoming of increasing interest due to the possibility of the fabrication of complex shaped parts. However, the fabrication of a fully dense bulk ceramic part without cracks and defects is still challenging. In the presented work, the digital light processing method was introduced for fabricating zirconia parts. The flexural properties of the printed zirconia were systematically investigated via a three-point bending test with the digital image correlation method, scanning electron microscopy observation and fractography analysis. Due to the anisotropy of the sample, the bending deformation behaviors of the zirconia samples in the parallel and vertical printing directions were significantly different. The flexural strength and the related elastic modulus of the samples under vertical loading were higher than that of the parallel loading, as the in-plane strength is higher than that of the interlayer strength. The maximum horizontal strain always appeared at the bottom center before the failure for the parallel loading case; while the maximum horizontal strain for the vertical loading moved upward from the bottom center to the top center. There was a clear dividing line between the minimum perpendicular strain and the maximum perpendicular strain of the samples under parallel loading; however, under vertical loading, the perpendicular strain declined from the bottom to the top along the crack path. The surrounding dense part of the sintered sample (a few hundred microns) was mainly composed of large and straight cracks between printing layers, whereas the interior contained numerous small winding cracks. The intense cracks inside the sample led to a low flexural property compared to other well-prepared zirconia samples, which the inadequate additive formulations would be the main reason for the generation of cracks. A better understanding of the additive formulation (particularly the dispersant) and the debinding-sintering process are necessary for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Ali Arab
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250307, China
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.X.)
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.W.); (P.C.)
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250307, China
- Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (J.X.)
| | - Pengwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.W.); (P.C.)
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250307, China
- Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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Ravoor J, Thangavel M, Elsen S R. Comprehensive Review on Design and Manufacturing of Bio-scaffolds for Bone Reconstruction. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8129-8158. [PMID: 35005929 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bio-scaffolds are synthetic entities widely employed in bone and soft-tissue regeneration applications. These bio-scaffolds are applied to the defect site to provide support and favor cell attachment and growth, thereby enhancing the regeneration of the defective site. The progressive research in bio-scaffold fabrication has led to identification of biocompatible and mechanically stable materials. The difficulties in obtaining grafts and expenditure incurred in the transplantation procedures have also been overcome by the implantation of bio-scaffolds. Drugs, cells, growth factors, and biomolecules can be embedded with bio-scaffolds to provide localized treatments. The right choice of materials and fabrication approaches can help in developing bio-scaffolds with required properties. This review mostly focuses on the available materials and bio-scaffold techniques for bone and soft-tissue regeneration application. The first part of this review gives insight into the various classes of biomaterials involved in bio-scaffold fabrication followed by design and simulation techniques. The latter discusses the various additive, subtractive, hybrid, and other improved techniques involved in the development of bio-scaffolds for bone regeneration applications. Techniques involving multimaterial printing and multidimensional printing have also been briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishita Ravoor
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Mahendran Thangavel
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Renold Elsen S
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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21
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Xu S, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang X, Liu H, Xiong Y, Gao R, Yu S. Fabrication and biological evaluation of porous β-TCP bioceramics produced using digital light processing. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2021; 236:286-294. [PMID: 34479452 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) refers to one ideal bone repair substance with good biocompatibility and osteogenicity. A digital light processing (DLP)-system used in this study creates bioceramic green part by stacking up layers of photocurable tricalcium phosphate-filled slurry with various β-TCP weight fractions. Results show that the sintering shrinkage is anisotropic and the shrinkage vertically reaches over that horizontally. The obtained porous β-TCP parts have both macroporous outer structure and microporous inner structure, the macropore size is 400-600 μm and the micropore size is 500-1500 nm. The mechanical tests show that the porous β-TCP bioceramic's compressive strength reaches 16.53 MPa. The cell culture confirmed that the porous β-TCP bioceramic is capable of achieving the effective attaching, growing, and proliferating pertained to mouse osteoblast cells. This study identified considerable blood vessels and significant ectopic bone forming obviously based on the histologically-related assessment when implanting to rabbit femoral condyle deficiency for 3 months. Thus, under high bioactive property and osteoinductivity, and large precision and mechanical strength that can be adjusted, the DLP printed porous β-TCP ceramics is capable of being promising for special uses of bones repairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- SongFeng Xu
- National Cancer Center/National Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - XinXin Zhang
- National Cancer Center/National Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - HuanMei Liu
- National Cancer Center/National Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinze Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - RuiNing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - ShengJi Yu
- National Cancer Center/National Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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22
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Hayashi K, Ishikawa K. Honeycomb scaffolds capable of ectopic osteogenesis: Histological evaluation of osteoinduction mechanism. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Higashi‐ku Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Higashi‐ku Fukuoka Japan
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