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Altia M, Anbarasan P. An interrupted Heyns rearrangement approach for the regioselective synthesis of acylindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13747-13750. [PMID: 37916280 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and general method for the synthesis of 2- and 3-acylindoles has been achieved with high regioselectivity from o-acylanilines and α-hydroxycarbonyl or its equivalent. The strategy involves the intramolecular trapping of an in situ generated aminoenol intermediate and an interrupted Heyns rearrangement pathway, followed by aromatization or rearrangement/aromatization. Important features include excellent regiocontrol, good functional group tolerance, operational simplicity and application to gram-scale synthesis and the synthesis of an anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Altia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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2
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Liu C, Szostak M. Amide N-C Bond Activation: A Graphical Overview of Acyl and Decarbonylative Coupling. SYNOPEN 2023; 7:88-101. [PMID: 38037650 PMCID: PMC10686541 DOI: 10.1055/a-2035-6733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This Graphical Review provides an overview of amide bond activation achieved by selective oxidative addition of the N-C(O) acyl bond to transition metals and nucleophilic acyl addition, resulting in acyl and decarbonylative coupling together with key mechanistic details pertaining to amide bond distortion underlying this reactivity manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Song M, Zhao J, Li EQ. Recent advances in tertiary amine Lewis base-promoted cycloadditions of allenoates. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of acyclic twisted amides, covering the literature since 1993 (the year of the first recognized report on acyclic twisted amides) through June 2020. The review focuses on classes of acyclic twisted amides and their key structural properties, such as amide bond twist and nitrogen pyramidalization, which are primarily responsible for disrupting nN to π*C═O conjugation. Through discussing acyclic twisted amides in comparison with the classic bridged lactams and conformationally restricted cyclic fused amides, the reader is provided with an overview of amidic distortion that results in novel conformational features of acyclic amides that can be exploited in various fields of chemistry ranging from organic synthesis and polymers to biochemistry and structural chemistry and the current position of acyclic twisted amides in modern chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Abstract
Organocatalysts are abundantly used for various transformations, particularly to obtain highly enantio- and diastereomeric pure products by controlling the stereochemistry. These applications of organocatalysts have been the topic of several reviews. Organocatalysts have emerged as one of the very essential areas of research due to their mild reaction conditions, cost-effective nature, non-toxicity, and environmentally benign approach that obviates the need for transition metal catalysts and other toxic reagents. Various types of organocatalysts including amine catalysts, Brønsted acids, and Lewis bases such as N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts, cinchona alkaloids, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and hydrogen bond-donating catalysts, have gained renewed interest because of their regioselectivity. In this review, we present recent advances in regiodivergent reactions that are governed by organocatalysts. Additionally, we briefly discuss the reaction pathways of achieving regiodivergent products by changes in conditions such as solvents, additives, or the temperature.
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Cao F, Gao W, Wang X, Zhang Z, Yin G, Wang Y, Li Z, Shi T, Hou Y, Chen J, Wang Z. Synthesis of the Proposed Structures of Parvistemoamide and Their Transformations to Stemoamide Derivatives. Org Lett 2021; 23:6222-6226. [PMID: 34369782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The proposed structures of parvistemoamide have been achieved by macrolactamization, but none of the characterization data of synthetic samples matched with those of the natural sample. The transformation of the highly strained 10-membered lactam ring in parvistemoamide into the pyrrolo[1,2-a]-azepine nucleus in stemoamide is accomplished for the first time by either transannular cyclization or Pilli's transformation. This research may promote the total synthesis of other more complex stemoamide-type or medium-sized-ring-containing Stemona alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaofeng Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yongsheng Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jinhong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education of China, Number 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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7
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivity in NHC-catalyzed reaction of 2-bromoenals with β-ketoamides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Xie. P, Qin Z, Zhang S, Hong X. Understanding the Structure‐Activity Relationship of Ni‐Catalyzed Amide C−N Bond Activation using Distortion/Interaction Analysis. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Pei Xie.
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Zhi‐Xin Qin
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Shuo‐Qing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
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9
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Zhao L, Qiu C, Zhao L, Yin G, Li F, Wang C, Li Z. Base-promoted, CBr 4-mediated tandem bromination/intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation of N-aryl enamines: a facile access to 1H- and 3H-indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5377-5382. [PMID: 34047749 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described here is a general and highly efficient method for the synthesis of 1H- and 3H-indoles. In the presence of CBr4 and a suitable base, the cyclization of N-aryl enamines proceeds with high efficiency. Unlike previous intramolecular cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of the same substrates, this process does not require the use of either a transition metal or a stoichiometric amount of oxidant. This method also features operational simplicity, easy scalability and good substrate tolerability. Control experiments indicate the reactions may proceed in a tandem sequence of bromination and intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation in a simple one-pot procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Changfu Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Guangwei Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Fangyi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
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Wang X, Li SJ, Wang YN, Wei D, Lan Y. Theoretical Model for N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Desymmetrizing [4 + 1] and [4 + 2] Annulations of an Enal and Aryldialdehyde with 1,3-Cyclopentenedione. Org Lett 2021; 23:2421-2425. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan China
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Yang T, Wang C, Li S, Zhang M, Wei D, Lan Y. Possible Mechanisms and Origin of Selectivities for Phosphine‐Catalyzed [2+n] (n=3, 4) Annulations of Saturated Amines and δ‐Acetoxy Allenoates. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Ting Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou 450001, Henan P. R. China
| | - Congcong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐Jun Li
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou 450001, Henan P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou 450001, Henan P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou 450001, Henan P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou 450001, Henan P. R. China
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12
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Ielo L, Pace V, Holzer W, Rahman MM, Meng G, Szostak R, Szostak M. Electrophilicity Scale of Activated Amides: 17 O NMR and 15 N NMR Chemical Shifts of Acyclic Twisted Amides in N-C(O) Cross-Coupling. Chemistry 2020; 26:16246-16250. [PMID: 32668046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure and properties of amides are of tremendous interest in organic synthesis and biochemistry. Traditional amides are planar and the carbonyl group non-electrophilic due to nN →π*C=O conjugation. In this study, we report electrophilicity scale by exploiting 17 O NMR and 15 N NMR chemical shifts of acyclic twisted and destabilized acyclic amides that have recently received major attention as precursors in N-C(O) cross-coupling by selective oxidative addition as well as precursors in electrophilic activation of N-C(O) bonds. Most crucially, we demonstrate that acyclic twisted amides feature electrophilicity of the carbonyl group that ranges between that of acid anhydrides and acid chlorides. Furthermore, a wide range of electrophilic amides is possible with gradually varying carbonyl electrophilicity by steric and electronic tuning of amide bond properties. Overall, the study quantifies for the first time that steric and electronic destabilization of the amide bond in common acyclic amides renders the amide bond as electrophilic as acid anhydrides and chlorides. These findings should have major implications on the fundamental properties of amide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States
| | - Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw, 50383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States
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