1
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Li Z, Zeng G, He Y, Zhou S, Chen J, Chen Z, Chen J, Lv N. Markovnikov Hydrochlorination of Unactivated Alkenes with FeCl 3 via a HAT/XAT Sequence. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38780034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydrochlorination of alkenes is a practical strategy for accessing organic chlorides. Herein, we report the hydrochlorination of unactivated alkenes via a hydrogen atom transfer/halogen atom transfer process using earth-abundant and biocompatible FeCl3 as a chlorine source under extraordinarily mild reaction conditions. The protocol is easy to operate with notable features such as excellent chemoselectivity, remarkable efficiency, a broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance. Importantly, the synthetic utility is highlighted by scaled-up reactions, late-stage derivatizations of products, and the modification of sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefeng Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yequan He
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Si Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Juehong Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Key Lab of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiuxi Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ningning Lv
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Key Lab of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325035, China
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2
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Woo J, Stein C, Christian AH, Levin MD. Carbon-to-nitrogen single-atom transmutation of azaarenes. Nature 2023; 623:77-82. [PMID: 37914946 PMCID: PMC10907950 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
When searching for the ideal molecule to fill a particular functional role (for example, a medicine), the difference between success and failure can often come down to a single atom1. Replacing an aromatic carbon atom with a nitrogen atom would be enabling in the discovery of potential medicines2, but only indirect means exist to make such C-to-N transmutations, typically by parallel synthesis3. Here, we report a transformation that enables the direct conversion of a heteroaromatic carbon atom into a nitrogen atom, turning quinolines into quinazolines. Oxidative restructuring of the parent azaarene gives a ring-opened intermediate bearing electrophilic sites primed for ring reclosure and expulsion of a carbon-based leaving group. Such a 'sticky end' approach subverts existing atom insertion-deletion approaches and as a result avoids skeleton-rotation and substituent-perturbation pitfalls common in stepwise skeletal editing. We show a broad scope of quinolines and related azaarenes, all of which can be converted into the corresponding quinazolines by replacement of the C3 carbon with a nitrogen atom. Mechanistic experiments support the critical role of the activated intermediate and indicate a more general strategy for the development of C-to-N transmutation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colin Stein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Tian H, Holyoke CW, Fleming FF. Stereoselective Synthesis of ( E)- and ( Z)-Isocyanoalkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:8657-8661. [PMID: 36399331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(E)- and (Z)-isocyanoalkenes were selectively synthesized via the sequential cross coupling of vinyl iodides with formamide, followed by dehydration. The optimal catalyst, generated in situ from CuII and trans-N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, rapidly coupled (E)- or (Z)-vinyl iodides with formamide, which minimized the isomerization of the resultant vinyl formamide. The method efficiently provided a range of acyclic, carbocyclic, and heterocyclic isocyanoalkenes; the versatility is illustrated with the selective, stereodivergent syntheses of the diastereomeric isocyanoalkene antibiotics, B371 and E-B371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Caleb W Holyoke
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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4
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Lustosa DM, Milo A. Mechanistic Inference from Statistical Models at Different Data-Size Regimes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M. Lustosa
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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5
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Wang H, Wang X, Tian X, Cheng W, Zheng Y, Obenchain DA, Xu X, Gou Q. Competitive tetrel bond and hydrogen bond in benzaldehyde-CO 2: characterization via rotational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25784-25788. [PMID: 34757355 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rotational spectrum of the 1 : 1 benzaldehyde-CO2 complex has been investigated using pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy complemented with quantum chemical calculations. Two isomers, both characterized by one C⋯O tetrel bond (n → π* interaction) and one C-H⋯O hydrogen bond (n → σ* interaction), have been observed in the pulsed jet. Competition between the tetrel bond and the hydrogen bond has been disclosed by natural bond orbital analysis: isomer I is characterized by one dominating OCCO2⋯O tetrel bond (12.6 kJ mol-1) and a secondary (C-H)formyl⋯O hydrogen bond (2.2 kJ mol-1); by contrast, in isomer II the (C-H)phenyl⋯O hydrogen bond (7.6 kJ mol-1) becomes the dominant bond, while the OCCO2⋯O tetrel bond (5.8 kJ mol-1) becomes much weaker with respect to that of isomer I. Using intensity measurements the relative population ratio of the two isomers was estimated to be NI/NII ≈ 2/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wanying Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Daniel A Obenchain
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuefang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qian Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Daxuecheng South Rd 55, 401331, Chongqing, China
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6
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Medici F, Resta S, Puglisi A, Rossi S, Raimondi L, Benaglia M. Electrochemical Organic Synthesis of Electron-Rich Biaryl Scaffolds: An Update. Molecules 2021; 26:6968. [PMID: 34834060 PMCID: PMC8618477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biaryl scaffolds are widely spread in biologically important natural products, in numerous therapeutic agents, but they are also considered a privileged class of ligands and (organo)catalysts; therefore, the development of efficient alternative methodologies to prepare such compounds is always attracting much attention. The present review discusses the organic electrosynthesis of biaryls starting from phenols, anilines, naphthols, and naphthylamines. The most significant examples of the works reported in the last decade are presented and classified according to the single class of molecules: after the introduction, the first three sections relate to the reactions of phenols, naphthols, and anilines, respectively; the other two sections refer to cross-coupling and miscellaneous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.R.); (A.P.); (S.R.); (L.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.R.); (A.P.); (S.R.); (L.R.)
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7
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Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Ke Z, Han B, Xiang J, Wang Z, Liu Z. Hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor cooperative catalysis strategy for cyclic dehydration of diols to access O-heterocycles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/22/eabg0396. [PMID: 34039607 PMCID: PMC8153714 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrative cyclization of diols to O-heterocycles is attractive, but acid and/or metal-based catalysts are generally required. Here, we present a hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor cooperative catalysis strategy for the synthesis of O-heterocycles from diols in ionic liquids [ILs; e.g., 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([HO-EtMIm][OTf])] under metal-free, acid-free, and mild conditions. [HO-EtMIm][OTf] is tolerant to a wide diol scope, shows performance even better than H2SO4, and affords a series of O-heterocycles including tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans, morpholines, dioxanes, and thioxane in high yields. Mechanism investigation indicates that the IL cation and anion serve as hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor, respectively, to activate the C─O and O─H bonds of alcohol via hydrogen bonds, which synergistically catalyze dehydrative cyclization of diols to O-heterocycles. Notably, the products could be spontaneously separated after reaction because of their immiscibility with the IL, and the IL could be recycled. This green strategy has great potential for application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fengtao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Center for Physicochemical Analysis and Measurement, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- Center for Physicochemical Analysis and Measurement, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
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8
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Wang Y, Cui C, Yang X. Recent Advances in Hydrochlorination of Alkenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Lyons DJM, Empel C, Pace DP, Dinh AH, Mai BK, Koenigs RM, Nguyen TV. Tropolonate Salts as Acyl-Transfer Catalysts under Thermal and Photochemical Conditions: Reaction Scope and Mechanistic Insights. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demelza J. M. Lyons
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Claire Empel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Aachen D52074, Germany
| | - Domenic P. Pace
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - An H. Dinh
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Aachen D52074, Germany
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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